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Title: GCSE Chemistry 2.5 - Organic Chemistry
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A*.) This is one of six topics in the unit.
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A*.) This is one of six topics in the unit.
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2
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The hydrocarbons present condense at different heights in the column; the lower
the boiling point, the higher in the column a compound is collected
...
The effect of chain length on fractions’ colour (colourless – yellow – brown)
•
The longer the chain lengths, the darker the colour
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The effect of chain length on fractions’ ease of ignition
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The longer the chain lengths, the more difficult the ignition
The effect of chain length on fractions’ cleanliness of burn
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The longer the chain lengths, the less clean the burn
...
Rapidly growing economies in China and India will consume greater amounts of
energy year on year and supplying that energy using crude oil is not sustainable in
the long term
...
Many important products (such as plastics and medicines) are made using
components of crude oil and that people will eventually have to decide between
burning the remaining reserves of oil and using it for other purposes
...
2
mass of alcohol
The combustion of hydrogen
•
forms water only
Hydrogen as an energy source
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•
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•
•
•
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used in rocket fuel
used in hydrogen fuel cells to power cars
renewable, as it is produced from water
does not contribute towards global warming or acid rain, as water is the only
product
requires large amounts of electricity to produce hydrogen from electrolysis
storage requires bulky and heavy pressurised containers
potentially hazardous, as it forms an explosive mixture with air
18
Cracking
•
•
involves heating fractions obtained from crude oil to a high temperature in the
presence of a catalyst, causing the hydrocarbon molecules present to decompose to
form smaller molecules, including a monomer (an alkene)
There is greater demand for the smaller hydrocarbons, and alkenes (such as ethene),
are the starting material for the production of many plastics
...
As
polymerisation happens, one of the bonds breaks to allow the molecule to join to
another
...
Burning plastics is not a particularly good solution to the problem because of the
carbon dioxide gas and various toxic fumes they release when they burn
...
Equally important are the benefits of conserving crude oil reserves and, because
recycling uses less energy than production, reducing fossil fuel use
...
More efficient
methods have been developed to produce ethanol for industrial uses
...
The economic impact of alcoholic drinks
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Tax raised from the sale of alcoholic drinks generates significant revenue for the
government
...
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Ethanol as a solvent
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dissolves many substances, including some that are insoluble in water
Biofuel (ethanol as a fuel)
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+
+
−
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produced from plants (such as sugar cane, in some countries)
renewable
carbon-neutral
decreases the amount of land available to grow food crops
dependent on climate for sugar growth
Alcohols
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CnH2n+1OH
The microbial oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid
•
•
occurs slowly
leads to beer and wine ‘going off’ once exposed to air for a few days
Ethanoic acid
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CH3COOH
belongs to a homologous series called carboxylic acids
Infrared spectroscopy
•
used to identify the presence of certain bonds in organic molecules, thereby
indicating whether they may be alkanes, alkenes, alcohols or carboxylic acids
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Title: GCSE Chemistry 2.5 - Organic Chemistry
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A*.) This is one of six topics in the unit.
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A*.) This is one of six topics in the unit.