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CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION
The Cell is a basic unit of structure and function of life
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 All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
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 Some organisms are made up of many cells and are called multicellular organisms e
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man, pine tree,
locust
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g
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 All cells are microscopic, its membrane bound it has structures that are site for chemical reaction called
organism
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So these are characteristics of
cell
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Prokaryotes are mostly single celled organisms such as bacteria and blue green bacteria
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They contain specialized membrane bound
organelles
Eukaryotic cells can be found in a single celled organism such as Amoeba or they can be found in multicellular
organisms
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Plant cell

Animal cell

FUNCTION OF THE PARTS OF ANIMAL CELL
1
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 Is thin layer that encloses the whole cell
Function of cell membrane

Communicate with other cells
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It is said to be a selectively
permeable membrane or differential membrane
 It encloses the contents of the cell
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CYTOPLASM
This is jelly- like substance made up of water and dissolved chemical substances
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Cell organelles such as the vacuoles, nucleus and mitochondria are
suspended in the cytoplasm
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3
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The nucleus is made up of nucleolus and fluid
called nucleoplasm
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


Functions of nucleus



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To determine the chemical processes that take place in the cell
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MITOCHONDRION
The function of mitochondrion is the site for respiration, reactions which yield energy for the cell
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CELL WALL
 This is a strong covering made of cellulose
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It allows the passage of water and minerals, gases (freely permeable)
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CHLOROPLAST

They are sites of photosynthesis
It contains green pigment called chlorophyll
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VACUOLE
Vacuoles maintain a balance between water molecules and solute molecules in the cell; contain colour
pigments, which give colour to flower
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



4
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5
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The nucleus is made up of nucleolus and fluid
called nucleoplasm
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6
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The cytoplasm is the site for
many chemical reactions in the cell
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The movement of cytoplasm is known as cytoplasmic stream
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RIBOSOMES
This is the site of protein synthesis
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 Both have cytoplasm
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 Both have vacuoles, ribosomes and mitochondria
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This
is called cell differentiation
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These cells perform specific function and this is referred to as cell specialization
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TISSUE
A tissue is a group of similar cells performing the same function
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Animal tissue e
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epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, blood tissue, nerve tissue, skin tissue
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g
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ORGAN
An organ is a functional unit formed by a group of specialized tissue
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Examples of system are Respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system, hormonal system, skeletal
system and blood circulatory system, nervous system
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g
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An organism is made up of different systems working together specific functions
In Summary:

Examples of Specialized tissues in Plants and Animals:
 White blood cells
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 Red blood cells
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They have large surface area for transporting
oxygen from lungs to different parts of the body
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This is a male gamete which fertilizes a female gamete during reproduction
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 Root hair cell
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 Guard cells
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They control the opening and closing of
the stomata
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The stomata allows gaseous exchange and transpiration in plant leaves
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They are made up of hollow dead cells with walls made up of lignin
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The vessels transport water and mineral salts, and provide support in
plants
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Contain large amount of chloroplast for photosynthesis
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