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Lecture material NOT in the Text (required) Section 2
REPRODUCTION: SEXUAL & NON-SEXUAL
MITOSIS: Non-sexual reproduction by cell division
...
RNA provides the other side of the DNA
molecule & “remembers” the order of the “rungs” resulting in two new cells
exactly the same as the original cell – containing mRNA (Messinger RNA)
which “communicates” the genetic code to the organism
...
Each has
Only 23 alleles in humans – when united they form 46 pairs
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Nurture Controversy
Nature: “In the blood” – (now known to be gene-based)
predetermined intelligence & character
They even believed a mason
would have strong/stout children and even someone with a tattoo would
have children with the same tattoo
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TRADING PLACES w/ Eddie Murphy
Extensive testing in the last 25 years show remarkable # of human
Characteristics are 50/50 inherited/learned environmentally
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Sexual)
They: ARE OUTGOING (engage people in line, etc
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If they score
high in most of them they almost certainly are happy
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Physical Anthropology Notes Section 2

1690 Essay by John Locke
TABULA RASA Blank Slat

Nature vs
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TRADING PLACESDan Acroid & Eddie Murphy

Extensive testing in the last 25 years show remarkable # of human
Characteristics are 50/50 inherited/learned from environment
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GREGOR MENDEL’S PEAS
Head of an abbey in Austria / Official Austrian Weatherman
Interested in how traits are passed on
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Not accepted until 1900
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(color, height, seed types, etc
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First generation cross = 100% Red Peas ???
2ndgeneration of cross of hybrids = 75% Red / 25% White
Proved NO BLENDING of traits (monogenetic traits) No Pink
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ly/12WqJA6

ALLELE – one of a pair of genes which determines a trait
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)

GENOTYPE – the genetic makeup of the individual
IE same red pea may be RR or Rw (all white peas ww)
ALLELE – one of a pair of genes which determines a trait
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HETEROGENUS – one allele of each type
NOTE For recessive alleles to produce a recessive trait the recessive
Gene MUST be both alleles (Homogenous)

HOMO = Same

HETERO = Other

“MENDALIAN GENETICS” As per above – explains mono-genetic traits
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COMPLIMENTARY GENES - IE coxcomb white, red, yellow
Complex outcome similar to different hands in poker
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Entire team – one female in particular had died before

UNDERSTANDING DNA, CHROMOSOMES, GENES, ETC
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The “rungs” are composed of:

publication
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)

CHROMOSOME- a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes
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KARYOTYPE– a standardized arrangement of the human
Chromosomes with each pair numbered 1 through 23
(total of 46 chromosomes)
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ly/12FVoOA

AUTOZOMES– the first 22 pairs of human chromosomes
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If X/X = Female, if X/Y = Male
Mothers’ eggs are all X (female) Fathers’ sperm are either
X OR Y (the sperm which fertilizes the egg will determine
gender
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”

(the 23rdpair in a karyotype)

gender alleles as an X chromosome
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EXAMPLE – Color Blindness
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Approximately 20 TIMES as many men have it related
To women that have it – because a woman must inherit the
Same recessive trait from both mother and father, whereas
The man only need inherit it from his mother
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(NOTE: “Color blindness” is extremely rarely “absolute” – it
usually refers to varying degrees starting with blues and greens
being indistinguishable
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(like
a black & white TV)

REPRODUCTION: SEXUAL & NON-SEXUAL

MITOSIS: Non-sexual reproduction by cell division
...

RNA provides the other side of the DNA molecule and “remembers
The order of the “rungs” resulting in two new cells exactly the same
As the original cell – containing mRNA (MESSENGER RNA)
Which “communicates” the genetic code to the organism

resulting in the phenotype
...
Each has
Only 23 alleles – together they form 46 pairs
...

Higher % of violence
Compliant to male suggestion / Easily led by another male
@ 1 in 2,000 males

GENDER AMBIGUOUS
Formerly referred to as “Hermaphrodites”
Range from penis and vagina to a highly lengthened clitoris,
Or any imaginable combination
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Based on the opinion of Dr
...

Copious law suits have forced significant decline in infant gender
Assignment surgeries
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Est
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1%

Phenotype varies ONLY if differences in environment

DIZYGOTIC TWINS – “fraternal twins” Two Zygotes
Genotype & phenotype as different as any sib
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2%

MULTUPLE BIRTHS:(memorization not req
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31%
- Triplets, 0
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0078%
- Quintuplets and more, 0
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1%

Phenotype varies ONLY if differences in environment

DIZYGOTIC TWINS – “fraternal twins” Two Zygotes
Genotype & phenotype as different as any sib
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2 in 100 or 3
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re stats on multiples)
-Twins (ANY TYPE) 3
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14%
- Quadruplets, 0
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00092%

NON-RANDOM MATING effects allele frequency
HOMOGAMY– Tendency to marry someone like self (IE ear lobes)
U
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5% B/W, more other races – was against law)
Social Class (95% - other 5% Fem 1 up/ Males 1 down)
Perceived Attractiveness (perception over actual)
Religion (FAR less significantthan 50 years ago)

SOCIAL CLASS – division of groups within a culture
BASED ONUnequal Distribution of:
WEALTH
POWER
PRESTIGE

EDUCATION
INCOME

In the U
...
it is MEASURED BY:

OCCUPATION

(Occupation by far most important of the 3)

Social Class Common Name

Education

Clothing

Sports

Parties

UU
“Old $”
Ivey League Tailored
----------------LU

“New $”

B
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Owner’s Box Catered

UM
“Proffesional” Grad
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Req
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BYOB/BBQ
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LM

“Blue Collar”

UL

“Working Poor”

H
...
usual
H
...
?

Jeens/TSht
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Sears/Hand Dn TV

Pot Luck

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LL Chronic Unemp/Seasonal No
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No individual mobility – rarely an
entire caste can
Rise in status
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In the US when had slaves – some
Consider current re races
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Recessive Ps = 25% manifest – death HOWEVER, 50% recessive carriers –
high resistance to malaria which has a higher than 25% death rate = Genetically adaptive
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JAMA 249:2034-2038, 1983

CHARACTERISTICS OF DOWNS SYNDROME:
Lower IQs
Heart problems (probable other mixed physical problems)
Exceptionally loving
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THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Beginning in1990 the National Institutes of Health (NIH) & Dept
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This was the
Human Genome Project - Completed in
April, 2003
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s, etc
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The definition changes from one culture to the next
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COON 1952 – Alleged 5 different evolutionary paths (no basis)
GARN 1965– Geographic basis – FAILED
MANY OTHERS – ALL FAILED

ETHNICITYis the Cultural Heritage and Identity of an individual
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THE THREE STOCK CONCEPT these are categories of general
Traits shared by breading population trends developed after
Man left Africa
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Many evolutionary theorists
Believe evolution is due to mutations in Regulator Genes
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DOGS: all come from wolves – “camp wolves” – more friendly to
humans
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Many paleoanthropologists & Pre-history Historians believe the
Domestication of the dogwas CRUCIAL in developing civilization
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To pop due to:
NON RANDOM MATING
POPULATION SIZE
DIFFERENCES IN FERTILITY
MUTATIONS

BREEDING POPULATIONS: Barriers to mating can be as little as a 10

THE FOUNDER PRINCIPLE:
No breeding population is homogeneous (unless very small)
Therefore if PART of a breeding population is separated from
The rest of the breeding population it is inevitable they will

foot wide river

Evolve along different lines
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SCHISTIC SPECIATION Speciation resulting from an original breeding
Population being separated (by a schism)
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Examples found in horses
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WroteA WONDERFUL LIFE – evolution change every time replayed

INSTANTANIOUS SPECIATION
The only theory that explains several species which have double chromosomes relative to one another
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(Humans, 46)

SEWALL WRIGHT EFFECT - evolution is faster in smaller populations

DOLLO’S LAW any evolutionary changes that occur will not return
To a previous form

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