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Introduction
I am working with Matt who predominately plays football
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Procedure
The procedure we followed was that we took matts resting heart rate over 1 minute and we also
took his resting breathing rate
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6-165
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To start we did the sit and reach test in which matt scored 20cm
We then took his anticipatory heart rate and breathing rate over 1 minute so we could tell if slightly
before exercise his body began to prepare for a increase in work rate
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This was done
each 400 metre lap of the track
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Finally we took his heart rate when he stopped working; we did this each minute for 3 minutes so
that we could see the recovery period matt needed to return his heart rate back down to normal
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Pre exercise data

Resting heart rate(1min) (bpm)
Target heart rate range (bpm)
Resting breathing rate (1min)
Sit and reach test (cm)
Anticipatory heart rate (1min) (bpm)
Anticipatory breathing rate (1min)

Score

52
142
...
25
20
20
52
20

During exercise
data
Heart rate per
min (bpm) (1min)
Breathing rate
(1min)

1 lap

2 lap

3lap

4lap

60

68

86

130

40

52

52

48

Post exercise
data
Heart rate (min)
(bpm)
Breathing rate
per min

1min

2min

3min

94

82

69

24

20

20

Results

heart rate per minute
150
100
50
0

heart rate per minute

heart rate per minute

This graph shows that throughout the 4laps Matts heart rate increased from starting at 52 bpm
through to 130, this however is short of his target heart rate and this shows that he was not working
between 60% and 75% of his maximum work rate, his heart rate did however steadily increase whilst
taking part in physical activity
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breathing rate
60
40
20
0

breathing rate
breathing rate

this shows matts breathing rate throughout the four laps, matts breathing rate massively
increased during the first lap from 20-48 this is because his body suddenly needed much
more oxygen for his muscles to continue to be able to perform the action of running, this
then levelled out during the second and third lap as his body had the necessary amount of
oxygen being breathed in, finally on the fourth lap his breathing rate decreased slightly and
this may be because there was enough oxygen in matts body for his muscles to continue the
action of running
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This is how hard he feels he is working and is
based on the borg scale
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Matts RPE increased from 1 when he was
resting before exercise up to 9 at the end of the fourth lap as he had been working his body
much harder throughout the 4 laps
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This can help cool the body as the artery is closer to the surface of the skin and this
can help cool the body down as the air is often cooler than the internal body temperature
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It can also increase body temperature as the blood is further
away from the surface and therefore kept at a warmer temperature
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As the body exercises the veins vasodilate at the skeletal muscles and
veins vasoconstrict around the other organs
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Therefore during exercise matts arteries would vasodilate as this would mean more blood
can flow to the working muscles and in term this means more oxygen can reach the muscle
and this means the muscles can continue to respire
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This increases the heart rate as the body and heart rate begins to anticipate exercise
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After exercise the body needs a recovery period and this is so that the body can lower the
heart rate and repay the oxygen debt
...
As
Matts heart is already gradually increasing its pace it means it is less of a shock to the heart
and therefore less of a shock and workload
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As the body begins to exercise the response to the activity increases the heart rate even
more
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The blood pressure also increases and this increases the oxygen transport as
the oxygen is attached to the haemoglobin in the red blood cell, it will also help remove
waste products such as carbon dioxide
...
Therefore
matt can continue to exercise for longer as there is more blood reaching the working
muscles to allow better oxygen transportation
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There is a
decreased heart rate of the heart which allows a larger period of diastole
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This means more blood and more oxygen
can be ejected out of the heart and around the circulatory system
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Cardiac hypertrophy is when your heart rate increases in its size and blood volume
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This can be developed as a
physiological response to exercise
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It also means the body has a larger
oxygen intake meaning that a higher rate of exercise can be participated in without feeling
fatigued
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For example this means matt will have a larger heart
due to cardiac hypertrophy this benefits there performance as it means they will feel less
fatigued during sport
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It is the volume of blood leaving the heart in one minute, by exercising the
increases both the heart rate and the stroke volume which means a higher amount of
average blood can be pumped out of the heart over a period of time as there will be a higher
stroke volume
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This benefits a sports performer as more bloo can be pumped within a minute to the body
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Therefore stroke volume is crucial as it
means the maximum amount of oxygen is leaving the heart to avoid the body becoming
fatigued whilst running
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This means when he is running laps he can compete at a high

intensity for a long period of time
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When the respiratory system responds to immediate exercise the breathing rate is
increased
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This means matts body is prepared straight
away for running and therefore he can instantly begin running and he is less likely to feel
fatigued
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The diaphragm and intercostal muscles increase in
strength allowing for greater expansion of the chest cavity
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This means
more air can be inhaled and exhaled
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This will benefit matt when running as more oxygen being delivered quicker
means that muscles can work more efficiently which is crucial when running
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This means the oxygen can
diffuse from the capillaries into tissues and also the carbon dioxide from the cells into the
blood
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This means that
more oxygen can reach the working muscles but also that more waste products can be
removed from the body
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Finally this benefits athletes the same the
benefit of strengthening respiratory muscles as it means that oxygen can be delivered to the
working muscles quicker and this allows for a higher workload as they can contract at a
higher rate, this can benefit matt when running as the muscles need to contract regularly and
this requires lots of oxygen therefore by increasing the diffusion rate more oxygen can enter
the muscles
...
It is
increased during long term exercise as the body becomes more adapted to more oxygen
being brought into the lungs to reach the working muscles
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this can benefit matt as it means the
muscles can work at higher intensity for a longer period of time as it increases there stamina
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The muscles need more oxygen to carry out actions such as the muscles in the legs
needing oxygen to help perform the movement for running
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This therefore means the blood supply is increased so
that the body can carry the blood to the parts of the body
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The body increases muscle pliability so that the muscle becomes more flexible
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This reduces the risk of muscle tears as the muscle becomes warmer
and more stretchable
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The body increases the range of movement during acute exercise because as the muscles
warm up in the early stages of exercise it increases the range of movement allowed round a
joint
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This provides benefits to matt such as a reduced risk of a groin
strain when running
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This occurs after a period of around 6-8 weeks of exercise
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This helps protect against osteoarthritis
which is where there is damage to the cartilage around a joint
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There is a slight stretch of the ligaments which are fibrous tissues which connect bone to
bone
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By increasing the stretch of a ligament it can provide
benefits to the flexibility of an athlete
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Another effect of long term sport is that there is an increased tolerance to lactic acid
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There is an increased
tolerance because the capillary network extends in size allowing more blood to flow to the
muscle allowing more oxygenated Blood to the muscle
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This is means you can exercise for a longer period of time
at a higher intensity
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This would benefit matt as
it means that he would begin using a more efficient fuel source but it would also increase the
length of time he could exercise for and also how frequently he could exercise
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Lactic acid is a harmful gas, this energy system is a high
intensity and short duration anaerobic activity such as the 400 meters, the higher the intensity the
shorter the the system lasts for such as sprinting it may only last for 120seconds whereas jogging it
would last for 180seconds
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The lactic acid energy system works by breaking down the stores of glucose (carbohydrates broken
down in the body) this provides the energy to resynthesise ATP
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This
process is called anaerobic glycolysis and does not require oxygen
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This
can prevent the breakdown of glucose and cause muscles to fatigue
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By training using this system it is possible to increase the bodies’ tolerance to lactic acid
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This meant in the results his pulse rate was slightly lower than it actually was
as there was a gap between taking the result and the end of the lap
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During matts recovery after exercise we took his pulse and breathing rate for the next 3 minutes,
this showed his recovery period which is the time it takes both to return to normal
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it would also give him time to repay the oxygen debt to his muscles
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Therefore he continues to breath more oxygen in after exercise to replace the oxygen that
has been used during exercise
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This can benefit matts performance by –
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•
•

Producing more energy and also resynthesise more ATP so a participant can compete for
longer
Reduces fatigue
Works on high intensity – anaerobic
Works on low intensity – aerobic

This means that when participating in a sport such as football matt can compete for a longer period
of time, this means that they can complete the whole 90 minutes of a game rather than being
substituted, this is possible because more ATP is resynthesised
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For example in football it means matts muscles in the leg such as
the hamstring and quadriceps will not fatigue allowing the footballer to continue running
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A second long term effect is that it increases the use of fats as an energy source and this allows a
aerobically trained athlete to increase the opportunity of his body’s ability to burn fat as a fuel when
generating ATP
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It also means that the body can conserve glycogen stores for higher energy work, an example of this
is when competing in football the body can conserve its glycogen stores for higher intensity work, an
example of this is if the pitch is slanted and therefore the participant needs to run up hill when
attacking, this means that the body needs to conserve the glycogen for this as this is an increase in
the work intensity and therefore the long term effect increases the ability of the body to do this
which benefits performance as it means they can work more effectively
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This tells me that matts long
term effects of exercise on his cv system is good as it did not take a long period of time fore his heart
rate and breathing rate to decrease and return to normal
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Matts tolerance to lactic acid is good as he plays football regularly and this means his body
has gradually increased its tolerance to lactic acid
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Matts breathing rate recovery mirrored his heart rate recovery
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This is because he regularly plays football and this has improved
both his respiratory and cardiovascular system as both of these systems have a short
recovery period

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