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Grade 9 Science (10F)
A Course for
Independent Study
GradE 9 SciEncE (10F)
a course for independent Study
2011
Mani t oba E duc at ion
Manitoba Education cataloguing in Publication data
Grade 9 science (10F) : a course for independent study
includes bibliographical references
...
Science—Programmed instruction
...
Science—Study and teaching (Secondary)
...
Science—Study and teaching (Secondary)—Manitoba
...
correspondence schools and courses—Manitoba
...
distance education—Manitoba
...
Manitoba
...
500
copyright © 2011, the Government of Manitoba, represented by the Minister of
Education
...
if cases are identified where this has not been done, please notify
Manitoba Education
...
Sincere thanks to the authors, artists, and publishers who allowed their original
material to be used
...
any websites referenced in this document are subject to change
...
1: Dual Option Assignment
57
Lesson 7: Human Reproduction—The Male Reproductive System
61
Lesson 8: Human Reproduction—The Female Reproductive System
69
Lesson 9: Conception through Birth
77
Assignment 1
...
3: Mutagens Investigation
125
Lesson 15: Canadian and International Contributions to Genetics
and Reproduction
127
Lesson 16: Potential Applications and Implications of Biotechnology
137
Assignment 1
...
1: Atomic Timeline
39
Lesson 6: A History of the Elements
41
Lesson 7: Modern Atomic Theory
53
Lesson 8: Bohr Atoms
59
Assignment 2
...
3: Chemical Reactivity on the Periodic Table
91
Lesson 13: What Is a Compound?
95
Lesson 14: Chemical Formulas
99
Lesson 15: Properties of Substances
iv
89
Grade 9 Science
107
Lesson 16: Physical and Chemical Changes
115
Lesson 17: Indicators of Physical and Chemical Changes
119
Assignment 2
...
1: Understanding Electricity
27
Lesson 3: Electron Model and Atomic Structure
29
Lesson 4: Testing the Model
35
Lesson 5: The Electroscope
41
Assignment 3
...
3: Producing Electricity
83
Lesson 10: Simple Circuits
87
Lesson 11: Series and Parallel Circuits
97
Assignment 3
...
5: Simple Circuits Lab
111
Lesson 13: Using Electricity Safely
119
Lesson 14: Power and Energy in the Home
127
Lesson 15: Conserving Energy in the Home
135
Assignment 3
...
1: Measuring Altitude
Lesson 3: Applying Coordinates to Celestial Objects
Assignment 4
...
3: Path of the Sun and the Moon
15
25
27
31
37
45
Lesson 5: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton—The
Heliocentric Cosmos
51
Lesson 6: Modern Astronomy
63
Lesson 7: Celestial Navigation
75
Lesson 8: Motions of Celestial Objects
87
Assignment 4
...
5: Life on Mars
97
Lesson 9: Measuring Space
Assignment 4
...
7: Stars
137
Lesson 12: Space Technologies
141
Lesson 13: Canada’s Involvement in Space
153
Lesson 14: The Impact of Space Science and Technologies on
Humans and the Environment
161
Assignment 4
...
Course Writer
Garth Martin
Independent Consultant
Benito, Manitoba
Members of the
Development Team
George D
...
Cuthbert
Curriculum and ICT
Coordinator
Evergreen S
...
#22
Betty Anne Kiddell
Teacher
Acadia Junior High School
Fort Garry S
...
#5
Sherri Mackie
Science Department Head
St
...
James-Assiniboia, S
...
#2
Gerald S
...
D
...
By enrolling in an independent study course, you take on the roles and
responsibilities of both student and teacher
...
As a teacher, you are responsible for checking your work
carefully, noting your areas of weakness, and motivating yourself to succeed
...
Some lessons will have hands-on experiments
for you to perform, while others may require you to do some investigative
research or observation work in the community
...
Keep in mind that the astronomy
module, “Exploring the Universe,” will require you to observe planets and
constellations in the night sky
...
introduction
ix
What Will You need?
A learning partner should be available to help you to complete some
learning activities (see page xvi for a further description of your learning
partner)
...
n
Each module has a list of equipment required for completing its learning
activities (LA) and assignments (A)
...
n
The supply list below identifies the items required for the hands-on
experiments found in either Learning Activities (LA) or Assignments (A) for
the whole course
...
g
...
4; in Module 3, Assignment 3
...
7, Learning Activity 3
...
13)
...
14
4 pennies
la 1
...
13, option 2
salt
a 2
...
4, option 1
teaspoon
a 2
...
4, option 1
stir stick
a 2
...
4, options 1 and 2
1 effervescent tablet
a 2
...
4, option 2
candle
a 2
...
4, option 3
matches
a 2
...
4, option 4
thermometer
a 2
...
4, option 4
la 3
...
4, option 4
small cup
a 2
...
1, 3
...
5
a 3
...
1, 3
...
1, 3
...
5
transparent tape
(packing tape)
la 3
...
3;
3
...
13, option 2
a 3
...
5, option 2
15 cm of copper tubing
(1 cm in diameter)
la 3
...
3
thread
la 3
...
2, option 1
pith ball or piece of foam
la 3
...
2, options 1
and 2
aluminum foil
a 3
...
2, option 2
lemon
la 3
...
7, option 1
neon bulb, ammeter,
galvanometer, or
multimeter
la 3
...
7, option 1
2 d cell batteries
la 3
...
13, option 2
a 3
...
12, option 2
la 3
...
5, option 2
insulated copper wire
la 3
...
5, option 2
Module 4
la 4
...
12, option 2
thick corrugated
cardboard
la 4
...
2
20 cm of thin string or
coloured fishing line
la 4
...
g
...
2
large drinking straw at
least
...
2
glue stick
la 4
...
5, a 4
...
10
small protractor
la 4
...
6
centimetre ruler
la 4
...
6
is access to the internet required?
n
n
n
n
Internet access is required to download Crocodile Clips software from
com/en/Free_student_home_licences/>, which is needed if
you choose Option 1 of Learning Activities 3
...
12, and/or 3
...
5
...
If you do not
have one, a sample Manitoba Hydro bill is available online at
mb
...
pdf>
...
2 and Learning Activity 4
...
Please contact your
tutor/marker if you are unable to obtain one
...
Additional support materials for the course are provided on
websites that are listed
...
If that happens, you could
use a search engine (e
...
,
ca>) to find the information that you are
looking for
...
These have been designed to let you
assess yourself by comparing your answers with the answer keys at the end
of each module
...
You will
need a notebook to write down your answers
...
Many of the questions on the exam will be similar to
the questions in the learning activities
...
assignments
Some lessons contain assignments that you will be sending to your
tutor/marker for assessment
...
In order to do well on each assignment,
you should complete all learning activities first and check your answers in
the answer key provided
...
introduction
xiii
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is taking someone’s ideas or words as if they you’re your own,
without giving credit where credit is due
...
Begin early because research takes time
...
Always document your sources
immediately
...
Incorporate information using quotations or paraphrases
...
A paraphrase
uses an author's idea, but expresses it in your own words—without
quotation marks, since it is no longer a word-for-word quotation
...
3
...
4
...
This is a quick guide to help you research ethically and efficiently
...
Final Exam
The final exam is based on all four modules and is worth 25 percent of the
final mark of the course
...
You should also complete
and check your answers for the Final Practice Exam (more about this below)
...
You should make arrangements to write your exam before you finish
the final module
...
xiv
Grade 9 Science
n
n
If you are attending school, ask your school’s Independent Study Option
(ISO) school facilitator to add your name to the ISO examination eligibility
list
...
The form was mailed to you with this course
...
edu
...
mb
...
html>
...
An answer key is also provided so that you can check your answers
when you have finished writing it
...
If you do not have access to the Internet,
contact the Independent Study Option at 1-800-465-9915 to get a copy of the
practice exam
...
Lesson Focus: Each lesson focuses on learning outcomes which are goals
you should have accomplished by the end of the lesson as prescribed by
Manitoba Education
...
It contains explanations, diagrams, and fully completed
examples
...
Learning Activities: Most lessons have a learning activity
...
Once you have completed a learning activity,
you should check your answers with the answer key provided at the end of
the module
...
In all, the
assignments will be worth a total of 75 percent of your final mark
...
Who can Help You with this course?
There are at least two people who can help you to succeed in this course:
Your tutor/Marker
Tutor/markers are experienced educators who tutor independent students
and mark assignments and examinations
...
Your tutor/marker’s name and contact information were
sent to you with this course
...
Your learning Partner(s)
A learning partner is someone you choose who will help you learn
...
A
learning partner could be someone else who is taking this course, a teacher, a
parent or guardian, a sibling, a friend, or anybody else who can help you
...
Your learning partner can help you keep on schedule, check your work, help
you make sense of assignments, read the course with you, or look at your
learning activities and respond to them
...
If you like, you may choose more than one learning partner—sometimes one
person may have more of an interest in a particular topic than your usual
learning partner or sometimes one person may have more time available
when you need help
...
xvi
Grade 9 Science
How Much time Will You need?
Learning through independent study has several advantages over learning in
the classroom
...
You do not have to wait for you
teacher or classmates, and can read as many lessons as you wish in a single
session
...
chart a: Semester 1
Here is a suggested timeline that you can follow if you start your course in
September and need to complete it by the end of January
...
Module
completion date
Module 1
late February
Module 2
early april
Module 3
early May
Module 4 and Final Exam
late May
introduction
xvii
chart c: Full School Year (not Semestered)
Here is a suggested timeline that you can follow if you start your course in
September and need to complete it by June
...
Make sure that
you leave enough time for your work to travel through the mail, as it might
take over a week
...
If you need this course to graduate this school year, remember to schedule
and complete your final exam by the end of May
...
Each time you send an assignment, you
must include the Module Cover Sheet, which you will find at the end of this
Introduction
...
Mailing
xviii
Modules
Assignments
You Will Mail In
Mailing 1
Module 1
assignments 1
...
4
Mailing 2
Module 2
assignments 2
...
4
Mailing 3
Module 3
assignments 3
...
6
Mailing 4
Module 4
assignments 4
...
8
Grade 9 Science
How to Submit assignments?
In this course, you have the choice of either mailing or emailing your
assignments
...
Each time that you email something, you must include the electronic
version of the applicable Module Cover Sheet (found at
gov
...
ca/k12/dl/downloads/index
...
Complete the information at the top of the Module Cover Sheet before
mailing or emailing it along with your assignments
...
You will need to place the applicable Module Cover Sheet and assignments
in an envelope and address it to
ISO Tutor/Marker
555 Main Street
Winkler MB R6W 1C4
Your tutor/marker will mark your work and return it to you by mail
...
That way, you can refer to your assignments
when you discuss them with your tutor/marker
...
Contact your tutor/marker to
confirm that the course material can be marked electronically
...
introduction
xix
How to Submit Your Work (files must not exceed 5 MB)
Please submit your work in the file types shown below:
n
Written work: Microsoft Word files (doc) or RTF files
n
Spreadsheets: Microsoft Excel files (xls)
n
Pictures and graphics: JPEG or GIF files
n
Scanned work: PDF files (save multiple pages on one file)
How to Send Your Email
1
...
To:
distance
...
mb
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
1, 1
...
3, and 1
...
Attach your files (files must not exceed 5 MB)
...
Email your assignments to
mb
...
Do not
email your assignments directly to your tutor/marker
...
Your tutor/marker will mark your work and return it to you by email
...
Each graphic has a specific purpose, as described below
...
Key Words: This graphic also appears at the beginning of
each lesson, listing the new words and terms that will be
defined within
...
Internet access is optional
...
Learning Activity: Complete this learning activity to help
you review or practise what you have learned and to prepare
for your assignment or examination
...
Check Your Work: This graphic reminds you to check your
work using the answer key
...
introduction
xxi
File Assignment: File your completed assignments in a safe
place until you have finished the next module of this course
...
Exam: Prepare to write your final exam
...
xxii
Grade 9 Science
Grade 9 Science (10F)
Module 1
reproduction
This module contains the following:
n
introduction
n
Lesson 1:
introduction to the cell
n
Lesson 2:
cell division
n
Lesson 3:
asexual reproduction
n
Lesson 4:
Sexual reproduction
n
Lesson 5:
Sexual reproduction in Plants and animals
n
Lesson 6:
reproductive Success
n
Lesson 7:
Human reproduction—The Male reproductive System
n
Lesson 8:
Human reproduction—The Female reproductive System
n
Lesson 9:
conception through Birth
n
Lesson 10: Single Trait inheritance
n
Lesson 11: Single Trait inheritance—a closer Look
n
Lesson 12: inheritance of Sex-Linked Traits
n
Lesson 13: Sex-Linked Traits and Your Pedigree
n
Lesson 14: Genetic Mutation—choices and environmental Factors
n
Lesson 15: canadian and international contributions to Genetics
and reproduction
n
Lesson 16: Potential applications and implications of Biotechnology
n
Lesson 17: reproduction review
ModuLe 1
reProducTion
introduction
When you think about how a plant begins to grow, or how your baby brother
came to be, you are thinking about reproduction
...
It is difficult to really understand
how the reproductive cycles work, since it all begins in the cells of the
organism
...
You will carry
on this work with this module
...
In this module, you will be using your understanding about cells and
applying it to the reproduction of cells
...
You will need the following materials to complete this module:
n
masking tape
n
four pennies
You will notice that some of the lessons are accompanied by learning
activities and assignments for you to complete
...
Complete the
assignments and hand them into your tutor/marker according to the
instructions at the end of this module
...
The answer keys
for each of these learning activities are found in Module 1 Learning Activity
Answer Key
...
Module 1: reproduction
3
A computer with Internet access would be beneficial throughout the course
...
All of the URLs listed in this course were working when this course
was written, but, since Internet sites come and go, you might find that some
of these sites are no longer active or appropriate
...
g
...
...
assignments
You will also find assignments throughout this module
...
The following assignments will need to be completed during
your study of Module 1:
4
Grade 9 Science
Assessment Checklist
q Lesson 1
There is no assignment in this lesson
...
q Lesson 3
There is no assignment in this lesson
...
q Lesson 5
There is no assignment in this lesson
...
1: dual option assignment
(30 marks)
q Lesson 7
There is no assignment in this lesson
...
q Lesson 9
assignment 1
...
q Lesson 11
There is no assignment in this lesson
...
q Lesson 13
There is no assignment in this lesson
...
3: Mutagens investigation
(24 marks)
q Lesson 15
There is no assignment in this lesson
...
4: research into Genetics
(14 marks)
q Lesson 17
There is no assignment in this lesson
...
These assignments will be worth a portion of the 75 percent of the total marks
you will receive for assignments in this course
...
This section will
serve as a review
...
The individual cell performs the same life
functions as a whole organism
...
Every cell goes about the
functions of
n
using food for energy
n
getting rid of waste
n
reproducing itself
n
creating material for growth and repair
In this lesson, you will learn about the cell structures that allow these
functions to take place
...
Some organisms are composed
of a single cell whereas others contain millions of cells
...
n
n
n
A cell membrane surrounds the cell
...
The nucleus directs the activities of the cell
...
The cytoplasm in turn is filled with organelles (little
organs) that perform cell activities
...
Cells exist in many different
shapes, however, and have many different functions
...
Can you see any differences between the two diagrams?
Figure 1
...
2
Animal Cell
nucleus
cell membrane
chromosome
cytoplasm
ribosome
nucleolus
Golgi body
endoplasmic
reticulum
lysosome
mitochondrion
centriole
Plant and animal cells have many similar parts
...
Animal cells do not have these features
...
When looking at cells through a microscope, they will not be identical to the
drawings
...
Structures in real cells are harder to see
...
The organelles help the cell perform life functions including taking in food
for energy and growth, eliminating waste, and adjusting to the environment
...
The cell
membrane consists of two layers of fat, with proteins located throughout the
fat layers
...
The cell membrane is considered to be selectively permeable; that is, it lets
some materials pass through but not others
...
10
Grade 9 Science
The cellulose is quite rigid and supports the shape of the plant cells
...
Parts of the cell
A cell can be an independent unit or it can be part of a system that has a
specific function in a more complex organism
...
nucleus
The nucleus is the largest of the cell organelles and acts as the cell’s command
centre
...
DNA is located in the nucleus and is used when a cell reproduces
itself
...
Packages of DNA are called genes
...
Nuclear Envelope
The nuclear envelope is similar to the cell membrane except it covers the
nucleus
...
The fluid material inside
the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm
...
Chromosomes
Chromosomes contain all the information the cell needs to reproduce itself
and produce proteins
...
Chromosomes
replicate themselves prior to cell reproduction
...
A notable exception is red blood cells
...
Their survival time is about two
months
...
Nucleolus
There are several nucleoli in the nucleoplasm
...
Some scientists feel they are responsible for producing
some proteins and ribosomes that pass out through the nuclear membrane
into the cytoplasm
...
endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for moving proteins
throughout the cell
...
Some of the ER is smooth and some is rough and
dotted with ribosomes
...
Figure 1
...
The Golgi body looks like a series
of folds, one on top of the other (see Figure 1
...
It is both structurally
and functionally connected to the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum
...
These packages are stored
until needed or transported out of the cell if not needed
...
12
Grade 9 Science
Learning Activity 1
...
describe the path of a protein molecule from the place where they are
produced to the place where they are used in the cytoplasm
...
if the endoplasmic reticulum is the transportation system, then the Golgi
complex is the warehousing and packaging system
...
3
...
Why is the packaging of proteins in the Golgi complex an important part
of the cell’s function?
Check the answer key
...
The nucleus is held together by the nuclear
envelope
...
Be careful not to confuse the
nucleus with the nucleolus
...
Module 1: reproduction
13
Notes
14
Grade 9 Science
Released 2011
Printed in Canada
Imprimé au Canada