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SAFETY IN OUR ENVIRONMENT
By D
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MbwamboJr

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INTRODUCTION

•Environment is everything
that surrounds an organism
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M
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M
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• Promotes quick recovery
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FIRST AID KIT

•This is a small box in which
medical facilities for
providing first aid are kept
or stored for emergency
treatment
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COMPONENTS OF FIRST AID KIT AND THEIR
USES

Component
Plaster
Sterile gauze

Soap
A pair of scissors or razor blade
Safety pins

Cotton wool
Iodine tincture
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Function
For covering small wounds
For covering wounds to protect them
from dirt and germs
For washing hands, wounds and
equipment
For cutting bandages
For securing bandages or holding
pieces of bandages
For cleaning and drying wounds
For cleaning fresh cuts and burns

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COMPONENTS OF FIRST AID KIT AND THEIR
USES

Bandages

For keeping dressings in place and
immobilizing injured limbs

Disposable sterile gloves

For covering the hands to avoid
infecting wounds

Liniment
Gentian Violet solution (G
...
),
antibiotic, ointment or disinfectant
solution
Antiseptic solution (e
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Dettol soap)
Petroleum jelly

For reducing muscle pains (cramps)
For applying on minor wounds

Dastan E
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For cleaning wounds to kill germs
For applying on cuts, scraps, bruises
and small wounds to soften them
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COMPONENTS OF FIRST AID KIT AND THEIR
USES
Torch
Pain killers (e
...
Panadol)
Clean and safe water
Methylated spirit
Thermometer
Whistle
A pair of tongs
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Source of light
For reducing pain
For taking pain killers and washing
hands during first aid provision
For cleaning wounds
For taking body temperature
Blown to call for help
For holding pieces of bandages
when cleaning the wounds
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FIRST AIDER

•The First Aider is a
specialist who
gives first aid
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QUALITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER
• She/he should have ability to assess the problem and give
immediate and appropriate help
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Some of the
dangers that s/he may face include infection by
pathogens such as viruses and bacteria
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PROVIDING FIRST AID
•Before giving first aid, it is important to be
aware of the possible risks to the victim
and the First Aider, and suitable
precautions that can be taken to lessen
these risks
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M
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BRUISES
• A bruise is a closed injury (wound) beneath the skin
whereby the skin is not broken
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• They are identified by pain, swelling and
discoloration of the skin
• The discoloration is due to breaking of small blood
vessels causing blood to collect under the skin
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M
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• If the pain and swelling persists, take a victim
to the hospital for further treatment
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SNAKE BITES
• This is an injury caused by a bite from a snake, often
resulting in punctured wounds
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• The victims of snake bites are usually frightened
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• The bites from poisonous snake are dangerous and
may be fatal if not treated immediately
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TREATMENT OF SNAKE BITES
• Wash the wound using soap and water to remove venom
from around the bitten area
• Tie a wide elastic bandage or clean cloth around the limb
above the bite to stop the spread of venom in the blood
stream
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3
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• Stings are characterized by sudden, sharp pain,
soreness and swelling in a region of the sting
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FIRST AID GIVEN
• Remove the sting if it is stuck in the victim’s skin by
pinching the skin and pull it out or by using tweezers
• Apply a cold compress to minimize pain and swelling
...
The sting is
acidic and baking soda is base, hence, it neutralize the
acid
• If the situation worsens, take the victim to the hospital for
further treatment
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NOTE:

•Stings are caused by
organisms like
scorpions, bees, wasps
and hornets
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M
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Through this, they inject
powerful venom that may produce
convulsions and temporary paralysis
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M
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M
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DOG BITE
• When someone is bitten by a dog, keep the dog
under observation to see whether it has rabies
...
It is
caused by a virus which is present in the saliva of
the infected animal
...
Later the dog then starts barking
excessively
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• Cover the wound with clean gauze
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POISONING
• A poison is any substance which can loss of one’s life or
seriously endanger health when taken into the body
...
Some are deadly even on a very
small dose
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• Examples of poisonous substances at home are
kerosene, disinfectants, paints, medicines, artificial
fertilizers, etc
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M
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• Induce vomiting if the poison is not strong acid or
alkali as these are corrosive substance
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6
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VOMITING

•Vomiting is an involuntary
ejection of substance
from the stomach
through the mouth
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M
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g
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g
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HOW TO HELP

•Give the person a rehydration drink or
oral rehydration salts solution
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M
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ELECTRICAL SHOCK

•This is a sudden, painful feeling that
is obtained when electricity passes
through the body
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TREATMENT
• Switch off the electricity from the main switch
• If not possible to switch off the electricity, take the victim
away from the source of electricity using a dry wooden
material or rope
• Loosen any tight clothing around the neck and chest
...

• Start artificial respiration immediately if the victim is
unconscious
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NOTE:

•Do not touch a victim who is still
in contact with electric current
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9
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•Most muscle cramps occurs in the leg
muscles particularly the muscles of the
thigh
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CAUSES OF MUSCLES CRAMPS

•Poor co-ordination of muscles
during exercise
•Excessive loss of salts and body
fluids due to excessive sweating
•Cold weather
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TREATMENT OF MUSCLE CRAMPS
• Straighten the victim’s knee and draw his/her foot firmly and
steady upwards towards the shin
• Massage the muscles while stretching the limb until the
cramping has reduced
• Apply some anti-cramp ointment to the affected area
• Give a glass of water if there is lack of water in the victim’s
body
• Seek medical help if the cramps do not stop
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NOTE:

•Muscle cramps can be avoided by:
•Taking a lot of fluids
•Avoiding cold drinks
•Keeping the body warm
•Taking regular body exercises
•Avoiding strenuous exercises
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10
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M
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M
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That is, sedatives (sleepinducing drugs are recommended to calm the nerves and
reduce stress)
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11
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• Lay the victim down
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• When the bleeding has slowed down press a pad of
material over the wound and tie it rapidly in place
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11
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M
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BLEEDING
HOW TO HELP THE VICTIM
• (c) Nose bleeding
...
The bleeding may be a result of
diseases such as
• High blood pressure
• Rheumatic fever Or
• Injury
• Nose bleeding is also likely to occur at high altitude
as a result of cold
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M
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BLEEDING
HOW TO HELP THE VICTIM
• Let the victim sit quiet
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• Let the victim lean the head slightly backward or make
him/ her lie down on his/ her back
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• Allow the victim to breathe through the mouth
• Apply cold, wet compression over the nose and face
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BURNS AND SCALDS
• A burn is caused by dry heat e
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flame of hot
object
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• The treatment is the same for both burns and scalds
except that in scalds any wet clothing should be
carefully removed while in burns clothing should be
left in place
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BURNS AND SCALDS
• Dip the burning limb into clean cold water or press
the affected area gently with an ice block
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• Cover the injured area with clean dry cloth to
keep away bacteria entering the damaged tissue
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CHEMICAL BURNS (ACIDS AND ALKALIS)
• How to help
• Strip off all clothing which has been
contaminated by the chemical
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• Apply moist packs soaked in a weak solution
of baking soda
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M
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FAINTING

•This is a sudden fall in blood
pressure which results into
inadequate blood supply to the
brain
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CAUSES OF FAINTING
•Bad news
...
g
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E
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the sight of a snake
or lion
•Illness
•Shock
•Excessive bleeding
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TREATMENT OF FAINTING
• Loosen any tight clothing
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g
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If possible, fan him
• Do not try to warm the victim
• If the situation does not improve, seek medical
help
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15
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If they
get caught in the throat and block
airway
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M
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M
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TREATMENT OF CHOKING
• If the victim is bigger than you or unconscious, the
following first aid can be rendered:
• Lay him/her on her back
• Sit over him with your lower hand on his belly between his
navel and ribs
• Make a quick strong upward push
• Repeat several times if necessary
• If the victim still cannot breath make mouth to mouth
breathing
• Take the victim to the hospital immediately
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16
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•Drown
•This occurs when a person died from
not being able to breath under water
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E
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splashing
of water, waving of hands, etc
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TREATMENT OF DROWNING
• Start mouth to mouth breathing at once even
before the victim is out of the water
• Blow air into his lungs
• Lay the person on his back and tilt his head
backwards so that his mouth falls forward
• Pull the tongue forward
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TREATMENT OF DROWNING
•Hold his nose close with your fingers
•After reaching the shore, put his head
lower than the feet and push his belly with
an upward push
•Continue with mouth to mouth breathing
•Keep the person warm
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NOTE:

•Always start mouth to
mouth breathing at once
before trying to get water
out of the drowning
person’s chest
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17
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•It is characterized by a hiccup
sound
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CAUSES OF HICCUPS

•Swallowing large quantity
of air
•Eating too much and faster
of certain foods
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TREATMENT OF HICCUPS
• Hiccups can be stopped by increasing the
concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood stream
for a short time
...
g
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• Hiccups can be stopped by stimulating the vagus
nerve which runs from the brain to the stomach by
drinking water, pulling gently on the tongue, placing
half a teaspoon of dry sugar on the tongue
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TREATMENT OF HICCUPS
•In children, give a full teaspoon of sodium
bicarbonate solution or lemon juice
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COMMON ACCIDENTS AT HOME AND SCHOOL

•What is an accident?
•An accident is an unexpected event that
may cause injury and sometimes lead to
death
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M
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g
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• Burns caused by hot liquids, cooking pot, lamps, hot
food, steam, burning wood, charcoals and those
caused by corrosive chemicals such as
concentrated acids and strong alkalis
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g
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• Cuts and scratches caused by knives, hoes, razor
blades and other sharp objects
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COMMON ACCIDENTS AT HOME AND SCHOOL
• Choking caused by drinks, food or objects
• Electric shock due to unguarded electric outlets and
lightning
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• Foreign bodies in the eye, ear and nose
• Drowning which may occur in very small amount of
water such as baths, ponds, pit latrines, wells and water
tanks
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WAYS OF PREVENTING ACCIDENTS AT
HOME AND SCHOOL
• Medicines and potential poisonous chemicals should be
kept out of reach of children
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• Sharp objects like broken bottles, razor blades and
laboratory equipment should be well disposed of
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• One should not take medicine unless prescribed by the
doctor
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WAYS OF PREVENTING ACCIDENTS AT
HOME AND SCHOOL
• Bushes and tall grasses around the house should be cut
to avoid harboring snakes, bees and other dangerous
animals
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• Walls and trees that are at a risk of falling should be
dismantled or cut down respectively
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• Pits dug around the house should be buried
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WAYS OF PREVENTING ACCIDENTS AT
HOME AND SCHOOL

• Avoid using charcoal to warm oneself during night
when sleeping as continued inhalation of carbon
monoxide from the charcoal may lead to death
• Burning candles should be put off when sleeping
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• Laboratory doors should open outwards for easy exit in
case of fire
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• Equipment like hoes, axes and knives should be properly
kept
• Turn off all the gas taps after experiment
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WAYS OF MAINTAIN SAFETY AT HOME AND
SCHOOL
• Avoid risk behaviors such as playing near deep
ponds, playing with knives, alcoholism etc
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• Be positive and supportive to each other
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•One should be good to him/herself
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•Waste disposal is the way of eliminating or
removing waste materials from the
environment
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M
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SOLID WASTE
•These are waste materials that contain
not more than 25% water
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• Industrial wastes like plastics, metal scraps,
etc
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LIQUID WASTE

•This is usually waste water that
contains less than 1% solid
materials
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3
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M
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SLUDGE WASTE

•This is a thick soft and wet waste
materials usually containing
between 3% to 25% solid while
the rest of the materials is water
dissolved materials
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PRICIPLES OF WASTE DISPOSAL
• All types of wastes be it from industries or from
household should be properly disposed
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• Refuse from homes should be well handled
...
g
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• Any materials that can be recycled shall not be
thrown away
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M
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• When handling wastes, precautions should be
observed
...
g
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• Sewage system must be checked and
monitored regularly
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g
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BURNING
•Wastes that can be burnt at home
include:
•Papers
•Plastics
•Carton boxes
•Empty milk packets
•Polyethene bags
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2
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ANIMAL FEEDS
• This can be used for organic refuse such as:
• Vegetables
• Fruits
• Potatoes
• Banana peelings
• They are fresh to animals like goat, sheep, pig
and cattle
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COMPOSTING
•After separating inorganic refuse from
organic, a pit of one meter deep is dug
where the organic refuse is dumped to
decompose
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RECYCLING

•This is the reuse of materials
that would otherwise be
considered as waste
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g
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M
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GARBAGE COLLECTION AND
TIPPING

•Garbage collection in urban
areas is done by local
authorities
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These are wastes which contain
toxic components
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• Biohazardous wastes
...
E
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medical
wastes
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These are wastes that pose
no immediate threat to human health and the
environment
...
g
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M
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These are wastes that
can be decomposed by decomposers
(bacteria)
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g
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• Non-biodegradable wastes
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E
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plastic materials
and metallic wastes
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