Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

ASSIGNMENT OF GLOBALIZATION
TOPIC:
Impact of Globalization on Biosecurity

Table of Contents
Introduction
...
2
Impact of Globalization on Biosecurity
...
5
Role of WHO: Global Efforts to Preserve Biosecurity
...
6
Poliomyelitis
...
8
Ebola Virus and its History
...
14

Introduction
Our world is changing every single moment, the changes in socio-economics, the demographic
shifts with the ongoing climate change, and environmental degradation, which pose a serious threat
to the security of global environment
...
Whether it be the spread of ideas, technology, literature, or diseases, now
everything that originates in a specific region has a global impact owing to rapid globalization
...

Unprecedented progress in biotechnology holds the prospect of historic improvements in the
welfare of humankind
...
Used carelessly, or misused deliberately, biotechnology could inflict
considerable human suffering—from the disastrous effects of bioweapons, to the accidental and
deliberate spread of disease by state and nonstate actors
...

Recent decades have seen a series of high-profile public health crises involving viruses, bacteria
and other biological agents
...
In the context of intensifying globalization, such hazards are being
viewed as serious `security’ threats (Clark, 2013)
...
The peril of bio invasion, bioterrorism and bioweapons
are real but unfortunately the leading concern grabs little attention from the world leaders, the need
of the hour is to legislate and codify biosecurity laws to strengthen it
...


Biological Warfare: The Development and Use of Biological Weapons
Biological weapons are microorganisms like virus, bacteria, fungi, or other toxins that are
produced and released deliberately to cause disease and death in humans, animals or plants as an
act of war
...
Bioterrorism attacks could also result in an epidemic
...


20th Century and Germ-Based Warfare
History has demonstrated that research in biology, even when conducted without any military
application in mind, may still contribute to the production of biological weapons
...
But it was only after the discovery of the germ theory of disease in the late 19th
century that infectious diseases were seriously considered, continually, as tools of war
...
anthracis (as
well as Burkholderia mallei, the bacterium that causes glanders in livestock) from U
...

ports to Allies
...
anthracis
among reindeer herds in northern Norway, near the Russian border
...
The U
...
offensive biological weapons program originated in 1942, focus was on
biological warfare research on the causative agents of anthrax, botulism, and many other
humans, animal, and plant pathogens
...
anthracis and C
...
There is also some evidence that the Japanese had an “epidemic prevention center”—
a understatement for biological weapons research on tropical diseases—in Rangoon,
Burma
...
At least
700 Chinese reportedly died from plague alone
...
It carried out the deadly Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995 and was
found to have been responsible for the Matsumoto sarin attack the previous year
...
S
...


Biological Weapons Convention:
The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), the first multilateral disarmament treaty on the
Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and
Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, was opened for signature on 10 April 1972
...
Under these agreements, the States Parties undertook to
provided annual reports – using agreed forms – on specific activities related to the BWC including

data on research centers and laboratories; information on vaccine production facilities; information
on national biological defense research and development programs; declaration of past activities
in offensive and/or defensive biological research and development programs; information on
outbreaks of infectious diseases and similar occurrences caused by toxins; publication of results
and promotion of the use of knowledge and contacts; information on legislation, regulations and
other measure
...
Molecular biology,
synthetic biology, bioregulators, and advanced biotechnologies provide numerous ways to modify
organisms to be more virulent, resistant to antibiotics and vaccines, and better able to avoid
detection and diagnostic system
...
The rise of health issues as a key topic in international security was enabled by a growing
acceptance among national governments and international organizations of a definition of security
beyond external military threats posed by states
...
The emergence of new diseases and globalization each
trend represents distinct challenges to inter- national security, it is the convergence of these trends
that has propelled biological threats onto the international agenda and enhanced the significance
of the impact inflict by globalization
...
S
...

The globalization of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries and the diffusion of
information about the life sciences are making the ingredients necessary to develop
biological weapons - knowledge, expertise, equipment, and materials - more widely
...
reductions in trade
barriers and transportation costs have led to the creation of a global agricultural supply
chain that has introduced more pathways for pathogens to cross borders and cause
foodborne illnesses
...

The growth in international travel, tourism, and immigration also increases the risk that a
local outbreak will affect multiple countries
...
As it firstly emerged in the Chinese city of
Wuhan but the international travel, trade and the intensification of other factors made it to
spread through-out the globe, causing global health emergency
...

Globalization presents certain problems that are substantial and beyond the capacity of individual
states to manage
...
Improving health and
addressing health inequalities and externalities requires effective global action on health that
entails essential global health functions beyond what individual nation-states can accomplish, even
with external assistance
...

Globalization offers opportunities and challenges for global health and its distribution
...
(Jennifer Prah
Ruger, 2009)
...


Role of WHO: Global Efforts to Preserve Biosecurity
The 21st century global health landscape requires effective global action in the face of
globalization of trade, travel, information, human rights, ideas, and disease
...
The World Health Organization (WHO) plays an essential role in the
global governance of health and disease; due to its core global functions of establishing,
monitoring and enforcing international norms and standards, and coordinating multiple actors
toward common goals
...


How WHO Works?
All countries with a WHO office have a Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS)
...
After the WHO country office and the government
finalize the CCS, the country office develops a CCS Brief
...

WHO works with all Member States to support them to achieve the highest standard of
health for all people
...
These country teams advise ministries
of health and other sectors on public health issues and provide support to plan, implement and
monitor health programme
...
WHO acts as a knowledge broker and facilitates
exchanges between countries, encouraging them to work together to pursue solutions to common
challenges
...
They contribute to global public health security
by providing a new framework for the coordination of the management of events that may
constitute a public health emergency of international concern, and improve the capacity of all
countries to detect, assess, notify and respond to public health threats (EMRO, 2020)
...


The Prevention, Awareness and Treatment of Diseases at Global Level
The improvised poor regions of the world like Asia and Africa need special attention to
permanently eradicate some lethal diseases
...


Poliomyelitis
Polio is a contagious viral illness that in its most severe form causes nerve injury leading to
paralysis, difficulty breathing and sometimes death
...
Soon after the introduction of effective vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s however, polio
was brought under control and practically eliminated as a public health problem in these countries
...
S
...
Today, despite a worldwide
effort to wipe out polio, poliovirus continues to affect children and adults in parts of Asia and
Africa
...
During the 1970s routine immunization was introduced worldwide as part of national
immunization programs, helping to control the disease in many developing countries
...

When the GPEI started, polio paralyzed more than 1000 children worldwide every day
...
5 billion children have been immunized against polio thanks to the cooperation of
more than 200 countries and 20 million volunteers
...
Its goal is to
eradicate polio worldwide
...


Endgame Strategic Plan
GPEI has devised a grand strategic plan to eradicate polio entirely
...
The countries are working to
deliver vaccination services to their people, to carry out sensitive disease surveillance and
to cooperate to immunize migrating populations across their common border
...


•

A polio-free world requires updated vaccination policies, including the phased withdrawal
of oral polio vaccines (OPV), appropriate containment of the poliovirus in facilities,
certification that polio has been eradicated, and planning for the transition of knowledge
and infrastructure to serve other health goals
...
The reason this is so key is that achieving the sustainable development goals will
only be possible if the world works together
...

Because of the combined efforts of government donors, philanthropists, private sector
players, and more, an estimated 18 million people are walking today who would have been
paralyzed by polio otherwise
...
5 million deaths
have been prevented
...

But these united efforts have done much more than just protect against one singular disease
...
(Marchildon, 2019)

Corona Virus
The coronavirus has been relentless, rampaging beyond China and East Asia, including Japan,
South Korea, and Southeast Asia, to engulf Italy and Europe, North America, and Central and
South America
...


Global Efforts to Eradicate Corona Virus
Since the pandemic has shaken the whole world and the major cause of this is the increase in
globalization, so the whole world realizes that in this time of crisis there should be global efforts
to tackle the pandemic
...
Here are some global efforts which have been done to
fight this pandemic situation collectively
...
The first
phase has addressed urgent needs and strengthen primary health care in ten African
countries
...

➢ WHO has made a COVID Solidarity Response Fund in which any citizen from any state
can donate and the donations directly goes to states who are struggling hard in this time of
pandemic to fight corona virus
...

➢ Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau committed $400 million for global initiatives
tackling COVID-19 at a United Nations event on 29 Sep 2020
...
“This is our chance to accelerate our pre-pandemic efforts to reimagine

economic systems that actually address global challenges like extreme poverty, inequality,
and climate change
...
Contributions to the COVID-19 Solidarity
Response Fund will go toward rapidly detecting cases, stopping transmission of the virus,
and caring for those affected
...

➢ UNICEF is working with major global airlines and freight providers to step up efforts to
deliver COVID-19 vaccines to over 92 countries around the world as soon as vaccines
become available
...
This is in addition
to the 1 billion syringes that need to be transported by sea-freight
...


Impact of Corona Virus on Globalization
The rise of the liberal international order has been a major factor in the growing movement of
people across borders, whether for purposes of supply chains and distribution networks,
international finance and the flow of money, employment, study or tourism
...

There are two sides to the globalization coin
...
On the negative side, though,
it can exacerbate global disparities, enable international terrorism and cross-border crime, and
allow for the rapid spread of disease
...
Of course, once
the pandemic has eased, these restrictions will surely be removed
...


Impacts of Corona Virus on Economic Interdependence
In particular, the coronavirus pandemic is having devastating repercussions for corporations and
businesses that have benefited from economic interdependence supported by cross-border supply
chains
...


Since the outbreak of this coronavirus, many companies that had come to depend on China were
hard hit
...
The challenge for the manufacturing and tourism industries in many countries
is to determine to what extent dependence on China and Chinese people can be reduced
...
(Oba, 2020)

Ebola Virus and its History
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a rare and deadly disease in people and nonhuman primates
...
Signs
and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with
a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches
...
At this time, some people begin
to bleed both internally and externallyInvalid source specified
...
People can get EVD through direct contact with an infected
animal (bat or nonhuman primate) or a sick or dead person infected with Ebola virus
...

From 1976 to 2012, the World Health Organization reports 24 outbreaks involving 2,387 cases
with 1,590 deaths
...


Global Efforts to Eradicate Ebola
Many global efforts have been made in order to control the outbreak of Ebola virus disease
...
WHO recognizes Ebola as a health threat
...
Whenever
there is an outbreak of Ebola in any African country WHO plays its role to prevent the spread of
disease
...
During various outbreaks
WHO has played its role and took steps to control it throughout these years
...
UNMEER was set up
as a temporary measure to meet immediate needs related to the unprecedented fight against
Ebola
...


As of 1 August, oversight of the UN system’s Ebola emergency response is led by the World
Health Organization (WHO)under the direct authority of the WHO Director-General
...
UNMEER has since then played its role in the outbreaks of
Ebola (UN, n
...
)

Operational Principles
➢ Adopting a regional approach
➢ Centrality of national ownership
➢ Complement work of governments and partners
➢ Clarity for national governments in what can be expected from the UN
➢ A singular UN system-wide approach in responding to Ebola
➢ A UN response that is specific to the need of each country

Objectives
•

Stop the outbreak

•

Treat the infected

•

Ensure essential services

•

Preserve stability

•

Prevent further out

WHO Role in Ebola Outbreak 2018
The World Health Organization (WHO) on 17 July,2019 declared that the Ebola outbreak in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which surfaced in August 2018, is an international
emergency
...
The declaration raises the outbreak’s visibility and public
health officials hope it will galvanize the international community to fight the spread of the
frequently fatal disease
...
On 20 June 2020 WHO declared the end of this pandemic
...


• Strategic Response Plan
The tenth epidemic of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the provinces of North Kivu and Ituri was
declared by the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 1 August

2018
...
Response priorities include strengthening surveillance
and contact tracing, enhancing laboratory capacity, implementing adequate clinical management
of suspect and confirmed cases, continuing ring vaccination around confirmed cases, vaccinating
frontline workers, providing safe and dignified burials, supporting infection prevention and control
in health facilities, and engaging with affected communities
...
S
...
This is the first FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola
...
Another vaccine
developed for Ebola is Ad26
...
It was
approved for medical use in the European Union in July 2020
...
(Administration, 2019)

Challenges to Biosecurity
We live in difficult times
...
Various threats pose a challenge in national safety and providing protection against
them forms the basis of biosecurity
...
Although these diseases are
naturally occurring, they can cause more devastation than warfare
...
Worldwide, each of these pandemics killed tens of millions of people
...


• Development in Biotechnology
Recent years have seen exponential growth in applied scientific knowledge in the field of
biotechnology
...
In
a world of increased diffusion of technologies and expertise, increased mobility, and greater
electronic interconnectedness, managing biological risk is an increasingly difficult task
...


• Biological weapons
The emergence of biological weapons has proven to be a big challenge to biosecurity
...
Terrorist organizations, and the military have used infectious
diseases as weapons throughout the history of mankind
...
States with ineffective and corrupt institutions prove too weak to deal with threats of
biosecurity

• Failure of Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC)
BTWC international treaty that bans the use of biological weapons in war and prohibits all
development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, or transfer of such weapons
...

BTWC has the principle of that prevents military use of biological agents is strong, but the
machinery in place to ensure its implementation is weak
...
In its
current state, the BTWC resembles a gentleman’s agreement more than a rigorous control regime
...
The United Nations is well placed to initiate, facilitate, and pursue a dialogue
on biological risk

•

The existing notion of biosecurity as a purely intergovernmental affair should be changed
towards an understanding of it as a transnational challenge with strong developmental and
security impacts
...
Even though they cannot provide a 100-percent
guarantee against biological risks, but they can provide frameworks for decentralized
collective security
...
To date, there has been
no global platform for a focused, ongoing international debate on how to prevent rapid
biotechnological developments from outpacing regulatory responses
...


•

Consideration should be given to establishing a UN Executive Committee on Biosecurity
and Public Health
...
F
...
FDA NEWS RELEASE:First FDA-approved vaccine for the
prevention of Ebola virus disease, marking a critical milestone in public health preparedness and
response
...
gov: https://www
...
gov/news-events/pressannouncements/first-fda-approved-vaccine-prevention-ebola-virus-disease-marking-criticalmilestone-public-health
Clark, N
...
Mobile Life: Biosecurity Practices and Insect Globalization
...

EMRO
...
Health Topics: International Health Regultions
...
WHO:
http://www
...
who
...
html#:~:text=The%20purpose%20and%20scope%20of,with%20international%
20traffic%20and%20trade%E2%80%9D
...
Y
...
The Global Role of the World Health Organization
...
, 111
...
D
...
Biosecurity Reconsidered : Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses
...

Marchildon, J
...
How Eliminating This One Disease Could Help Us Achieve Good Health for
All
...
globalcitizen
...
(2020)
...
The Diplomat
...
R
...
Biological Weapons Convention
...
britannica
...
(n
...
Ebola Response: UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER)
...
un: https://ebolaresponse
...
org/un-mission-ebola-emergency-responseunmeer
WHO
...
WHO's work with countries
...
who
...
(2019)
...
Geneva: Published by WHO on behalf of GPEI

---