Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Gut Microbiota
1014 microorganisms are one hundred trillion cells
The Human body only has about ten trillion cells
This has led to the concept of the
...
5 times

Our Microbiota also feed us
-

-

-

Synthesis of vitamins:
- B-vitamins:
- B12
- Folic acid
- Biotin
- Riboflavin
- Thiamine
- Vitamin K
Produce energy compounds from fibre
- In the form of Short chain fatty acids (5-10% total body energy requirements)
- These are acetate (60%), propionate (25%) and butyrate (15%)
Conservation of nitrogen:
- 30% of urea produced in liver is released into colon
- Bacteria recycle urea into amino acids - available to us

The Internal Sea
• When multi-cellular animals left the marine environment, they took a copy of it
• It is now maintained by a range of organs and tissues
• It allows us to resist stresses in a changing environment
Homeostasis
Most organs of the body are tasked with keeping the liquid bathing cells constant (within limits) to
maximise cell survival and function
...
3 million unique genes – 150x the size of the human genome
...


How does your gut microbiota get established?
-

When you are born your gut is sterile
However, the mother normally defecates when giving birth exposing the baby to gut
microbiota (affect of c-section?)
The mother then feeds the baby on milk only for six months or longer
...
Two types
Insoluble fibre – think dry wheat stalks
Cellulose and lignins
Soluble fibre – think wallpaper paste
Gums, mucilages, pectins, and some hemicelluloses
It is the Soluble fibre that feed the microbiota
Resistant starch is not fibre but is also prebiotic
It is starch we do not digest well because it is not well hydrated
...

But this is just a sign of dysbiosis

Fibre is also used to make SCFAs
-

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) synthesise is very important
They feed the Gut mucosa
Up to 5-10% of a humans energy needs comes from this source
Reduce gut inflammation
Use as positive health signals throughout the body

Kefir and other fermented milk products
-

-

Products
- Cheese
Kefir – can contain 50+ bacteria and yeast species
- Fermented milks
Yogurt
- A microbiome in a glass?
Acidophilus milk
- Real Kefir is made from Kefir grains
Sour cream
- Commercial Kefir is made from purified microorganisms –
Cultured buttermilk
so it may be less diverse
Kefir
Koumiss (mare’s milk)
Latter two contain a mixture of yeasts and bacteria

Milk intolerant – then consider these

---