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A Levels Biology
Chapter 1
Cell Structure
Light microscope = low magnification, low resolution as compared to an electron microscope
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com

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Fig 2: Plant cell as seen under light microscope

Structures present in both animal and plant cells
1
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Nucleus
3
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Cell Wall
2
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 If two separate points can be clearly distinguished from each other = high resolution
 If two points cannot be separated from each other = low resolution

Electromagnetic spectrum
You need not remember the specific wavelengths and frequencies values
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ROYGBIV = Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
Rowdy (Radio waves) Men (Micro waves) Inevitably (Infra-red waves) Visit (Visible light) Ugly
(UV Rays) Ex (X Rays) Girlfriends (Gamma Rays)

Red--Orange--Yellow--Green—Blue--Indigo--Violet
Radio waves -- Micro waves--Infra-red waves--Visible light-- UV Rays-- X Rays-- Gamma Rays

Increasing frequency, Decreasing Wavelength
Low Frequency

High Frequency

Longer Wavelength

Shorter Wavelength

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Nucleus
 Contains:
 A dark region called the Nucleolus
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 loosely coiled threads called Chromatin
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 DNA (DNA contains hereditary information and has instructions about activities
of a cell) is packaged into chromosomes
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partially permeable

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allows some substances to pass through it but not others
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contains many small structures called organelles
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) These organelles with
be explained in detail later
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‘fully permeable’ which means that it allows all substances to pass through it

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very rigid as it is made up of cellulose which strengthens it

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Plant cells are joined to neighboring cells by thin strands of cytoplasm called
plasmodesmata that go through small gaps in the cytoplasm (I realize this may
sound confusing
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It will
help)
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Light Dependent Stage

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

Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll
ADP

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ATP

Water broken down into hydrogen and oxygen
Hydrogen

ATP

This involves electron transport chains (ETC) which occur in the membranes
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 Membrane system consists of photosynthetic pigments and ETCs
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DNA is circular; lies
free in the cytoplasm
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DNA is not circular;
lies inside the nucleus
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Organelles are separated from
each other by membranes

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