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Biosensors
What is a Biosensor?
• A device that uses specific biochemical reactions mediated
by isolated enzymes, immuno systems, tissues, organelles
or whole cells to detect chemical compounds usually by
electrical, thermal or optical signals
...
Current Definition
A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical
transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single
analyte which is then conveyed to a detector
...
The Analyte (What do you want to detect)
Molecule - Protein, toxin, peptide,
vitamin, sugar, metal ion
2
...
Detection/Recognition
(How do you specifically recognize the analyte?)
4
...
• Field effect transmitors measures charge accumulation
on their surface while light emitting diode measures
photo response generated in a silica based chip as an
alternating current
...
Amperometric Biosensor
• Amperometric biosensors are those which measures the
reaction of anylate with enzyme and generate electrons
directly or through a mediator
...
The enzyme is
embedded in thin permeable membrane and produce
oxygen, hydrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide and other
small molecules
...
Thermistor Containing Biosensors
• Thermistor is used to record even a small change in
temperature (between 0
...
001C) during biochemical
reactions
...
thermistors have been
developed
...
Bioaffinity Sensors
• This measures the concentration of the determinants i
...
substrates based on equilibrium binding
...
• This type of biosensors are the use of lectin receptors for
saccharides estimation, hormone receptors for hormone,
drug receptors for drug, antibodies receptors for antigens
and nucleic acid for inherited disease and finger printing
...
• Azotobactor is used to measure concentration of nitrate
within 5-10 min
...
Opto-electronic Biosensors
• In this type of biosensor either enzymes or antibodies are
immobilized on the surface of a membrane
...
• When substrate is catalysed to yield product, change in
pH of the medium occur
...
The change in color is measured by
using a light emitting diode and a photodiode
...
• He surrounded a platinum electrode and reference
electrode with a plastic membrane permeable to
gases
...
• Clark extended this electrode idea to include glucose sensors
...
This was due to flaws in accuracy when clots formed around the
electrode
...
)
• Biosensors in process control will be able to measure materials in
the process flow of temperature, pressure and the acidity
readings
...
• In the field of medicine, tumor cells are used as a biosensor to
monitor chemotherapeutic drug susceptibilities
...
Applications (cont’d
...
• These censors are not only restricted to the use of molecules
...
• Conclusively, biosensors play a part in the field of medicine,
environmental quality, and industry mainly by identifying material
and the degree of concentration present
...
Interpretation and data
analysis performed by the user
Glucos monitoring device (for diabetes patients)
Monitors the glucose level in the blood
...
Example of Biosensors
Infectous disease biosensor from RBS
Data analysis and interpretatoin
performed by a microprocessor
Old time coal miners’ biosensor
Data analysis and interpretation performed by the coal miner
...
realtimebiosensor