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Title: Congenital Heart Defects
Description: These notes are based on Anatomy and Physiology looking at congenital heart defects. Useful for paramedic, nursing and medical students.
Description: These notes are based on Anatomy and Physiology looking at congenital heart defects. Useful for paramedic, nursing and medical students.
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Congenital Heart defects
Patent ductus arteriosus
• Arterial duct is a short blood vessel which connects the 2 main arteries of the heart
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• After birth, the lungs fill with air and therefore the duct is no longer needed and
normally closes by itself
• If it fails to close this is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
• PDA causes too much blood to be delivered to the lungs causing a build up
• Mild symptoms can occur in young children such as
breathlessness
• If left untreated it can lead to permanent damage of the heart
and lungs
• Common in premature babies
• Often not diagnosed until teens or adults
• Treated with key hole or open-heart surgery
Atrial Septal Defect
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It is a hole between the 2 atriums of the heart
It means blood from the left atrium can pass into the right atrium
Some can be very small and not require any treatment, others are
larger and cause a build-up of blood back to the lungs as the heart
is overloaded
Mild symptoms may occur in young children such as breathlessness
If left untreated it can lead to permanent damage of the heart and
lungs
It is treated by keyhole or open-heart surgery
Ventricular septal defect is a hole between the 2 ventricles which
causes even more blood to be passed through due to the larger size of the ventricles
Tetralogy of Fallot
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There are 4 main abnormalities:
1
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There is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)
3
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The right ventricle is enlarged and more muscular (right ventricular
hypertrophy)
The blood being pumped around the body lacks enough
oxygen as the blood mixes due to the VSD
Symptoms are often a blue appearance (especially lips, tongue,
inside mouth and hands)
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Can be associated with other syndromes such as Down’s and
22q11 deletion
Requires surgery at around 4-6 months old
Transposition of the Great Vessels
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The pulmonary artery comes from the left ventricle instead of the right and the aorta
comes from the right ventricle instead of the left
The deoxygenated blood gets pumped around the body instead of the oxygenated
blood
The ductus arteriosus needs to be kept open very quickly to allow some oxygenated
blood to be pumped around the body
The baby may have a blue appearance due to the lack of
oxygen
First step of treatment is to keep condition stable by
increasing oxygenated blood, medicines such as prostin can
do this by keeping the duct open
...
• Coarctation is where a narrowing occurs just after the side branches
Title: Congenital Heart Defects
Description: These notes are based on Anatomy and Physiology looking at congenital heart defects. Useful for paramedic, nursing and medical students.
Description: These notes are based on Anatomy and Physiology looking at congenital heart defects. Useful for paramedic, nursing and medical students.