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Title: Cells
Description: AP BIOLOGY NOTES (Can be used for Gen Bio) Cell anatomy and very detailed descriptions of the function and structure of each organelle. Plant and animal cells. Pictures and diagrams included.
Description: AP BIOLOGY NOTES (Can be used for Gen Bio) Cell anatomy and very detailed descriptions of the function and structure of each organelle. Plant and animal cells. Pictures and diagrams included.
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Biology - Chapter 6 - The Cell
6
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All living things are composed of cells
2
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All cells come from pre-existing cells
Robert Hooke : compound microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek : single lens (observed protozoa, spermatozoa, red blood cells, and
bacteria)
membrane bound structures: nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplast
visible light microscope can magnify 1000x
electron microscope magnifies 100000x, the specimen is prepared in a specific way and it cant
be living
scanning = surface
transmission = through the specimen
Cell Fractionation
-separates the major organelles
-centrifuge
-determine function of the cells
6
...
3
Eukaryotic Cells
-nucleus: contains most of the cells genes, double membrane, pores, lipid bilayer, nuclear lamina
-ribosomes: protein production; free and bound
6
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cont - Sept 22
Golgi apparatus: cisternae(flattened membranous sacs)
-manufactures and ships materials into transport vesicles (synthesizing complex
polysaccharides)
-"cis" face = receives molecules ; "trans" face = shipping out
Lysosomes: digestive components; hydrolytic enzymes(proteins); breaks down and recycles
-phagocytosis: a way of breaking down external molecules that entered the cell
(surrounded)
-autophagy: destroying external molecules
Vacuoles: storage and transport (food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis); creates pressure in the
cells (plants)
6
...
6
The Cytoskeleton
-microtubules; microfilaments; intermediate filaments
-support and mobility of the cell are its main functions
-Microtubules: shaping the cell, organization of the cytoplasm and the intracellular movement of
macromolecules, movement(cilia and flagella), cell division (mitotic spindle fibers)
-Centrosomes and centrioles: centrosome (microtubule-organizing center)
-Cilia and Flagella: share a common structure ("9 by "2 array), basal body (anchor), dynein
(motor protein)
-Microfilaments (Acton Filaments)
-Actin: provide stiffness, structure, and shape to the membrane; responsible for all
protrusion of cells (microvilli or phagocytic protrusion)
-in mitosis, cytokinesis is the result of contractile actin-myosin II fibers
-Pseudopodia (cellular extension) extend and contract through the reversible assembly and
contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments
-Cytoplasmic streaming is a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
-in plant cells, actin-myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations drive cytoplasmic
streaming
-Intermediate Filaments
-support cell shape and keep organelles in place
-more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures
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•
•
Microtubules
o Shape the cell
o Organization of the cytoplasm and the intracellular movement of macromolecules
o Movement (cilia and flagella)
▪ Basal body : anchors cilium or flagellum
▪ Dynein : motor protein
o Cell division (mitotic spindle fibers)
▪ Centrosome - microtubule organizing center
▪ Centrioles
Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
o Actin
o Provide stiffness, structure, and shape to the membrane
o Responsible for all protrusion of cells (microvilli or phagocytic protrusions)
o Cytokinesis is the result of contractile actin-myosin II fibers
o Pseudopodia (cellular extensions) extend and contract through the reversible
assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
o Support cell shape and fix organelles in place
o More permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes
6
Title: Cells
Description: AP BIOLOGY NOTES (Can be used for Gen Bio) Cell anatomy and very detailed descriptions of the function and structure of each organelle. Plant and animal cells. Pictures and diagrams included.
Description: AP BIOLOGY NOTES (Can be used for Gen Bio) Cell anatomy and very detailed descriptions of the function and structure of each organelle. Plant and animal cells. Pictures and diagrams included.