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Title: GCSE Chemistry 2.3 - Metals
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A*.) This is one of six topics in the unit.
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A*.) This is one of six topics in the unit.
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Displacement reactions as demonstrated by an iron nail in copper(II) chloride solution
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copper(II) chloride + iron → iron chloride + copper
CuCl2 + Fe → FeCl2 + Cu
Iron is higher than copper in the reactivity series, so iron displaces copper
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Reduction
Oxidation
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the removal of oxygen
the gain of oxygen
The industrial extraction of iron
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continuous, with new raw materials added and products removed all the time due to the
time and cost associated with getting the furnace up to temperature
use the raw materials of iron ore, coke (as a fuel), limestone and hot air
Iron ore
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source of iron
Coke (as a fuel)
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produces carbon monoxide for the reduction
Limestone
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removes impurities (slag formation when limestone breaks down and reacts with sand from
the rocks)
Hot air
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provides oxygen so that coke can burn
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Combustion reactions demonstrated by the combustion of carbon (Stage 1)
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The coke (carbon) is burnt to form carbon monoxide
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iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide → iron + carbon dioxide
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
Decomposition reactions demonstrated by the decomposition of calcium carbonate (Stage 3)
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The limestone (calcium carbonate) decomposes in the heat to form calcium oxide
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calcium oxide + silicon dioxide → calcium silicate
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
Transition metals
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found in the centre of the Periodic Table
mostly useful catalysts (such as iron in the manufacture of ammonia and platinum in
catalytic converters)
can form more than one type of ion (such as Fe2+ and Fe2-)
have coloured compounds
display typical metallic properties
Alloys
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mixtures made by mixing molten metals
properties can be modified by changing their compositions
e
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Steel is much harder and stronger than iron and is therefore more useful
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The identification of ions by their precipitation reactions with OH•
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Cu2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
(blue):
(pale green):
(brown):
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s)
Fe3+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s)
Aluminium
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Steel (iron and carbon)
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used in food and beverage cans
used in pipelines
hard
strong
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used in aerospace industry
used in high-voltage power lines in the
National Grid
strong
low density
good conductor of heat and electricity
resistant to corrosion
Titanium
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Copper
used in artificial hip joints
used in fighter air craft
hard
strong
low density
resistant to corrosion
high melting point
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used in plumbing
used in electrical wiring
very good conductor of heat and
electricity
malleable and ductile
attractive colour and lustre
Factors that affect the siting of plants
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near the coast, for the importing of raw materials and not for the export of products
away from built-up areas
in a town or city within commuting distance to accommodate the workforce
has good transport links for transporting the product to buyers
has a direct electricity supply (a power station close by) in the case of aluminium
Aluminium production
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The energy costs associated with aluminium production are very high, and when Wylfa Power
Station was decommissioned, Anglesey Aluminium closed
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Without a power station close
by guaranteeing the direct supply of electricity, this became unsustainable and the plant closed
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Using raw materials from Wales is not sustainable on
an economic (cost) or environmental (quarrying) basis
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Recycling aluminium requires approximately 5% of the energy used to extract the metal
from bauxite
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The electrolysis of molten ionic compounds
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Compounds must be melted to release their ions
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e
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lead(II) bromide:
cathode: Pb2+ + 2e- → Pb
anode: 2Br → Br2 + 2ePb2+ ions are reduced because they gain electrons, and
Br- ions are oxidised because they lose electrons
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cathode: Al3+ + 3e- → Al
anode: 2O2- → O2 + 4eThe oxygen formed reacts with the carbon anodes, forming carbon dioxide gas and
requiring these to be replaced frequently
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The volume of hydrogen formed is twice that of oxygen because there are twice as
many hydrogen atoms that oxygen atoms in a water molecule
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Metals lower than hydrogen in the reactivity series are formed at the cathode
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cathode: Cu2+ + 2e+ → Cu
anode: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2ee
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When sodium chloride is electrolysed, the products are hydrogen gas (as sodium
is above hydrogen in the reactivity series) and chlorine gas
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A metal pan is connected to the
cathode
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Electrolysis in the purification of copper
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Both electrodes are made from copper
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Electrolysis in the manufacture of sodium hydroxide
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The electrolyte is sodium chloride solution
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A solution of sodium hydroxide is formed
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Title: GCSE Chemistry 2.3 - Metals
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A*.) This is one of six topics in the unit.
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A*.) This is one of six topics in the unit.