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What is the rate of reaction?

1a

How fast the reactants are changed
into products
...


2a

A slow reaction is rusting of iron or
chemical weathering
...

A fast reaction is burning or an
explosion
...


3b

What is collision theory?

4a

The collision frequency determines
how fast a reaction is
...

4b

What does the rate of reaction
depend on?

5a

Temperature surface area, catalyst,
concentration of solution or
pressure or a gas
...

This means that they collide more
...

6b

How does the concentration or
pressure affect the rate of reaction?

7a

If something is concentrated the that
means that there is more particles in the
same volume
...
If the pressure is
increased then that means that there is
the same number of particles in less
space
...

7b

How does increasing surface area
increase the rate of reaction?

8a

If you make something smaller then
you are increasing the surface area
to volume ratio
...

8b

How does a catalyst increase the
rate of reaction?

9a

The catalyst decreases the
activation energy needed
...

9b

What the equation for rate of
reaction?

10a

rate of reaction = amount of
reactant used or amount of
product formed / time
10b

How do you tell the rate of
reaction visually in a reaction
where the product is a precipitate?
11a

You could make a mark at the
bottom of the tube and see how
long it takes to disappear
...


13b

What does change in mass tell you
about the rate of reaction?

14a

How fast the reaction is happening
...

14b

What does magnesium and HCl /
Hydrochloric acid make?

15a

Hydrogen gas

15b

What does Sodium thiosulfate and
HCl / Hydrochloric acid make?

16a

A cloudy precipitate

16b

How to find the mean reaction rate
from graph?

17a

Find the gradient or do change in y
/change in x

17b

How to find the rate of reaction at
a point?

18a

Draw a tangent and then find
gradient from tangent
...

19b

What does equilibrium mean?

20a

It means that the forwards and
backwards are going at the same
rate
...
)
20b

What is this type of equilibrium
where both reactions are
happening but there is no overall
effect?
21a

Dynamic equilibrium

21b

When is equilibrium only reached?

22a

In a closed system
...


23b

What happens when the equilibrium
is shifted to the left?(higher)

24a

The concentration of reactants is
grater than the products
...

28b

What happens if you increase the
temperature?(higher)

29a

The equilibrium will shift to the
endothermic direction and you will
get more product for the
endothermic reaction
...

30b

What happens if you increase the
concentration of the reactants?
(higher)
31a

It will produce more products
...
It is any compound
that only contains hydrogen and
carbon atoms
...


36b

What alkanes general formula?

37a

CnH2n+2

37b

What does viscous mean?

38a

gloopy

38b

What doe volatile mean?

39a

How easily it turns into a gas

39b

What happens to a hydrocarbon as
the chains gets longer?

40a

It gets more viscous, less volatile,
less flammable
...


42b

What is crude oil(e
...


45b

Describe the process of fractional
distillation
...
It enters a fractionating column
...
In the column it is
hot at the bottom and cool at the top
...
They
condense early on and get drained out of the
column
...
You
end up with crude oil separated into different
fraction
...

46b

Give examples of uses of crude oil
...

Polymers
Detergents
Lubricants
47b

What do we do with longer
chained hydrocarbon to make them
shorter?
48a

Crack them
...
If it turn colourless it
is an alkene
...


51b

Describe catalystic cracking
...
You pass the vapour
over a hot powdered aluminium
oxide catalyst
...

52b

Describe steam cracking
...
You mix the vapour
with steam
...

53b

What is the product of cracking?

54a

A shorter chained alkane and an
alkene
...

55b

How to test for purity?

56a

You compare your sample's melting
point with the pure substance
melting point
...


57b

How does impurities affect the
boiling point?

58a

It increases the boiling point and
increases the boiling range
...

60b

Give an example of a formulation
and its components
...

61b

Why are formulations important in
the pharmaceutical industry?

62a

By changing the formulation of a
pill you are changing where it goes
in the body and changing its shelf
life etc
...


63b

What is chromatography?

64a

It is a method used to separate
substances in a mixture
...


65a

Mobile phase and the stationary
phase
...
g ethanol or
water)

66b

What is the stationary phase in
paper chromatography?

67a

It is the chromatography paper
...


68a

Chromatography works where the substance move
between the mobile phase and the stationary phase
...
If something stays more in the mobile
phase then it will move further in the stationary phase
...

(easy version: the water moves through the paper
...
The longer the substance
spend in the water the higher up they end on the paper
...

69b

How is the Rf valve calculated?

70a

Distance from baseline to centre of
the spot ÷ solvent front (where the
solvent stops)
70b

What is the Rf value dependant on?

71a

The solvent
...


72b

How to test for oxygen?

73a

Put a glowing splint in the test tube
where the gas is , if it relight then
oxygen is present
...

74b

How to test for hydrogen?

75a

Put a lit splint in the test tube if it
makes a squeaky pop sound then
hydrogen is present
...


76a

The atmosphere was mostly carbon dioxide due to volcanoes
however nitrogen ,water vapour methane and ammonia slowly built
up
...
The
carbon dioxide dissolved and formed carbonate precipitates and
then formed sediment
...
Marine animals evolved, they had carbonates in
skeletons which was locked in rocks and fossil fuels
...
7 billion years ago
The green plants and algae produced oxygen as oxygen levels
built it kills some animals making animals evolve
...
These layer are composed and form
sedimentary rock oil and gas
...
Coal is sedimentary
rock from plant deposits
...


77b

What was the atmosphere like
today?

78a

80% nitrogen
20% oxygen
small proportions of carbon
dioxide water vapour and noble
gases
...


79a

Carbon dioxide,methane and water
vapour

79b

Describe the greenhouse effect
...

This radiation is thermal radiation
and heats the surface of the Earth
...


80b

What affects the amount of
greenhouse gases?

81a

Deforestation
Fossil fuels
Agriculture
Creating waste
81b

Why do people believe that human
activities have increased Earth's
atmosphere?
82a

Because of evidence that has been
peer-reviewed

82b

What has caused speculation about
global warming?

83a

The media since some of the stories
are biased or only some of the
information is given an it is hard to
fully understand Earth's climate
...


84a

It could lead to ice caps melting
which leads to loss of habitats
which leads to rise in sea levels
which leads to increased flooding
which leads to coastal erosion
...


84b

What are carbon footprints?

85a

A measure of the amount of
carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases over a full life
cycle
...

86b

Describe ways to reduce carbon
footprints
...

Using more efficient devices
...

Government could put a cap on
greenhouse emissions
...
The
changes could impact the
economic growth which makes
well-being
...
Particulates could get stuck
in the lungs and cause damage
...
Carbon monoxide affects
oxygen levels and can cause death
89b

What is negative effect of complete
combustion of fossil fuels?

90a

Sulfur dioxide is released and it can
cause health problems
...

These then go on to make acid rain
killing plants corroding metal
...


92b

Give an example of a natural
product being replaced by
synthetic products or improved by
man made process
...

93b

What is the difference between
finite and renewable sources?

94a

We use finite sources quicker than
we can replace them

94b

What are the negative effect of
extracting finite sources such as
metal ores?
95a

It uses lots of energy ,scar
landscape produces waste and
destroys habitats
...

96b

Describe how scientist are
improving the sustainability of
copper
...
)
97b

Describe the advantages of
recycling
...
Reduces amount
of waste created
...

98b

What is a Life Cycle
Assessment(LCA)?

99a

It looks at each stage of the
product life time and asses the
impact it has on the environment
...

LCAs can be biased
...

101b

What is potable water?

102a

Water you can drink
...
5 and 8
...

103b

What two types is water collected
when it rains?

104a

Surface water or groundwater

104b

What type of water source is
normally used in a hot country?

105a

Groundwater

105b

How to treat water?

106a

Filtration- wire mesh then gravel
and sand beds
...

106b

How to treat seawater?

107a

You desalinate it or use reverse
osmosis
...
Heat
the water until it evaporates and
send the steam to a condenser
...
Retest pH
...


109a

The salty water is passed through a
membrane that only allows water
molecules past
...
This
means it is expensive and not
practical for large amount of water
110b

Give different sources of waste
water
...


111b

Describe sewage treatment
...
Then
it goes through sedimentation
...
Effluent floats at the top
...

(breaks down organic matter) Sludge is treated using
anaerobic digestion(bacteria breaks down matter)
The methane gas released in process can be used as
energy source and the waste can be used as a
fertiliser
...


112b

What does it mean if the products
have more energy than the
reactants?
113a

They must have taken it in from the
surrounding
...


114b

What is an exothermic reaction?

115a

It is a reaction that transfers energy
to the surrounding
...


116a

Combustion or neutralisation or
oxidation
...


117a

Hand warmer/self heating cans

117b

What is an endothermic reaction?

118a

It is a reaction which takes in
energy from the surrounding
...


119b

How can you tell that an
exothermic reaction is happening?

120a

There is a rise in temperature
...


121a

Thermal decomposition/citric acid
and sodium hydrogencarbonate
...


122a

Sport injury packs

122b

What can you do to reduce heat
lost to the surrounding in the B5
experiment?
123a

put cotton wool between the cup
and the beaker
...


124b

Describe the first step in the B5
experiment?

125a

Put 25cm³ of 0
...

125b

Describe the second step in the B5
experiment?

126a

Place the beaker in a water bath at
25°C until both at the same
temperature
...


127b

Describe the fourth step in the B5
experiment?

128a

Take temperature every 30 seconds
and record the highest
...
5
mol/dm³ and 1 mol/dm³ of
hydrochloric acid
...

132b

What does an endothermic
reaction look like in a reaction
profile?
133a

The reactants rise until the activation energy and then
the product are at a higher energy than the reactant
...


134b

What is the energy in chemical
reaction used for?

135a

To break and form bonds
...


138b

In a endothermic reaction what is
greater, the energy released when
forming or breaking bonds?
139a

The energy taken in when breaking
bonds
...
Take
them away from each other
...

141b

Give the symbol equation of
thermal decomposition of calcium
carbonate
...

143a

calcium carbonate → carbon
dioxide and quicklime

143b



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