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PSYCHOLOGY
TESTING AND
MEASUREMENT
(CLASS LECTURES)

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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

Psychological testing in its modern form originated little more than 100 years ago in
laboratory studies of sensory discrimination, motor skills, and reaction time
...

Rudimentary forms of testing in China in 2200 B
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Rudimentary forms of testing date back to at least 2200 b
...
Such testing was
modified and refined over the centuries until written exams were introduced in the Han dynasty
...
But the examination program incorporated relevant selection criteria
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It represents an early form of psychological testing
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Physiognomy remained popular for centuries and laid the foundation for the more
specialized form of quackery, phrenology
...

The founding of phrenology is usually attributed to Franz Joseph Gall
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To the extent
that a faculty was well developed, the corresponding component of the brain would be enlarged
and in turn form a bump because the skill conforms the shape of the brain
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Psychology Testing and Measurement

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Johann Spurzheim popularized phrenology
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The brass instruments era of testing
Experimental psychology flourished in the late 1800s in continental Europe and Great
Britain
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The problem with experimental psychology was that it mistook simple sensory
processes for intelligence
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Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig
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Galton and the first battery of mental tests
Francis Galton (1822-1911) pioneered the new experimental psychology in Great Britain
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Galton demonstrates that individual differences not only
exist but also are objectively measurable
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The tests and measures involved both the physical and behavioural domains
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PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

Psychological testing may sound intimidating, but it's designed to help you
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Psychologists use tests and other assessment tools to measure and observe a client's
behavior to arrive at a diagnosis and guide treatment
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You may also be asked to answer questions about drug
and alcohol use to confirm your experience is not a side effect
...
)
 Anxiety Disorders
 Eating Disorders
 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
 Drug and Alcohol Addiction
 Autism
 Learning Disabilities

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PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Psychological assessment is a process of testing that uses a combination of techniques to
help arrive at some hypotheses about a person and their behavior, personality and capabilities
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Psychological testing is nearly always performed by a licensed
psychologist, or a psychology trainee (such as an intern)
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Psychological assessment should never be performed in a vacuum
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It’s often helpful
to have this done first, before psychological testing (as it may make psychological testing moot)
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Norm-Referenced Tests
A standardized psychological test is a task or set of tasks given under standard, set
conditions
...
A
psychological test provides a scale of measurement for consistent individual differences regarding
some psychological concept and serves to line up people according to that concept
...
A test yields one or more objectively obtained quantitative scores so that, as much as

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possible, each person is assessed in the same way
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2
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When it’s for a child, interviews are
conducted not only the child, but the parents, teachers and other individuals familiar with the child
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3
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In the case of a child, how do they
behave in school settings, at home, and in the neighborhood? Does the teacher treat them
differently than other children? How do their friends react to them?
The answers to these and similar questions can give a better picture of a child and the
settings in which they function
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4
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For example, in the case of a child, it may be valuable to obtain language samples from the
child, test the child’s ability to profit from systematic cues, and evaluate the child’s reading skills
under various conditions
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This very general definition is consistent with the kinds of
measurement that everyone is familiar with—for example, weighing oneself by stepping onto a
bathroom scale, or checking the internal temperature of a roasting turkey by inserting a meat
thermometer
...
In physics, for example,
one might measure the potential energy of an object in Earth’s gravitational field by finding its
mass and height (which of course requires measuring those variables) and then multiplying them
together along with the gravitational acceleration of Earth (9
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The result of this procedure
is a score that represents the object’s potential energy
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Category labels communicate whether any two individuals are the
same or different in terms of the variable being measured
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Ranks communicate not only whether any two individuals are the same
or different in terms of the variable being measured but also whether one individual is higher or
lower on that variable
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The ratio level of measurement involves assigning scores in such a way that there is a true
zero point that represents the complete absence of the quantity
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So are counts of discrete objects or events such
as the number of siblings one has or the number of questions a student answers correctly on an
exam
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The methods used for the evaluation will depend
on your or your loved one's needs
...
The more clues that can be identified, the more information you'll have to
understand what's going on and decide what options are best suited to help them
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Uses
A psychological evaluation, which is always performed by a licensed psychologist, can be
used to diagnose a variety of mental health conditions or illnesses that impact memory, thought
processes, and behaviors, including:
Alzheimer’s disease
Anxiety
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Bipolar disorder
Dementia
Head trauma
Intellectual disability

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Neurocognitive disorder
Personality disorders
Schizophrenia
Stroke
Substance use disorder

A psychological evaluation can help determine the following:
The severity of symptoms of depression or anxiety
The presence of a learning disability
Academic strengths and weaknesses
Root causes of emotional problems
Positive and negative coping styles
Reasons for aggressive behavior
Information about how you view the world
Issues or conflicts you may be struggling with
Insight into your personality style

Types
There are four primary types of psychological evaluation, including:
1
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There are two primary measures to
test a person’s IQ: intelligent tests and neuropsychological assessment
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Behavioral Assessment: A behavioral assessment is used to assess a wide variety of behaviors
and emotions
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3
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There are two common types: structured clinical
interviews and clinical diagnostic interviews
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Personality Assessment: A personality assessment will allow your psychologist to learn about
the genetic, environmental, and social components of your personality so they can figure out the
best way to treat you
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It may be helpful in providing detailed information to
determine a proper diagnosis and formulate a comprehensive treatment plan
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USES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST

What is a psychological test?
A psychological test is used to measure an individual’s different abilities, such as their
aptitude in a particular field, cognitive functions like memory and spatial recognition, or even traits
like introvertedness
...

The format of a test can vary from pencil and paper tasks to computer-based ones
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Some tests also use techniques—known as projective techniques—which aim to access the
unconscious
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For example, the Rorschach test, popularly known as the ink-blot test can provide insight into the
person’s personality and emotional functioning
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Based on the result of the test, an inference will be drawn about the individual’s inherent abilities
and potential
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Mental Health Assessment: A mental health assessment includes information about a person’s
medical history, their family history, and the current status of their mental health
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2
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3
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This is done to determine the areas in which their skills are the strongest
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4
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They are more commonly known as
intelligence or IQ tests, and are used in the field of education to identify a person’s strengths and
potential
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Educational/Achievement Testing: Educational testing is conducted to test how much an
individual has progressed in learning a specific subject—like mathematics, reading
comprehension—to identify any difficulties they may have had in it
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Forensic Psychological Testing: Forensic testing is used in the legal field, to determine whether
a suspect is capable of committing the crime they have been accused of
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8
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It
helps evaluate if a person is more introverted or extroverted, cautious or spontaneous, and how
they may react or respond to various life situations
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J
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Origins of psychological testing
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Chapter 2
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worldsupporter
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(2016)
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Scientific Advisory
Board
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com/lib/what-is-psychological-assessment#1
Costa, P
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, Jr
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R
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Normal personality assessment in clinical practice:
The NEO Personality Inventory
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, Ross, D
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A
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Transmission of aggression through imitation of
aggressive models
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E
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E
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Psychological stress and the human immune system:
A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry
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S
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On the theory of scales of measurement
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Retrieved from http://wikieducator
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(2021)
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https://www
...
com/get-your-teen-a-psychological-evaluation-2610450
Surendra, A
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(2020)
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https://www
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org/mental-health-matters/
understanding-mental-health/what-are-psychological-tests-and-what-are-they-usedfor#:~:text=A%20psychological%20test%20is%20used,on%20scientifically%20tested%

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