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Title: CFA Level 3 - Derivatives
Description: I create this summary of knowledge for CFA level 3 2019 June exam. Hope this can help you. Please note that this may not cover all syllabus, and does not guarantee for your pass, which requires dedication, hardwork and consistency. In case having trouble with any part, please refer to CFA notebook/Schwesser
Description: I create this summary of knowledge for CFA level 3 2019 June exam. Hope this can help you. Please note that this may not cover all syllabus, and does not guarantee for your pass, which requires dedication, hardwork and consistency. In case having trouble with any part, please refer to CFA notebook/Schwesser
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Concepts
Description
Risk Management : Applications of Forward and Futures Strategies
Adjust portfolio beta ‐ Stock
𝛽
𝐶𝑜𝑣 𝑖, 𝑚
𝜎
Numbers of contracts to adjust beta
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠
Adjust portfolio duration ‐ Bonds
Effective beta
𝑉
𝑃
𝛽
𝛽
Number of contract to adjust duration
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡
Hedge portfolio ending value
𝛽
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑎
𝑀𝐷
𝑀𝐷
𝑀𝐷
𝑉
𝑃
Hedged portfolio ending value = Unhedged ending value + G/L on contracts
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑎
%∆𝑉
%∆𝑉
Basis risk
Hedge is not perfect, due to basis risk :
‐ Number of contracts sold are rounded up to the nearest whole number
‐ Ex post valuation is not at contract expiration
‐ Performance of the portfolio / index could be different from ex ante beta
‐ Future / Spot price is not fairly priced based on cash and carry arbitrage model
‐ Numerator / Denominator are not based on same items
+ Stock : hedge using contract based on S&P500
+ Bond : hedge using T‐bond contract based on a single deliverable T‐bond
Preinvesting /
Synthetic positions
Preinvesting : buy contracts in advance for cash that will be received in the future
Synthetic positions : replicate an investment + end results using derivatives
‐ Synthetic equity / bond position = long contract + hold sufficient cash equivalent to earn risk‐free rate to pay for the contract at expiration
Exchange rate risk
1
...
Translation exposure : when convert FS to another currency
3
...
Put strike < Call strike
‐ Put premium = Call premium → zero‐cost collar
Box spread
Box spread : bull spread + bear spread on same assets
‐ Ending value = High strike ‐ Low strike
‐ Initial investment = total premium paid ‐ total premium received
Interest option
Interest call option : Owner receive payment when LIBOR > strike rate
𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑓
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑥 0, 𝐿𝐼𝐵𝑂𝑅
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
Interest put option : Owner receive payment when LIBOR < strike rate
𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑓
Interest rate caps /
Interest rate floors /
Interest rate collars
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑥 0, 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝐿𝐼𝐵𝑂𝑅
𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠
360
𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠
360
Interest rate caps : Cap buyer receive payment when LIBOR > cap rate
‐ Cap : series of interest call options
...
Each option is a flooret
Interest rate collars = Interest rate caps + Interest rate floors (long one, short another)
‐ Caps premium = Floors premium → zero‐cost collar
* 1 year = 360 days
Delta hedging
Delta hedging : dealers to hedge downside risk of short option
∆ 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎
∆ 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
‐ Step 1 : consider to buy or sell underlying shares
+ Short call ↓ → Underlying ↑ → Buy share to hedge
+ Short put ↓ → Underlying ↓ Sell share to hedge
‐ Step 2 : calculate number of shares needed
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Rebalancing : continue to rebalance
Gamma
Gamma : change in delta for change in underlying
𝐺𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎
∆ 𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎
∆ 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
‐ If option is far from expiration → low gamma → Stable delta → less need for rebalancing
‐ If option is close to expiration :
+ Option is OTM → delta close to 0 + low gamma → op on has low value → few shares needed for hedge + low need for rebalancing
+ Option is ITM → Delta close to 1 + low gamma → op on value is high → nearly 1 share is needed to hedge for 1 op on + low need for rebalancing
+ Option is ATM → delta can fluctuate quickly between 0 and 1 + gamma very high → difficult to hedge delta
Vega
Vega : change in option price per change in volatility
Volatility affect both call and put option, but does not affect price of share
‐ ↑ Vola lity → ↑ value of call and put + not immediately change value of share → Loss to dealer short op on posi on
‐ ↓ Vola lity → ↓ value of call and put + not immediately change value of share → Gain to dealer short op on posi on
Concepts
Interest rate swap
Description
Risk Management : Application of Swap Strategies
Interest rate swap :
‐ Company X agree to pay Company Y a periodic fixed rate on a notional principal
‐ Company Y agree to pay Company X a periodic floating rate on the same notional principal
‐ Payment in same currency
‐ Only net payment is exchanged
Duration of interest rate swap :
‐ Fixed rate : Change in interest rate will change PV of fixed CF → Higher dura on
‐ Floating rate : Change in PV of CF is not affected by change in interest rate → Lower dura on
+ At inception : Floating duration = 1 / Number of annual payment period
+ At due date : Floating duration = 0
→ Over a period : Floa ng dura on = 2/ number annual payment period
𝐷
𝐷
𝐷
0
Market risk /
Cash flow risk
Market risk : Fixed rate have higher duration → fixed rate liability market value fluctuate more as interest change → higher fluctua on of equity market value
‐ Higher market risk as entering a pay fixed receive floating swap
Cash flow risk : uncertain of floating rate payment on liability
‐ Reduce by entering swap → convert to fixed payments
Using swap to adjust duration
Duration of a portfolio + swap :
𝑉
𝑀𝐷
𝑉
𝑀𝐷
→ 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
Currency swap
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
𝑉
𝑀𝐷
𝑀𝐷
𝑀𝐷
𝑀𝐷
Currency swap :
‐ 2 notional principals (in 2 different currencies) exchanged on effective date and return on maturity date
‐ CF in different currencies → each counterparty make payment to other in appropriate currency
Convert foreign cash receipt using currency swap : Example : Convert €6m quarterly CF to $ ; Current FX rate = €0
...
8%, Euro swap rate = 5%
‐ Step 1 : Calculate foreign notional principal
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑝 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒⁄4
€6,000,000
5%⁄4
€480,000,000
‐ Step 2 : Calculate $ notional principal
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
€480,000,000
€0
...
8%
4
$7,200,000
Equity swap :
‐ Company X agree to pay Company Y based on return equity position
‐ Company Y agree to pay Company X based on return on another equity position / return on bond / a fixed payments
‐ Only net payment is exchanged
To create international diversification : swap domestic stock index return (S&P) with international stock index return (MSCI)
To change allocation between stock and bond : swap stock index return (S&P) with bond return
To change allocation between stocks : swap large‐cap return with small cap return
To change allocation between bonds : swap high‐grade return with low‐grade return
(*) return = interest/dividend component + capital gain component
Risks :
‐ Counterparty risk : swap dealer may not be able to make the swap payments
‐ Basis risk : portfolio return may not exactly match with index return
‐ CF risk
Benefits :
‐ Lower transaction costs than long/short the position of underlying assets
‐ Can be used temporary for a defined period
‐ Can be structured to make payment in $ → limit foreign currency exposure
Swaption
Interest rate swaption : Buyer has the option to choose whether the swap will go into effect on some future date
‐ Payer swaption : give buyer the right to be fixed‐rate payer
+ If new Swap fixed rate > Swaption fixed rate → excercise the swap on
+ If new Swap fixed rate < Swaption fixed rate → let swap on expire
‐ Receiver swaption : give buyer the right to be fixed‐rate receiver
+ If new Swap fixed rate > Swaption fixed rate → let swap on expire
+ If new Swap fixed rate < Swaption fixed rate → excercise the swap on
Using Fixed‐rate payer swaption to hedge future loan : to lock‐in max fixed rate
‐ If interest rate < Swaption fixed rate → Expire swap on
‐ If interest rate > Swaption fixed rate → excercise swap on
Using Swaption to terminate an existing swap : by entering into swaption with exact characteristics of existing swap, but in other counterparty's position
Using Swaption to add / remove Call feature on existing debt :
‐ Add Call feature : buy swaption to pay floating and receive fixed
+ If new interest rate is low enough → excercise swap on → receive fixed to offset with exis ng debt + pay floa ng
+ If new interest rate is high → expire swap on
‐ Remove Call feature : sell swaption to receive floating and pay fixed
+ If new interest is high enough → purchaser of swap on let it expire + Company will not call the bond
+ If new interest is low enough → purchaser of swap on will excercise the swap on + Company will call the bond → Benefit from calling the bond will offset with loss from
excercise the swaption
Title: CFA Level 3 - Derivatives
Description: I create this summary of knowledge for CFA level 3 2019 June exam. Hope this can help you. Please note that this may not cover all syllabus, and does not guarantee for your pass, which requires dedication, hardwork and consistency. In case having trouble with any part, please refer to CFA notebook/Schwesser
Description: I create this summary of knowledge for CFA level 3 2019 June exam. Hope this can help you. Please note that this may not cover all syllabus, and does not guarantee for your pass, which requires dedication, hardwork and consistency. In case having trouble with any part, please refer to CFA notebook/Schwesser