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Computer Programming Utilization (2110003)
Computer Programming and Utilization (CPU) – 2110003
A) Computer Fundamentals
1 Draw the block diagram of computer architecture and explain each block
...
)
PRIMARY MEMORY
(RAM, ROM, etc…)
SECONDARY MEMORY
(Hard disk, Pen drive, etc…)
1) Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Central processing unit is a main part of the computer system
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It also controls the flow of data in the system
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CPU consists of,
Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)
It performs all arithmetic calculations and takes logical decision
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It calculates very fast
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Computer Programming Utilization (2110003)
Control Unit (CU)
It controls all other units in the computer system
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Primary Memory:
It is also known as main memory
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This memory is accessed by CPU, in random fashion
Generally currently executing programs and data are stored in primary memory
Its storage capacity is very small compared to secondary storage
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ROM is Read Only Memory and it can hold data permanently
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Programmer can store information only once
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EPROM is Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
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Programmer can delete and write on it again and again
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It converts human understandable input to computer controllable data
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Examples: Mouse, Keyboard, Touch screen, Joystick etc…
3) Output Section:
called output devices
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User can store data permanently
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It can store large data compared to primary memory
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Examples: Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD, DVD, Pen drive, etc…
2 Describe advantages and limitations of computer
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Advantages
Speed: It can calculate millions of expressions within a fraction of second
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There are some problems
which cannot be solved within specified time limit without computer
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Millions of paper
file’s data can be stored in single small pen drive
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Now a days, Gigabytes and Terabytes are units of data
storage devises
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For
example, multiplication of two very large number takes more time for human and there are
high probabilities of mistakes
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Very high level of accuracy is must in financial transaction, medical surgery,
nuclear plant, etc… which can be satisfied by computer only
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The information stored in computer is available after
years in same form
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Automation: Once the one task is created in a computer, it can be repeatedly performed
again by single click whenever we want
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Limitations
Lake of intelligence: It cannot think while doing work
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It cannot think about properness or effect of work it is doing
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Unable to Correct Mistakes: It cannot correct the mistakes by itself
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3
Describe various types of computer languages and mention its advantages and
disadvantages
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It is a language of 0’s and 1’s (binary)
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ADVANTAGES:
1
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It does not require any extra system or software to run the program
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Translation is not required
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Suitable for low volume applications
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2
...
4
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Debugging is very difficult task
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Programmer requires detailed knowledge of architecture of microprocessor
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System cannot understand this language directly so we require translator that convert
assembly language to machine language
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Example : 8086 Instruction Set
• ADVANTAGES:
1
...
2
...
3
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• DISADVANTAGES:
1
...
2
...
3
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3) Higher level language:
We can write programs in English like manner and it is more convenient to use
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It is similar to natural language and mathematical notation
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2) Requires less time to write
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4) Easier to maintain
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Computer Programming Utilization (2110003)
DISADVANTAGES:
1) It requires compiler or interpreter to convert higher level language to machine
language
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3) It is bit slow compared to low level and medium level language
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It gives advantages of higher level language through function, modular programming and
breakup
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Moreover it does support the Low Level programming i
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, Assembly Language
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Hence portable programs can be written with C
compiler
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A set of instruction in a logical order to perform a meaningful task is called program and a set
of program is called software
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It provides and
maintains a platform for running application software
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System software can be classified into three categories
1) Operating system: It controls hardware as well as interacts with users, and provides
different services to user
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Ex: Windows XP, Linux, UNIX, etc…
2) System support software: It makes working of hardware more efficiently
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Ex: Editor, pre-processor, compiler, interpreter, loader, etc…
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Example: Enterprise software, Accounting software, Office suites, Graphics software and
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Computer Programming Utilization (2110003)
media players
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General purpose software:
It is used widely by many people for some common task, like word processing, web
browser, excel, etc… It is designed on vast concept so many people can use it
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6
7
Define the following terms:
1
...
2
...
3
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User can see and touch the hardware
components
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Operating system
Operating system is system software which works as an interface between hardware and user
and provides interactive platform to user
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Assembler
Assembler is system software which converts lower level programs of assembly language to
machine language
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Compiler
It translates programs of higher level language to machine language
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7
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It converts program
line by line
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Linker
It bind symbolic code of source and library file to make executable Program
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It converts the source program
for every execution to run, source code is required
Compiler
It scan the whole program at a time and display
number of errors together if any
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Computer Programming Utilization (2110003)
Execution is slower than compiler
the object code is generated when the program is
error free
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Execution is faster than Interpreter
Interpreter generates object code for each line
immediately if it is error free
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System Software
Application Software
System software comprises of those programs,
Application software is the software developed for
which directs the computer
solving business problem
System software varies from computer to computer Application software varies from organization to
organization
System software written in low level language
Application software written in high level or object
oriented language
Detail knowledge of hardware is required
This requires detail knowledge of organization
System software is used to improve performance
Application software is used to improve the speed
and maximum utilization of system resources
and quality of business activity
The manufacturers along with the hardware
Application software is developed by individual or
usually supply system software
programmer or supplied by software vendors as
per requirement
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Compare them
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Each step in the process is represented
by a different symbol and contains a short description of the process step
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This pictorial representation can give
step-by-step solution of the given problem
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Easy to understand logic
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Easy to show branching and looping
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Difficult to modify
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Algorithm
An Algorithm is a finite sequence of well defined steps by steps procedure for solving a problem in
systematic manner which produces effective output for specific input in given amount of time
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Advantages
Easy to write
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Algorithms for big problems can be written with moderate efforts
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Difficult to show branching and looping
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Comparison of algorithm and flow chart
Flowchart
Algorithm
It is a pictorial representation of a process
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Solution is shown in graphical format
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Computer Programming Utilization (2110003)
Easy to understand as compared to algorithm
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Easy to show branching and looping
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Flowchart for big problem is impractical
Algorithm can be written for any problem
Symbols used in flowchart:
Start / Stop
Input / Output
(Read / Print)
Process
Decision making
Connector
Arrows
Write an algorithm and Draw a flowchart
1
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Algorithm:Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input no
Step 3: If no mod 2=0, then goto next step else go to step no
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Step 1 : Start
Step 2 : Initialize pos=0,neg=0,zero=0
Step 3: Read no
Step 4 : If no>0,then goto 7
Step 5 : If no<0,then goto 8
Step 6 : Increment zero by 1, zero=zero+1
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go to 9
Step 8 : Increment neg by 1, neg=neg+1
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Step 13: Stop
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Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read a,b,c
Step 3: if a > b then go to next step else go to step no 7
Step 4: if a > c then go to next step else go to step no 6
Step 5: print a is maximum and go to step no 10
Step 6: print c is maximum and go to step no 10
Step 7: if b > c then got o next step else go to step no 9
Step 8: print b is maximum and go to step no 10
Step 9: print c is maximum and go to step no 10
Step 10 : Stop
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Computer Programming Utilization (2110003)
Flowchart:start
Read a, b, c
Yes
Yes
Is
a>c?
Print “max =” a
No
Is
a > b?
No
Yes
Print “max =” c
Print “max =” b
Is
b>c?
No
Print “max=” c
stop
To find the factorial of a given number
...
+n!
Algorithm:
Step 1 : Start
Step 2 : Initialize count=1, fact=1, sum=0
Step 3 : Read no
Step 4: Calculate fact=fact*count
Step 5: Calculate sum=sum + fact
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Step 7: Repeat step no 3 to 6 till count<=no
Step 8: print sum
Step 9: Stop
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Computer Programming Utilization (2110003)
start
Read no
count=1,fact=1,sum=0
fact=fact * count
Sum=sum + fact
count=count + 1
Is
count<=no?
Yes
No
Print sum
stop
To print sum of n numbers