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Group IV Elements – Summary

Sub-topic
Electronic
Configuration

Physical state at r
...
p

Structure of the
elements

Contents
Have 4 outer shell electrons

All elements can form 4 covalent bonds in compounds by moving an s-electron to empty
p-orbital in the outer shell (under process called sp3 hybridisation)
...
50
Down the group:
 Thermal stabilities decrease
 Covalent bond becomes weaker as the atoms get
larger
 Inert pair effect makes the +IV oxidation less stable
down the group
-

CCl4 is stable to heat
PbCl4 is a yellow liquid which slowly decomposes at
room temperature to lead (II) chloride and chlorine
gas
PbCl4  PbCl2 + Cl2
Yellow solid White solid
Hydrolysis with
water

1
...

2
...
GeCl4 + 2H2O  GeO2 + 4HCl
4
...
PbCl4 + 4H2O  Pb(OH)4 + 4HCl

Group IV Elements – Summary
List of all group IV
oxides
Elements
Carbon

Silicon
Tin
Lead

Germanium
Acid/Base Nature of
oxides

Carbon dioxide, CO2
Silicon dioxide, SiO2




Oxides
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide

CO
CO2



Silicon dioxide

SiO2






Lead (II) oxide
Lead (IV) oxide
Ionic Pb3O4
Germanium oxide

PbO
PbO2




Formula of oxides

GeO

Acidic oxides
Dissolve in aqueous alkalis

CO2 + 2OH-CO32- + H2O
SiO2 + 2OH-SiO32- + H2O
Germanium
Tin
Lead
Lead

-

Amphoteric oxides
 Behave as acidic oxides dissolving in aqueous
alkalis
 Behave as basic oxides dissolving in acids
Lead (II) Oxides, PbO
- Dissolves in hot NaOH(aq):
PbO + 2OH-  PbO22-+ H2O
-

Dissolves in hot dilute HNO3:
PbO + 2H+  Pb2+ +H2O

Lead (IV) Oxides, PbO2
- Does not react with nitric acid
...
HCl
PbO2 + 4HCl  PbCl4 + 2H2O
Observation: Yellow liquid of PbCl4 can be seen
Pb3O4:
- Ionic oxide
- Made up of Pb2+, Pb4+ and O2- ions
- In chemical reaction, it behaves as if it is a mixture of
2PbO and PbO2
- So, with HNO3 the PbO part reacts but the PbO2
doesn’t
PbO3(s) + 4HNO3(aq)  Pb(NO3)2(aq) + PbO2(s) + 2H2O(l)
Red solid
Dark brown solid
Observation: Red PbO3 solid turns into dark brown PbO2
solid

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