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4
5
6
7
Li Be
B
C
N
O
F Ne
Na Mg
Al Si
P
S
Cl Ar
Rb Sr
Y
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
I
Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ?
?
?
Metals to the left of this line, non
metals to the right
To the right of
the Periodic
table
Form negative ions
...
Halogens
Consist of molecules made of a pair
of atoms
Have seven electrons in their
outer shell
...
Increasing atomic mass number
...
g
...
g
...
Knowledge of isotopes
explained why order based on atomic
weights was not always correct
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
Conductors, high melting and
boiling points, ductile,
malleable
...
Increasing
atomic
number
...
Form +1 ions
...
With
oxygen
Forms a metal
oxide
Metal + oxygen →
metal oxide
e
...
4Na + O2 →
2Na2O
With
water
Forms a metal
hydroxide and
hydrogen
Metal + water →
metal hydroxide +
hydrogen
e
...
2Na + 2H2O →
2NaOH + H2
With
chlorine
Forms a metal
chloride
Metal + chlorine →
metal chloride
e
...
2Na + Cl2 →
2NaCl
Compared
to group 1
Boiling
points
increase
down the
group
Elements in the same group have the
same number of outer shell electrons and
elements in the same period (row) have
the same number of electron shells
...
Alkali metals
K Ca Sc Ti
The Periodic
table
Mendeleev
Transition metals
0
He
Elements with similar
properties are in columns
called groups
Before discovery
of protons,
neutrons and
electrons
3
Elements
arranged in
order of atomic
number
Group 1
1 2
H
Noble gases
Halogens
Development
of the Periodic
table
Alkali metals
Typical
properties
• Less reactive
• Harder
• Denser
• Higher melting points
• Many have different ion
possibilities with different
charges
• Used as catalysts
• Form coloured compounds
• Cu2+ is blue
• Ni2+ is pale green, used in the
manufacture of margarine
• Fe2+ is green, used in the
Haber process
• Fe3+ is reddish-brown
• Mn2+ is pale pink
1 2
H
3
4
5
6
7
Li Be
B
C
N
O
F Ne
Na Mg
Al Si
P
S
Cl Ar
Y
The Periodic
table
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
I
Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ?
?
?
Metals to the left of this line, non
metals to the right
To the right of
the Periodic
table
Form positive ions
...
Form negative ions
...
Consist of molecules made of a pair
of atoms
Metals and
non metals
Group
7
To the left of
the Periodic
table
Have seven electrons in their
outer shell
...
Melting and boiling points increase
down the group (gas → liquid →
solid)
Increasing atomic mass number
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
e
...
Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl
e
...
Cl2 +2KBr →2KCl
+ Br2
Boiling
points
increase
down the
group
Increasing
atomic
number
...
Elements arranged in order
of atomic weight
Early periodic tables were incomplete,
some elements were placed in
inappropriate groups if the strict order
atomic weights was followed
...
Knowledge of isotopes
explained why order based on atomic
weights was not always correct
...
Form +1 ions
...
Forms a metal
oxide
Metal + oxygen →
metal oxide
e
...
4Na + O2 →
2Na2O
Forms a metal
hydroxide and
hydrogen
Metal + water →
metal hydroxide +
hydrogen
e
...
2Na + 2H2O →
2NaOH + H2
Forms a metal
chloride
Metal + chlorine →
metal chloride
e
...
2Na + Cl2 →
2NaCl
• Less reactive
• Harder
• Denser
• Higher melting points
• Many have different ion
possibilities with different
charges
• Used as catalysts
• Form coloured compounds
• Cu2+ is blue
• Ni2+ is pale green, used in the
manufacture of margarine
• Fe2+ is green, used in the
Haber process
• Fe3+ is reddish-brown
• Mn2+ is pale pink
1 2
H
3
4
5
6
7
Li Be
B
C
N
O
F Ne
Na Mg
Al Si
P
S
Cl Ar
Y
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
I
Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ?
?
?
Metals to the left of this line, non
metals to the right
Form positive ions
...
Have seven electrons in their
outer shell
...
Increasing atomic mass number
...
g
...
g
...
Knowledge of isotopes
explained why order based on atomic
weights was not always correct
...
Insulators,
low melting and boiling points
...
The Periodic
table
e
...
NaCl
metal atom loses
outer shell electrons
and halogen gains an
outer shell e