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Chapter 2 - Nucleic Acids 
 
Structure of DNA 
Nucleotides ​are the monomers that make up the polymer DNA
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The nucleotides join by a c
​ ondensation reaction a
​ nd a ​phosphodiester bond ​forms 
between the nucleotides
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DNA is a ​double helix a
​ nd contains chromosomes, which contain genes
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​A always bonds with T and C also bonds with G
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DNA 

RNA 

Double helix
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Deoxyribose
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Stable
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Uses thymine
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DNA replicates by ​semi-conservative replication, ​which creates two strands of DNA, 
each containing one old strand of DNA and one newly synthesised DNA
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D
​ NA helicase u
​ nzips and unwinds the original strand of DNA
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When this breaks down 
into ADP, ​lots of energy is released
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● Muscle contraction - E
​ nergy is required for muscle contraction for movement
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● Phosphorylation - T
​ he phosphate released when ATP is broken down into ADP 
lowers the activation energy in reactions and causes molecules to be more 
unstable
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The more hydrogen ions there are, the lower 
the pH
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This binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin 
and carry oxygen around the body
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This helps glucose and amino acids to move across 
cell-surface membranes
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Phosphorylates other 
compounds
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This allows hydrogen bonding to occur between molecules
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Water is also a component in respiration 
and photosynthesis
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● High specific heat capacity - L
​ ots of energy is required to change the 
temperature of water
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● High specific latent heat of vaporisation - L
​ ots of energy is required to evaporate 
water
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● Cohesive - ​Water molecules stick together due to the large cohesive forces 
between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding
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