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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY LAB MANUAL DISCUSSION
IMMUNOLOGY LABORATORY PROCEDURES’ PRINCIPLES AND DISCUSSION
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LAB SCI 316 CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY
2018

Q: Describe streptococcus pyogenes
The flesh-eating bacteria, Streptococcus pyogenes, is the most pathogenic
bacterium in the entire genus
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Scarlet fever,
glomerulonephritis, and necrotizing fasciitis are among the disorders caused by this
microbe, which vary from benign ailments like strep throat and impetigo to more
serious diseases like scarlet fever, glomerulonephritis, and necrotizing fasciitis
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Q: Differentiate streptolysin o and streptolysin s
Antistreptolysin O is an antibody that can be detected in an antistreptolysin O titre
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Another distinction is that SLO
is antigenic, whereas SLS is not due to its small size
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This is related to a phenomenon known as molecular mimicry
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Antibodies that were originally directed against the antigen react
with human tissue
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Q: Briefly describe other serologic tests used for the deection of griup A
streptococcal infections such as DNA test and streptozyme test
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Antibodies to any streptococcal antigens to one or
more of these antigens are present in sheep red blood cells coated with streptolysin,
streptokinase, hyaluronidase, DNase, and NADase
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Antibodies to DNase B can also be seen in patients with acute rheumatic fever who
have a negative ASO test result
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It's a hepatic acute-phase protein that rises in
response to macrophages and T cells secreting interleukin-6
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The liver produces CRP in reaction to substances produced by macrophages and fat
cells (adipocytes)
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It has nothing to do with
the C-peptide (insulin) or protein C
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The first pattern recognition
receptor (PRR) discovered was C-reactive protein
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After surgery, doctors may prescribe a CRP test to look for
signs of infection or to monitor inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel

disease, autoimmune disorders such as lupus, and inflammatory arthritis such as
rheumatoid arthritis
Q: Is crp a specific indicator of disease or trauma, why or why not?
It is not specific because, it may detect the presence of inflammation but it cannot
detect exactly where the inflammation is
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It's also been claimed that hs-CRP could be utilized to target therapy
and personalize risk reduction in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
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Q: What is typhoid fever? Give the characteristic signs and symptoms
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Salmonella paratyphi, a similar bacterium that generally
produces a milder disease, can also cause it
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Poor appetite,
Headaches,Generalized aches and pains ,Fever as high as 104 degrees Farenheit,
Lethargy and Diarrhea

Q: What are the types of bacterial antigens used for this test? State the
significance of each
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and specific serotypes of non-motile Proteus spp
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In the presence of the bacteria now recognized as Proteus vulgaris, the
serum of patients diagnosed with epidemic typhus agglutinates
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Scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) reacts with P
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vulgaris OX19
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rickettsii, R
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japonica, etc
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vulgaris OX2 and OX19 to variable degrees, depending on the species
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Similar findings have been seen in other investigations
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However, in resource-constrained contexts, it
remains a vital tool for diagnosing and identifying public health issues such as
epidemic typhus epidemics
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Q: Briefly describe other serologic test used in diagnosis of typhoid fever
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An anti
immunogloblulin with an enzyme tag is added
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Q:what is the clinical significance of HCG testing
HCG can be detected in pregnant women's blood and urine as early as 10 days after
pregnancy
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It can also detect aberrant pregnancies, such as ectopic and molar
pregnancies, as well as probable miscarriages
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In men, it can identify testicular cancer
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What is the physiologic role of HCG during pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a placental hormone that is first released by
cells (syncitiotrophoblasts) from the implanting conceptus during week 2 to nourish
the ovarian corpus luteum, which in turn supports the endometrial lining and therefore
continues pregnancy
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Is it possible or not?
Yes, it may be due to cross-reactivity with other hormones such as leutenizing
hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
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Q: define flocculation
Individual particles agregate or precipitate in this process
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Q: Is rpr a specific diagnosis test for syphilis? Why or why not?
It is non-specific because it looks for non-specific antibodies in the serum
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pallidum while non-treponemal tests detect
antibodies to cardiolipin
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Reagin is an antibody that forms against cardiolipin
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Q: describe the different morphological forms of Hepa B virus
HBsAg
- The outer lipoprotein coat of Hepatitis B virus
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HBcAg
- The core of the HBV
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HBeAg
- Also found in HBsAg-positive sera either bound to immunoglobulins or free in
solution
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This is known as the 'window period,' and it is conceivable for someone
infected with the hepatitis B virus to obtain a negative test result during this time
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Q: is it possible to have a positive result for hbsag and anti hbs for the same
time
No

Q: in tabulated form, giive the time development and clinical significance of the
different serologic markers of dengue virus infection
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Persist
for life

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