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Human HealtH & Diseases
*Health:1) WHO(World Health Organisation) defined health as a complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely
absence of disease
...
It also reduces infant and
maternal mortility
...

4) Awareness about diseases and their effect on different bodily functions, vaccination against infectious diseases, proper
disposal of wastes, control of vectors and maintenance of hygienic food and water resources are necessary to achieve good
health
...

6) Hence health is affected by mind and mental state
...

ii) infections and life style including food and water we take, rest and exercise we give to our bodies, habits that we have
or lack, etc
...
e
...

2) Diseases are grouped into infectious and non-infectious diseases
...
Some of the infectious diseases are
fatal like AIDS
...
Among non-infectious diseases Cancer leads to
death
...


*Common diseases in human:1) Pathogens:- The wide range of organisms which belongs to bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminthes, etc
...
These diseases causing organisms are called pathogens
...

3) Parasites:a) The organisms which lives in or on a host and takes nourishment from host are called parasites
...


c) Insects works as vectors of parasites
...
: Malarial parasite causes malaria
...

Chikunguniya virus
...

Entamoeba histolytica

*Helminthes diseases and their pathogens:Ascariasis
Filariasis/Elephantiasis

Ascaris(Roundworm)
Wuchereria(W
...
malayi)

*Fungal diseases and their pathogens:Ringworms

Microsporum, Trichophyton&
Epidermophyton
...
no

...

ii)These causes typhoid or
enteric fever in humans
...
Poor
sanitation is also

Sustained high
fever(39deg C-40deg
C)
...

Intestinal perforation
and death may occur

It can be
prevented by oral

vaccine Ty21a
...

iv)LPS has O antigen, a
polysaccharide core and lipid
A
...

vi)Typhoid fever could be
confirmed by Widal Test
...
She
was a cook by proffesion and
continued to spread typhoid
for several years through
food she prepared
...


in severe cases
...


Fever, chills, cough
with
greenish/yellowish
sputum, fatigue, joint
pain, muscle ache and
sweaty clammy skin
...


Droplets
releasing from
cough or
sneezes of an
infected person
are either
inhaled directly
or transmitted
through
contaminated
objects such as
pens, books,
cups, etc
...

Malarial parasite
live in humans
and female
Anopheles
mosquito
...

Life cycle of

Nasal congestion and
discharge, sore throat
, hoarseness, cough,
headache, tiredness,
etc
...

Sometimes symptoms
like conjunctivitis,
muscle ache, fatigue,
headache, shivering
and loss of appetite
may also appear
...

ii)Due to this infection the
alveoli gets filled with fluid
leading to severe problems in
respiration
...


3)

Common
cold

i)It is also called as
nasopharyngitis, acute viral
rhinopharyngitis, acute
coryza, etc
...


4)

Malaria

i)Caused by protozoan
plasmodium
...
vivax,P
...
falciparum) are
responsible for different
types of malaria
...

Plasmodium
falciparum causes
severe symptoms like
enlarged
spleen(spleenomegaly
), severe headache,

It can be
prevented by
vaccination
...

Medicine like
amantadine,
rimantadine,
zanamivir and
oseltamivir can
prevent influenza
during outbreaks
...
Alcohol
based hand
sanitizer cannot
prevent it
...


Avoid Stagnation
of water in and
around residential
areas, regular
cleaning of
household coolers,
use of mosquito
nets, including
fishes like
Gambusia in

5)

Amoebiasis

serious one and can even be
fatal
...

b)In human
...

It is caused due
to dirty hands,
contaminated
foods & water
...

Stools with excess
mucous and blood
clots
...

ii)Ingestion of cyst can cause
the disease & not encysted
amoebae or trophozoites
...
It
may be asymptomatic for
long time
...

6)

Ascariasis

i)It is caused by roundworm
known as Ascaris
lumbricoides
...

iii)Body is covered by cuticle
secreted by cellular or
syncytial epidermis
...


First symptoms
appears in 4 to 16
days after infection
...


7)

Filariasis/
Elephantiasi
s

i)Caused by filarial
roundworms like

The pathogens
are transmitted
to a healthy
person through
the bite of an
female
mosquito
vectors
...


Wuchereria bancrofti and
Wuchereria malayi which
cause a slowly developing
chronic inflammation of the
organs in which they live for
many years, usually the
lymphatic vessels of the
lower limbs & the disease is
called filariasis/elephantiasis
...

Edema with thick skin
& underlying tissue is
the main symptom
...

Sewage must be
treated and
disposed
...
after using
toilet and before
handling food
...

Consumption of
clean drinking
water, food,
vegetables, fruits,
etc
...

Drugs like
mebendazole &
abendazole can be
used as
ascaricides
...

If microfilia is
detected then it
can be treated
with
diethylcarbamacin
e 100mg twice a
day for 3 weeks
...


*Ringworms:1) It is a misnomer because it is not caused by worm
...

3)It is caused by fungi which belongs to genera Microsporum, Trichophyton & Epidermophyton which feed on
keratin, which is present on outer layer of skin , hair & nails
...


*Signs and symptoms:1) Symptoms are different in different places like enlarged raised rings on body, athlete’s foot on feet, and jock itch in
groin
...
In these case nails may appear thick & discoloured which fall of
eventually
...

2) Avoid walking barefooted in locker rooms & on beaches
...


*Life cycles:* Life cycle of malarial parasite:Life cycle of malarial parasite includes two hosts:
a)

Anopheles mosquito:- i) Mosquitoes ingest gametocytes of the parasite while feeding on blood of an infected
person
...

iii)These gametes fuse & causes ookinete
...

iv)Sporozoites are released from oocyst which migrate to salivary glands,
v) Sporozoites can be transmitted to humans while feeding
...


ii)It is called as pre-erythrocytic phase
...

iv) These merozoites infect RBCs after rupture of hepatocytes
...

vi) In RBCs merozoites proliferate by forming ring form trohozoites & schizonts
...




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