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Title: Cognition and Neuroscience : Object Recognition
Description: This is a summary of the how our brains recognise and processes objects (object recognition). Typically a cognition and neuroscience course. I did this course in my second year of university, the course was NeuroPsychology. This summary is as simplified as can be without omitting important details.
Description: This is a summary of the how our brains recognise and processes objects (object recognition). Typically a cognition and neuroscience course. I did this course in my second year of university, the course was NeuroPsychology. This summary is as simplified as can be without omitting important details.
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Banich & Compton (2011) Cognitive Neuroscience, 3
Rd
Jamie Ward (2010)
...
Wadsworth Cengage
...
Psychology Press
nd
M Gazzaniga, R Ivry & G Mangun (2002) Cognitive Neuroscience 2 Ed
...
Dorsal is responsible for “where”, whereas ventral is responsible for “what”, ie ventral parts
of the brain have receptive fields
...
Certain
characteristics of cells in these areas seem to be especially adaptive for object recognition
...
A large receptive field is necessary to allow for objects to be recognized
regardless of its size
...
(Figure-ground
separation)
•
Is located in the occipital, occipito-tempral and temporal regions of the brain
•
Posterior – simple ; anterior- complex
Deficits in object recognition:
Visual agnosia is an inability to recognize objects within the visual modality that cannot be
explained by other causes such as memory or general mental decline
...
The word
“agnosia” means “without knowledge”
...
They differ in that apperceptive agnosia is the
inability to “see” a given object
...
They also fail at line orientation so battle to distinguish words as a whole
...
Damage
to the occipital lobe is associated with this type of agnosia
...
However, they would be unable to draw the
same image from memory
...
For example, they may
identify and copy a picture of an anchor, but when shown it later would be unable to recall its
context
...
Also, apperceptive cannot copy an image
but associative can
...
Theoretrical issues in Object Recognition:
•
Sparse v Population Coding
•
Invariance in Recognition
•
Feature-based v Configural Coding
•
Category Specificity
Prosopagnosia: This is another visual disorder which refers to an individual who is
unable to differentiate or recognize faces
...
Most cases of agnosia are
acquired, they are caused from some type of brain damage, however in some cases
prosopagnosia can be something a person is born with
...
population coding:
Sparse coding refers to a specific group of cells firing for a specific object
...
Population coding: the same cells are used to identify an object, however the PATTERN is
different; there is a unique PATTERN per object not unique CELL
...
(Jennifer aniston study)
...
The term known for this is
FORM-CUE INVARIANCE, meaning the brain’s categorisation of an object is constant
regardless if its form
...
This theory states that regardless of an object’s angle, illumination, size etc, it can
still be identified as the object
...
Neuro-imaging thus
shows here, that the brain has already formed an image of the initial image and this does not
show activity when shown it again
...
Research into problem of position variance:
More posterior areas in ventral visual stream have larger receptive fields than primary allows
response to objects across broader area
BUT individual cells in this stream tend to have preferred spatial location
...
Failure to do this indicates that someone has
apperceptove agnosia
...
Recognizing features does not necessarily lead to object recognition
...
For example, the left
hemisphere is responsible for local processing and object features, whereas the right
hemisphere is responsible for holistic features, in other words the entire image
...
So this involves holistic processing
...
For example,
when a face is turned upside down, one needs to look at the separate features rather than the
face as a whole in order to recognise it
...
Category specifity: Are some objects more special than others?
•
Fusiform face area: greater response to faces
•
Para-hippocampal place area: places in local environment
•
Extrastriate body area: responds to human bodies and body parts
This suggests that the ventral system of the brain has specific regions used for recognizing
specific objects
...
Title: Cognition and Neuroscience : Object Recognition
Description: This is a summary of the how our brains recognise and processes objects (object recognition). Typically a cognition and neuroscience course. I did this course in my second year of university, the course was NeuroPsychology. This summary is as simplified as can be without omitting important details.
Description: This is a summary of the how our brains recognise and processes objects (object recognition). Typically a cognition and neuroscience course. I did this course in my second year of university, the course was NeuroPsychology. This summary is as simplified as can be without omitting important details.