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P1:
DNA is a double helix carrying genetic instructions from both parents to their child for the functions
of their cells, growth of their cells and reproduction of all cells and all organs ranging from humans
to plants
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Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and most
importantly RNA
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What is the 'backbone' of DNA made of? - Quora
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What is the 'backbone' of DNA made of? - Quora
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quora
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[Accessed 24 June 2019]
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In the strands of the DNA which are twisted
which make up the double helix structure, there are complementary base sequences
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Purines bond to join together with Pyrimidines to
make a complementary base sequence
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These bases are
bonded together by hydrogen bonds to connect together and make up that double helix structure
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RNA is a nucleic acid similar to DNA
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The main job of
RNA is to act as a messenger, meaning it carries instructions for DNA, for the production of different
proteins
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MRNA is made up of nucleotides located inside the nucleus that join to make a
complementary sequence to DNA
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This is
because has triplet code, also known as a codon in the sequence of the MRNA
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In this image it is showing how the
DNA codes for a protein
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DNA and RNA is present in all living organisms which can duplicate or reproduce
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All types of RNA are used in protein synthesis and all play a crucial and
vital role in the production of the correct proteins
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This type of RNA is in charge of translation different to transcription
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This fits the function of TRNA, because TRNA is used
to place the amino acids in the correct and the accurate places to join together in the polypeptide to
code for a specific protein
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TRNA matches up with the correct pair of MRNA to
form a sequence
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This type of ribosome is one of the main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis alongside the
MRNA
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The MRNA
and TRNA are bonded by peptide bonds
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This type of RNA is made out of tiny RNA strands to make up the double strand
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The role of the nucleic acids in the body is that their main functions and purpose of being nucleic
acids present in the genes and why they are so vital and important as they are technically the reason
as to why people have different phenotypes is because they store and transfer genetic information
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M1:
Gene expression is the specific type of information which is gathered from a gene and is used in the
synthesis or production of gene
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This links to gene expression because the products synthesises by the gene and the triplet codes are
proteins
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Codon- A codon is a trinucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA that correlates with or to a specific amino
acid created by proteins which have been synthesised by the triplet code gene
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Anticodon- The complete opposite of what a Codon does
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This links to gene expression because it matches and pairs up the complementary sequence or the
unfinished protein to complete a complementary sequence making DNA
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This links to gene expression because this can make multiple proteins extremely quickly and
extremely efficiently due to its single amino acid, it can be used in multiple amino acid sequences in
the long polypeptide chain
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This links to gene expression as non-overlapping genes contains the triplet cod which are the 3
nucleotides that code for amino acids, which then a sufficient number of amino acids combined
together in a long polypeptide make up a single protein
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Transcription is
performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand in
order to create an amino acid for the next stage of protein synthesis
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This process is followed after because of the transcription
of DNA to RNA, by duplication
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In translation, information in RNA is used to create amino acids to make polypeptides
which make up proteins
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In transcription, the genetic information in
DNA is used to convert into RNA to turn nucleic acids into duplicated nucleic acids for to make more
amino acids, to make more proteins
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If this problem occurs, then the
amino acid will be mis coordinated and placed into the wrong areas of the polypeptide
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The stage, transcription when affected copies the wrong piece of DNA strand and is used to make
the wrong amino acids and then the wrong proteins
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TRANSCRIPTION
DNA is unzipped and copied by an RNA called RNA polymerase, in the nucleus, where all or
sometimes most of the genetic material is found
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This is transcription
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TRANSLATION
MRNA is then taken to the ribosome, where the 4 types of RNA are located to begin the process of
protein synthesis, by making the double strands and creating amino acids
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When
MRNA enters into the ribosome, TRNA attaches its codons and anticodons and matches up the base
pairs with one another
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This
then done correctly, makes the correct amino acids, for RNA to place into the correct places in the
polypeptide to synthesise for proteins
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Any mistake in protein synthesis is vital
and crucial towards the RNA and DNA replication of proteins and amino acids and creating the
specific amino acid to place into the correct spot in the polypeptide to create a protein
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Nucleic acids make sure this problem does
not occur, by completing every step in stages and having the RNA to double check every step and
stage is correct
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Missense- This is an example of a point mutation
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In
this case, a missense mutation is when there is a mutation in the base pair, the base pair will code
for another amino acid each time the base pair changes
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Once the base is affected and mutated, it
stops becoming a functional triplet code and the synthesis of amino acids and proteins are stopped
and prevented, causing the polypeptide of amino acids in a chain, be very short, creating a short and
very useless functional protein
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This affects the DNA triplet codes and the
amino acids which can be synthesised using these triplet codes
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This changes the mutated base, but it
does not change the amino acid which can be produced by the base, as if it is the same base, but has
replaced a mutated base
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Indel mutations are when nucleotides are either deleted or
inserted into the DNA sequence of a DNA
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The excess DNA sequence, will overlap and interfere
with the production of protein synthesis, eventually causing the DNA to make false amino acids and
place them into the wrong polypeptides and proteins
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This deletes parts of the DNA sequence and causes
the amino acids to be produced less, meaning the proteins will be much shorter and potentially be in
functionable
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Frameshift- Deletions are able to lead to frameshifts
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These become apparent and normal when mitosis occurs
every time to produce new copies of a cell, but these copies are wrong copies due to the mutations
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Diseases
One disease caused by the genetic mutation deletion is called Cystic fibrosis
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This gene makes a protein that controls the movement of salt and
water in and out of your body's cells
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A defect in the CFTR gene causes cystic fibrosis (CF)
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In people who have CF, the
gene makes a protein that doesn't work well
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Another disease is called sickle cell anemia
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It is caused by a missense mutation
because the red blood cells are not the same all the time when they are produced by the bone
marrow or the heart
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This will cause different amino acids to be produced and placed into the
polypeptide chain and create the wrong protein which is not needed or has any use in being a
protein for DNA and RNA
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2019
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[ONLINE] Available at: https://www
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com/What-is-the-backboneof-DNA-made-of
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