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ASSIGNMENT OF GLOBALIZATION
TOPIC:
Impact of Globalization on Biosecurity

Table of Contents
Introduction
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2
Impact of Globalization on Biosecurity
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5
Role of WHO: Global Efforts to Preserve Biosecurity
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6
Poliomyelitis
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8
Ebola Virus and its History
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14

Introduction
Our world is changing every single moment, the changes in socio-economics, the demographic
shifts with the ongoing climate change, and environmental degradation, which pose a serious threat
to the security of global environment
...
Whether it be the spread of ideas, technology, literature, or diseases, now
everything that originates in a specific region has a global impact owing to rapid globalization
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Unprecedented progress in biotechnology holds the prospect of historic improvements in the
welfare of humankind
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Used carelessly, or misused deliberately, biotechnology could inflict
considerable human suffering—from the disastrous effects of bioweapons, to the accidental and
deliberate spread of disease by state and nonstate actors
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Recent decades have seen a series of high-profile public health crises involving viruses, bacteria
and other biological agents
...
In the context of intensifying globalization, such hazards are being
viewed as serious `security’ threats (Clark, 2013)
...
The peril of bio invasion, bioterrorism and bioweapons
are real but unfortunately the leading concern grabs little attention from the world leaders, the need
of the hour is to legislate and codify biosecurity laws to strengthen it
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Biological Warfare: The Development and Use of Biological Weapons
Biological weapons are microorganisms like virus, bacteria, fungi, or other toxins that are
produced and released deliberately to cause disease and death in humans, animals or plants as an
act of war
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Bioterrorism attacks could also result in an epidemic
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20th Century and Germ-Based Warfare
History has demonstrated that research in biology, even when conducted without any military
application in mind, may still contribute to the production of biological weapons
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But it was only after the discovery of the germ theory of disease in the late 19th
century that infectious diseases were seriously considered, continually, as tools of war
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anthracis (as
well as Burkholderia mallei, the bacterium that causes glanders in livestock) from U
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ports to Allies
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anthracis
among reindeer herds in northern Norway, near the Russian border
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The U
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offensive biological weapons program originated in 1942, focus was on
biological warfare research on the causative agents of anthrax, botulism, and many other
humans, animal, and plant pathogens
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anthracis and C
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There is also some evidence that the Japanese had an “epidemic prevention center”—
a understatement for biological weapons research on tropical diseases—in Rangoon,
Burma
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At least
700 Chinese reportedly died from plague alone
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It carried out the deadly Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995 and was
found to have been responsible for the Matsumoto sarin attack the previous year
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S
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Biological Weapons Convention:
The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), the first multilateral disarmament treaty on the
Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and
Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, was opened for signature on 10 April 1972
...
Under these agreements, the States Parties undertook to
provided annual reports – using agreed forms – on specific activities related to the BWC including

data on research centers and laboratories; information on vaccine production facilities; information
on national biological defense research and development programs; declaration of past activities
in offensive and/or defensive biological research and development programs; information on
outbreaks of infectious diseases and similar occurrences caused by toxins; publication of results
and promotion of the use of knowledge and contacts; information on legislation, regulations and
other measure
...
Molecular biology,
synthetic biology, bioregulators, and advanced biotechnologies provide numerous ways to modify
organisms to be more virulent, resistant to antibiotics and vaccines, and better able to avoid
detection and diagnostic system
...
The rise of health issues as a key topic in international security was enabled by a growing
acceptance among national governments and international organizations of a definition of security
beyond external military threats posed by states
...
The emergence of new diseases and globalization each
trend represents distinct challenges to inter- national security, it is the convergence of these trends
that has propelled biological threats onto the international agenda and enhanced the significance
of the impact inflict by globalization
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S
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The globalization of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries and the diffusion of
information about the life sciences are making the ingredients necessary to develop
biological weapons - knowledge, expertise, equipment, and materials - more widely
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reductions in trade
barriers and transportation costs have led to the creation of a global agricultural supply
chain that has introduced more pathways for pathogens to cross borders and cause
foodborne illnesses
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The growth in international travel, tourism, and immigration also increases the risk that a
local outbreak will affect multiple countries
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As it firstly emerged in the Chinese city of
Wuhan but the international travel, trade and the intensification of other factors made it to
spread through-out the globe, causing global health emergency
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Globalization presents certain problems that are substantial and beyond the capacity of individual
states to manage
...
Improving health and
addressing health inequalities and externalities requires effective global action on health that
that work day and night to improve the global health
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In the early 20th century, polio was one of the
most feared diseases in industrialized countries, paralyzing hundreds of thousands of children
every year
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In the U
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, the last case of naturally occurring polio was in 1979
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It took somewhat longer for polio to be recognized as a major problem in developing
countries
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Global Efforts: Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Rotary International launched a global effort to immunize the world’s children against polio in
1985 followed by the establishment of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988
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Since then,
more than 2
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The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is a public-private partnership led by national governments
with six core partners - the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the US
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
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Between 1988 and 2019, over US$17 billion has been provided by over
100 public and private sector donors
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This plan has four goals:
a) Eradication
b) Integration
c) Certification
d) Containment
•

Today, the three countries of focus are Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan as they have
never stopped transmission of endemic wild poliovirus
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•

GPEI is also working to strengthen surveillance and immunization systems in the African
and Eastern Mediterranean regions of the World Health Organization to ensure that polio
has truly ended and immunity against the virus improves
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(World Health Organization, 2019)

Success of GPEI
GPEI brought together governments, communities, and partners under the common goal of
eradicating this infectious disease and as such managed to lay the groundwork for future similar
partnerships
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•
•

•

The polio program has served as a blueprint for investments in the overall global health
interventions working to achieve the SDG on global health
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The GPEI also estimates that a total of 1
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These are huge numbers in the context of global health
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The way in which t
may ultimately be a powerful force for its own undoing
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On the positive side, the cross-border flow of people,
goods, money and information creates new wealth and opportunity
...
Countries around the world are now responding by restricting
the movement of people, blocking the entry of people from countries particularly hard hit by the
coronavirus or requiring inbound travelers to self-quarantine for a period of time
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But with this new awareness of
the risks associated with the free movement of people, there are some who may avoid future life,
business or leisure plans that require crossing borders
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China is the world’s largest production base, and lies at the heart of many supply chains
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Meanwhile, the tourism sectors of Japan and many other countries that had profited from
the large influx of Chinese tourists in recent years have been severely impacted by plummeting
inbound numbers
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In short,
national borders may become less porous in terms of industry and the movement of people when
compared to the 30 years of globalization seen since the end of the Cold War, with sharper lines
drawn between domestic and foreign and a move away from dependence on international
relationships
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Ebola is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses
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Vomiting, diarrhoea and rash usually follow,
along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys
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The viruses that cause EVD are
located mainly in sub-Saharan Africa
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It was
discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks occurred in different parts of Central Africa,
first in Democratic Republic of Congo and second on South Sudan
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The largest outbreak to date was the epidemic in West Africa, which occurred
from December 2013 to January 2016, with 28,646 cases and 11,323
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Efforts
have been made for its prevention, spread and treatment
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WHO has always played an important role in the prevention of the Ebola outbreak
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Its keeps in check the cases of the virus and provides treatment
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It provides funds to
fight the disease

UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER)
UNMEER, was established on 19 September 2014 after the Ebola outbreak
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The Mis

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