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Nature of Inquiry and research
Nature of Inquiry
- Obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places or events
- Learning process
- Carried out via investigating or asking questions
- Use a combination of lower-order and higher-order thinking
• Inferential, critical, integrative, creative etc
...
Research
- Both involves investigation through questioning
- Research is more complex because you don’t simply ask questions
- Research
• Collect and study data, make analyses and come up with conclusion and or
solutions
Purposes of Research
- To learn how to work independently
- To learn how to work scientifically or systematically
- To have in-depth knowledge of something
- To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher-order thinking strategies
- To improve your reading and writing skills
- To be familiar with the basic tools of research and various techniques of gathering data
and of presenting research findings
- To free yourself from the bias of a textbook or a higher authority
Importance of Research
- To provide information
- To provide comparisons
- To help discern relationships
- To estimate unknown quantities
- To predict future outcomes
- To aid in decision making and justify claims and assertions

Characteristics of Research
1
...

-

Objectiveness
Deal with facts, not from mere opinions
Arguments should not be declared as opinions
Analysis must be done

3
...
Relevance
- Relevant in improving daily lives or human experience
- Provide solutions to problems
5
...
Systematic
- Research should have a good structure
- Each part of the research process must be done in an orderly manner

Kinds of research and its effects to the world
Research and Science
• Becomes scientific
• Contributes to science and uses the scientific method
• Inductive and Deductive
Inductive research
• Infer theoretical patterns
• AKA: Theory-building research and qualitative research
• Follows a bottom-up approach
• Qualitative research aims to make sense of the world based on how humans understand
it
Deductive Research
• Test concepts and patterns
• AKA: Theory testing-research and quantitative research
• Quantitative research arrives at conclusions based on controlled, value-free processes
• Follows a top-down approach
The purpose of research
1
...

2
...
Applied

Basic

Primary criterion of
success
When it discovers
new phenomena or
idea

When it contributes
to the solution of a
problem
Applied

Research aims

Social effects

Theoretical
It aims to improve
understanding
It should shape social
and political values
and goals
It aims to further
social and medical
improvements, which
is why it is funded by
the government and
private institutions
It provides means to
solve problems

It discovers new
phenomena and
ideas that are of
general interest

It provides solutions
to social problems

Categories of Research
1
...

• To learn more about a new phenomenon
• Sample topics: K-12 in the Philippines: A boon or a bane? Restricted Childcare in the
Philippines: A solution to Overpopulation
2
...
Explanatory
• Seeks to provide an in-depth explanation of an aspect of social life
• It answers why and how types of questions about a phenomenon
• It concentrates on causal factors and possible/revealed outcomes
• Sample Topics: Assessing the impacts of foreign investments in the Philippines
Economy
Ethics in research
-

In research ethics is important because you always aim for the discovery or enrichment
of the truth

Data gathering in research always involves voluntary participation
-

No consent = not allowed to use the data
Therefore, always seek for consent

The research must never harm the participants
-

Certain research, such as those dealing with indigenous culture, must secure approval
first from a recognized institution that preserves that culture

Ideally, the participants must remain anonymous
-

Participants must be informed that the information they disclose to the researcher will be
private
The gathered information must only be used for research and should not be passed on
to any other researcher or institution

Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Qualitative
-

Is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on
building a complex, holistic picture, formed with, reporting detailed views of informants
and conducted in a natural setting
...


Similarities and Differences
-

These are the 2 broad categories of the research methodology
A qualitative approach will entail that you discuss and analyze the underlying concepts
and theories
A quantitative approach will utilize statistical data to provide explanation to a
phenomenon

Similarities
1
...

3
...


They are both concerned with data reduction
They both aim to answer the research questions
They both relate data analysis to the research literature and variation
Both address importance of transparency and question of error

Differences
1
...
When looking at an ontological perspective, quantitative sees reality as objective, while
qualitative sees reality as subjective
...
When looking at an epistemological perspective, quantitative sees the researcher as
independent, while qualitative sees the researchers as interacting with the researcher
...
In an axiological perspective, quantitative is value-free and unbiased, while qualitative is
value-laden and unbiased
...
In a rhetorical perspective, quantitative is formal, based on set definition, and
impersonal; qualitative is informal evolving on decisions, and personal
...
In a methodological perspective, quantitative is deductive, context-free, and
generalizations-based; qualitative is inductive, context-bound, and pattern-based
...
Qualitative researchers are concerned primarily with process, rather than outcomes or
products
2
...
The qualitative researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis
4
...
Qualitative research involves fieldwork
...
The process of qualitative research is inductive in that the researcher builds
abstractions, concepts, hypothesis, and theories from details

Notable Features
1
...

3
...


Appropriate methods of research
Perspective of the participants and their diversity
Reflexivity of the researcher and the research
Variety of approaches and methods

Types of Qualitative Research
1
...
” (Mendoza and Melegrito, 2016)
- This is a popular approach in research on psychology and behavior

2
...
”

3
...
”

4
...
Case Study
- It is a type of research ideal for complex issues
- This type of qualitative research allows the researcher to closely assess the data within
a specific context
- The researcher is concentrated on a specific group or subject

6
...
”
- In this type of research, transcribed conversations are the main data of study
- This is a common research in language studies

7
...

2
...

4
...


It should summarize the main idea of the paper
It should be a concise statement of the main topic
It should include the major variables of the research study
It should be self-explanatory
It should describe or imply the participants of the study

Research Questions
-

Research questions serve as the guiding forces of your research paper
Your methodology, discussion, and analysis all aim to answer the research questions
Address an aspect of your research paper’s thesis statement

Qualitative Research Questions
-

According to Mendoza and Melgrito (2016), when doing qualitative research, the
research questions should be about what?
The research questions are often exploratory and descriptive
They concentrate on the what and how, rarely on the why

Criteria for Evaluating Research Questions
1
...

3
...

5
...


They should be clear and intelligible
They should be researchable
They should have some connection with established theory and research
The research questions should be linked to each other
They should hold out a prospect of an original contribution
They should be neither too broad or too narrow

Research Writing Process
Chapter 1: Introduction
Parts of Chapter 1
1
...
Statement of the Problem
➢ This segment thoroughly explains what the problem or issue is, and why it
is concern in today’s society
➢ At this point, there is no need to be clear with a solution yet
➢ This is when you make a clear-cut claim on what the concern, gap, or
abnormality (different from the norm)
3
...
Research Statement or Objectives
➢ The research statement is a declarative statement of the purpose,
direction, and main argument of your research
➢ It is similar to the thesis statement
➢ Most researchers opt to provide a set of research objectives
➢ You enumerate what you wish to achieve in your research
...
Research Questions
➢ Together with the research objectives, the research questions serve to
guide the research process
➢ They are meant to be answered by the research’s end

6
...
Scope and Limitations
➢ This is one of the most crucial parts of Chapter 1 because this is where
you declare the parameters of your research
➢ In the scope and limitations, you state the extent of what you will be
researching on, the time frame, and the budget (if any) – so that your
audience will now that you have restrictions

Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature
Review of Related Literature
-

-

The literature review is an integral part of the entire research process and makes a
valuable contribution to almost every operational step
It is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished
work from secondary sources of data in the areas of the specific interest to the
researcher
Evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your selected are of
study
The review should describe, summarize, evaluate and clarify your study
...

Relationships between the literature must also be identified and articulated, in relation to
your field of research

Functions of the Review of Literature
1
...
It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature about a topic,
filling in gaps and extending prior studies

•

You must and can criticize other studies, especially if it is meant to emphasize on
the gaps

3
...
What is already known about this area?
2
...
What research methods and research strategies have been employed in studying this
are?
4
...
Are there any inconsistencies in findings relating to this area?
6
...

-

Integrative Review
Includes the summaries of past research
In this type of RRL, it concentrates more on the general overview of the research topic
Largely found in dissertation proposals and dissertations

2
...
Methodological Review
- Provides both a summary of the studies but also an actual critic of the strengths and
weaknesses of the methods employed in the studies
- Most common in dissertations and journal articles

Characteristics of Effective Literature Reviews
-

Outlining important research trends

-

Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of existing research
Identifying potential gaps in knowledge
Establishing a need for current and/or future research projects

Literature Review
-

-

The literature reviews
• A synthesis of studies on any given topic
Usually precedes a full-length original story as a way of introducing the general topic
• To help the reader understand the background to your study and see how it’s the
next logical study to be conducted in this domain
Necessarily, a good literature review requires a thoroughly researched topic
Be prepared for a writing process
...

This process takes weeks and months

Doing the Literature Review
Four practical suggestions by Creswell can help you out in understanding your literature
review
1
...

3
...


Establish your priority for searching the literature
Delimit the scope of your literature review
Decide on what reference style to use
Organize a visual research map of the literature

Literature for Qualitative Research
According to Creswell
-

The literature review must be consistent with its methodological assumptions, that it
should be used inductively so it does not direct the question asked by the researcher
...

The amount of literature depends on the type of qualitative research design that is
employed
...


Use of the Literature

Criteria

Examples of Suitable Method
Types

The literature is used to
frame the problem in the
introduction to the study
The literature is presented in
a separate section as a
review of the literature

The literature is presented in
the study at the end, it
becomes a basis for
comparing and contrasting
findings of the qualitative
study
...

identified
...
Read books or articles known to you or recommended by others related to your
research questions
2
...

a
...
Make a note of other literature referred to that may be relevant and worth
following up
3
...
Search the library for literature relating to your subject
a
...
Examine titles and abstracts for relevance
a
...
Check regularly for new publication
Working Bibliography
Title of source
and author or
name
Source 1
Source 2

Main idea or
argument or
claim

The Annotated Bibliography

Type of source,
year of study,
location

APA full text
citation

Remarks (any
comments about
the source)

•
•
•
•
•

An annotated bibliography is a short evaluation of the source
...

It is simply an overview of the source, and must not be an abstract in which you
summarize the content
...

According to the Cornell University Library, when you write your annotated
bibliography, include one or more sentences that:
➢ Evaluate the authority or background of the author
...

➢ Compare or contrast to another source
...


Writing The RRL
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

The review of related literature is the chapter in your research paper which provides a
critical overview of articles or researches related to your topic
...

It also shows deficiencies, that’s why you are undertaking the research
...

Make sure that the sets are logical – it must have a smooth flow!
Do not forget to synthesize the sources
...


Outline
I
...


III
...

V
...
Overview and criticism of each source
B
...
(Date)
...
Place of Publication:Publisher
...
& Vitale, B
...
Fundamentals success: A cause review applying critical thinking
to test taking
...
A
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Chapter 3: Methodology
Qualitative Research Design and Data Analysis
Research Design
-

A plan for collecting and analyzing the evidence that will make it possible for the
investigator to answer whatever questions he or she has posed
...

2
...

4
...
How will the data be analyzed?
6
...
Interpretive Research Designs
1
...
Laboratory experiments and survey research
2
...
Action research and ethnography
❖ However, both Positivist and Interpretive Research designs can be used for both
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
- Positivist has more quantitative methods
- Interpretive has more qualitative methods
- But both can use qualitative and quantitative methods
Principles in Interpretive Research Design

1
...
Researcher as an instrument
- The researchers are often part of the environment that they are studying
3
...
Use of expressive language
- Documentation of the data must depict the emotions and experiences of the
person
5
...
Hermeneutic Circle
- The observation must always be related to the phenomenon that is being studied

Research Design
Case Study

Action Research

Ethnography

Interpretive Research Design
Purpose
Role of Researcher
“Intensive of a
phenomenon over
time within is natural
setting in one of few
sites’
“Interactive design
that complex social
phenomena are best
understood by
introducing, changes,
intervention into
those phenomena
and observing the
outcomes
Study of the
phenomenon within
the context of its
culture

Neutral Observer

Is a consultant or
member of the social
context being studied

Must be immersed or
part of the social
culture over an
extended period of
time

Mode of Data
Collection
Interviews
Observations
Prerecorded
Documents
Secondary Data
Participant
Observation
Interviews
Prerecorded
Documents
Secondary Data

Main:
Participant
observation
Others:
Interviews
Prerecorded
Documents
Secondary Data

Phenomenology

Systematic reflection
and analysis of
phenomena

Researcher must
eliminate any prior
assumptions and
biases

Interviews

Qualitative Data Collection Procedures
1) Setting the boundaries for the study
- Site or setting of your research
- The participants or subjects of the study
- The events tat you will observe or interview about
- The process or evolving nature of events undertaken by the participants within
the setting
2) Collecting information through observations, interviews, documents, and visual material
• Observations
a
...
Observer as participant
c
...
Complete Observer
• Interviews
a
...
Telephone
c
...
Public documents (transcripts, news, articles)
b
...
)
• Audiovisual Materials
a
...
Videotapes
c
...
Film
e

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