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(Oxford) Solutions for B5: General Relativity and Cosmology, 2011-2016£6.24

Title: Integration by parts and by magic substitution
Description: Easy way to learn Integration by parts and by magic substitution with proof and examples.

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Integration by Parts: Method

From
d(fg) = fdg + gdf
upon integrating both sides and rearranging, we get

Use of this statement is called "integration by parts"
...

These occur when the integrand is a monomial times an exponent or
trigonometric function, or when the integrand has logarithms in it
...

It also helps for inverse powers of sine and cosine
...

Here and in the other examples, we choose C = 0
...


Use

to rewrite

Obtain

Rearrange

Iterate this to obtain

When n is even this stops automatically; when n is odd, the result is in our table
of simple trigonometric integrals for n = 1:

The Magic Substitution z = tan(x/2)

Suppose our integrand is a rational function of sin(x) and cos(x)
...

Theorem:
If z = tan(x / 2), then

,

,
and

and any rational function of xdx becomes a rational function of zdz
Title: Integration by parts and by magic substitution
Description: Easy way to learn Integration by parts and by magic substitution with proof and examples.