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Leon Gilbody

unit c2 aim A

Anatomy and
physiology

Leon Gilbody

unit c2 aim A

Contents page
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3
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5
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The cardiorespiratory system
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Cardio vascular system:
The human heart works like a pump sending blood around your body to keep you lively, it’s a muscle around
the estimate of your clench hand within the centre of your chest somewhat tilted to the cleared out
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This blood conveys oxygen
and supplements to all parts of your body and carries absent undesirable carbon dioxide and squander items
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Respiratory system -The body takes these nutrients from the blood
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The
main function of the cardiovascular system is to maintain blood flow to all parts of the body, to allow it to
function
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Blood in the veins is
low in oxygen
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The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle
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In the lungs the blood picks up oxygen
that we breathe in and gets rid of carbon dioxide which we breathe out
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From the lungs, blood drains into the left atrium and is then pumped into the
left ventricle, The left ventricle then pumps this oxygenated blood out into the aorta which then discharges it
to the rest of the body through other arteries
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g conary arteries
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It is one of the primary respiratory organs where the gas
exchange occurs after the inhaled air enters the lungs the trachea, through the bronchi and bronchioles ,
lungs play a main role and its classed under the respiratory system , when co2 is breathed in it then goes to the lungs to be
purified into oxygen and then the waste gets let out through mouth and nose
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Pericardium is a thin outer lining that protects and
surrounds your heart, myocardium is a thick muscular middle layer that contracts and squeezes blood out of
your heart
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Inside the heart there are four chambers – two on the left and
two on the right
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The left and right sides of the heart
are divided by a thin muscular wall called the septum
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If these demands are repeated frequently, the heart eventually becomes stronger
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Long term exercise will have a lot of benefits to the heart and your cardiovascular / cardiovascular endurance
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g coronary heart disease
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PTDIRECT
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Valves prevent backflow of blood
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The tricuspid valve allows blood to flow the right atrium to the
right ventricle
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The aortic valve
prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle
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Acute responses to exercise (short term effect) would be increased heart rate, shortness of breath,
increased stroke volume, increase in lactate production ( energy) and increase in temperature in
muscles / muscles fatigue
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g heart attacks) ,
longer muscle endurance , muscle and heart hypertrophy and more energy being produced
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They
fire more gradually than fast-twitch strands and can go for a long time some time recently they weakness
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Be that as it may quick muscle fibre sorts (sort 2) since fast-twitch fibres utilize anaerobic digestion
system to make fuel, they contract fast and don’t have a high fatigue as sort/type 1 they are superior at
producing brief bursts of quality or speed than moderate muscles
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Fast-twitch filaments for the most part deliver the same sum of drive per compression as moderate muscles,
but they get their title since they are able to fire more quickly
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They can utilize oxygen consuming
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The
cardiorespiratory system and aerobic energy systems become more efficient at delivering oxygen to the
working muscles and converting carbohydrates and fat to energy
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The duration, frequency, and intensity of each type of training vary
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Running or cycling, for example, increase heart and lung capacity, while resistance exercises build
physical strength
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Some of the most well-known endurance training programs include Long, slow distance
training is the most common type of endurance training and foundation for marathon runners, long-distance
cyclists, and other athletes that need long, sustained steady energy outputs
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Pace/tempo training consists of training at a steady, but high

Leon Gilbody

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intensity; just slightly higher than "race pace" for a shorter duration (usually 20 to 30 minutes at a steady pace)
Interval training consists of short, repeated, but intense physical efforts (usually 3 to 5 minutes followed by
short rest periods)
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Circuit training consists of a series of specific exercises performed for a short
duration and rotated through in quick in succession with little or no rest in between
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Long term effects - To increase the proportion of fast-twitch tissue in your muscles, you'll need to train
specifically
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Using light weights and performing many repetitions trains the slow-twitch fibers
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Performing
sprint workouts in combination with heavy strength exercises for your legs may show an improvement

The nervous system:
The nervous system that conducts stimuli from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord and
conducts impulses back to other parts of the body so we can protect / live day to day life, we need
the nervous system in everyday life and it’s so important because it controls balance , taste , pain ,
smell , touch, sight and movement
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The human body is divided into two different nervous systems
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The somatic nervous system is
the system involved with voluntary actions, like walking and talking
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Leon Gilbody

unit c2 aim A

There are billions of nerve cells, known as neurone, in the nervous system — the brain alone has
about 100 billion neurons
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The axon
carries the nerve impulses (action potential) away from the cell body to another neuron or to an
effector organ such as a muscle
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There is a group of nerve cells called the motor
speech it controls the movement essential for speech, the sensory neuron transmits impulse to
spinal cord
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At the most basic level, the function of the nervous system is to control movement of
the organism and to affect the environment (e
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, through pheromones)
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The output from the nervous
system derives from signals that travel to
This is called central nervous system (CNS) , this protects you
muscle cells, causing muscles to be activated,
from injury, The central nervous system is better protected
and from signals that travel to endocrine cells,
than any other system or organ in the body
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create a hard physical barrier to injury
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But when having an injury it still don’t fully protect your back ,
even though it prevents you from serious injury / long term
injury , When an injury to the central nervous system occurs,
the soft tissue of the brain and spinal cord swells, causing
pressure because of the confined space
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Fractured bones
can lead to further damage and the possibility of infection
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Numerous neurons working together are mindful for each choice made, each feeling or
sensation felt, and each activity taken
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As numerous as 10,000 distinctive subtypes of neurons have been
distinguished, each specialized to send and get certain sorts of data
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They
make and secrete proteins called neurotrophic factors
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Astrocytes aren't always beneficial: after injury, they divide to make new cells that surround
the injury site, forming a glial scar that is a barrier to regenerating axons
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After injury, they move to the location of damage to assist clear
absent dead cells
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Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that
deliver a greasy substance called myelin which wraps around axons in layers
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This system employments electrical signals
to arrange muscles within the correct development cadence fundamental for performing don
abilities
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Long term :Exercise can have profound effects on numerous biologic systems within the
human body, including the central nervous system (CNS)
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The musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which
form a framework for the body
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Axial has 80 bones where the appendicular has 126 and includes all the bones that form
the upper includes all the bones that form the upper and lower limbs, where the appendicular makes
up the rest of the skeleton e
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Ligaments hold a
synovial joint together
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If we did not
have this we would be a bag of bones with no
movement that’s why it’s so important to have
calcium and vitamin D to keep our bones strong and
healthy
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The bones in the skeleton are classified according to their shape and size
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These have a shaft known as
the diaphysis and they consist of two rounded ends known as the epiphysis
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Short

Leon Gilbody

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bones – these are small, light, strong and cube-shaped bones
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Flat bones – these are thin, flattened and slightly curved
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Sesamoid bones – these are bones found in the tendons, for example patella ( knee) Irregular
bones – these are bones with complex shapes and cannot be classified under any of the other
categories
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Tendons can be torn if too much pressure is put upon them , Ligaments connect bone to
bone they hold together joints, they are tough elastic fibres
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If ligaments are pulled or twisted too far ligaments can
tear and joints can be dislocated, Cartilages stop the ends of bones from rubbing together at the
joints
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Joints Where two or more bones meet
together this is called as a joint
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Joints,
muscles and the skeleton system, are responsible for a huge range of movements that the human
body is able to move
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This joint is found in Mid-Carpal and MidTarsal
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e
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This
joint can be found in the elbows and knees
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This joint only allows rotation and can be
found between the atlas and the axis in the neck)
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The joint allows forwards, backwards, left and
right movement
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Saddle – saddle joints have a concave and convex shaped bone, which allow forward, backwards, left
and right movement
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Ball and Socket – ball and socket joint has
a round shaped bone which fit into a cup shaped bone
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Long term effect : bone hypertrophy , keeping bones healthy and get stronger due to exercise which
helps protect / prevent diseases like perthes disease
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Attached to the
bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles that make up roughly half of a
person’s body weight
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Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive
organs, and blood vessels
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Organisms have adopted a variety of methods to use the
contractile function of the muscular system to move through the environment
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Organisms have adopted a
variety of methods to use the contractile function of the muscular system to move through
the environment Skeletal muscle , is the most commonly tissue associated with the
muscular system
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This diagram shows the process / muscle
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This has the effect of
increasing performance in that type of exercise or sport and is often beneficial to general
health and everyday life
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Leon Gilbody

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The digestive system :
Your digestive system is uniquely constructed to do its job of turning your food into the
nutrients and energy you need to survive
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This is as
important as the other systems e
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Helping them
along the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver
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Your salivary
glands get active as you see and smell food
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Your saliva mixes with the food to begin to break
it down into a form your body can absorb and use which then passes through to the
Esophagus located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives
food from your mouth when you swallow
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The stomach is a hollow organ or like a container that holds food while it is being mixed
with stomach enzymes
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Cells in the lining of the stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful
enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown process
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the small
intestine is a 22-foot-long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released
by the pancreas and bile from the liver moving food and mixing it with digestive juices
from the pancreas and liver, Contents of the small intestine start out semi solid and end in
a liquid form after passing through the organ
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Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food has tuned into liquid has
passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large intestine, The pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and
carbohydrates
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Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in
digesting fat and some vitamins, The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the
liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in the small intestine to help absorb and
digest fats
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It’s a 6-foot long muscular tube that
connects the small intestine to the rectum
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The rectum's
job is to receive stool from the colon, let you know that there is stool to be evacuated
(pooped out) and to hold the stool until evacuation happens, The anus is the last part of
the digestive tract
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The lining of the upper anus is able to detect
rectal contents
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In sports we need the digestive system to help us provide energy and other nutrients such
as protein for mainly bodybuilders who are trying to increase in mass / athletes
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eating too much before sport
activity can make you feel unwell and sick
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blood flow increases
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Working up a
sweat can also relieve stress
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We eat and drink to provide us with energy
the digestive system breaks down the food into nutrients which one is energy
and proteins , food like pasta and glueclose drinks have a lot of energy in
them
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It's also the unit of energy that fuels
metabolism, or the biochemical reactions that support and maintain life
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This system is anaerobic,
which means it does not use oxygen
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When the body's supply of ATP is depleted, which occurs in a matter of
seconds, additional ATP is formed from the breakdown of phosphocreatine
(PC) -- an energy compound found in muscle
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In some situations, energy must be supplied very
quickly for the muscles to produce high-intensity results
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Fatigue in the alactacid energy system (ATP/PC) is caused by the depletion of
fuel
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The alactacid energy system (ATP/PC) recovers as the creatine
in the cell connects to the free phosphates again, storing them as PC to be
used when they are needed again
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The energy system to produce energy during an athletic activity depends directly on the
intensity and duration of the activity
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Alactic system-dominant sports include short sprinting, throwing and
jumping events in track and field, ski jumping, diving, vaulting in gymnastics, and Olympic
weightlifting
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The anaerobic lactic system, on the other hand, is the main energy provider forhighintensity sporting activities of prolonged duration (15 to 60 seconds)
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Performance in these sports requires maximum power of both the anaerobic alactic system
and the anaerobic lactic system
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The athlete must be able not only to increase the

Leon Gilbody

unit c2 aim A

discharge rate of the fast-twitch muscle fibers but also to maintain the level of discharge for
a longer time (from 10 to 120 seconds)
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long term effect of exercise on the energy system is an increase in aerobic and
anaerobic enzymes
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An increase in the enzymes help muscle to
generate ATP which therefore provides us with more energy
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Kinetic what causes motion, the forces, and moments at work
,Statics systems that are in equilibrium, either at rest or moving at a constant velocity
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we need
biomechanics to identify injuries and locate the injury and shows us how the body works /
muscles targeted and used while doing a certain exercise and sport so we know we are
training the muscles we want to be training
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g trainers that comforts and supports the
joints which can increase max performance e
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For example, an individual’s running gait
or golf swing can be filmed and recommendations made for them to change and improve it
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The information given shoes the importance of anatomy and physiology and how important
it is to do simple things like stay hydrated to help us release waste from our body or how
consuming enough calcium helps us keep our bones healthy which is important at 25+
because your bones reach the maximum growth they can so by doing exercises will help the
bones increase in width meaning stronger and healthier bones and less chance of damage to
bones and infections
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g having no nervous we won be able to move or the digestive
system not breaking down the fats and nutrients we need / release body wastage
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Sport and exercise
biomechanics encompass the area of science concerned with the analysis of the mechanics
of human movement
long-term aerobic walking and, to a lesser extent, weight training regimens improve
walking mechanics in older adults with knee osteoarthritis
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Leon Gilbody

unit c2 aim A



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