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Principles of Anatomy & Physiology in Sport
And
The Physiology of fitness

The musculo-skeletal system

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The skeleton is made of 270 bones and has 5 main functions
these are support, protection, movement, blood cell production and
mineral store
...

The axial skeleton is the core part of the skeleton consisting of the
spine, cranium, facial bones and rib cage
...
The
main part for this is the rib cage as it provides protection all the
way around the main organs
...
This part of the skeletons mail role is
movement and production as it is around the 4 limbs
...


1 – Support
The skeleton gives the body support as without bones our body
would not be able to stand as the body would have no framework
to be able to stand
...


2 – Protection
The skeleton provides protection to the body in several different
places
...
The rib cage does this by providing
a circular structure which encloses these organs stopping
anything from getting near to these organs
...


3 – Attachment site for skeletal muscle
This is a type of muscle that is attached to bone and this makes
it responsible for movement
...


4 – Source of blood cell production
The bones within the skeleton also help produce red blood cells
from within the bone marrow
...
White blood cells are
also produced
...


5 – Store of minerals
Bones within the skeleton can store minerals, for example most
bones store calcium, and this can then be used for calcium
metabolism
...

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Labelled Diagram of Bones

Bones
Cranium
Clavicle
Ribs
Sternum
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Scapula
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Tick when labelled
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

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The skeletal system:
Sternum
Ribs

Humorous
Clavicle

Scapula

Ilium

Radius
Carpals

Ulna

metacarpals

Ischium

Pubis

Femur

Tibia

Fibul
Patella

Phalanges
Metatarsals

Tarsals

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TASK 4 (Unit 1 - P1)
Using the following checklist and diagram, label all of the
bones on the vertebral column
...
These types of bone are longer than they are
wide
...


2 – Short bones
These bones can only be found in the ankle and wrist
...


3 – Flat bones
This type of bone are thin and are usually a curved shape,
these bones are usually covered in fat
...


4 – Sesamoid bones
There is only one sesamoid bone and this can be found in the
knee cap (patella)
...
Examples of these
types of bones are the hip and skull
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Function / movement available:
An example of this can be found in the skull, skulls need to allow
no movement between bones as the skull has to protect the brain
...
This cartilage allows slight
movement between the pieces of bone
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Joint type 3 - Freely movable / Synovial
Structure: these types of joints containing synovial fluid, synovial
fluid is then released allowing more lubrication within this joint
which in turn allows more movement
...
An example of this is the hinge joint in the knee
...

These can be found in the appendicular skeleton
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Labelled Diagram of a Synovial Joint and Description

Bone
Ligament
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Fibrous cartilage
Synovial Membrane

A) Articular cartilage Articular cartilage provides padding on the bone, this absorbs any
shock when weight is put on the bone and this stops it from
grinding the bone away
...

C) Articular capsule (synovial membrane) This is the part of the joint which contains the synovial fluid and
where the synovial is released from
...

D) Synovial fluid –
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synovial fluid provides lubrication to the joint allowing a wider
range of movement to be performed by the joint
...
For
example the humorous is connected to the radius and ulna in the
elbow joint
...
The elbow allows flexion,
extension

Flexion
Extension

2 – Saddle
These are similar to condyloid joints however the surfaces are
always either concave or convex
...
It can provide all movement except rotation
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Rotation
Abduction
Circumduction

Adduction

Extension
Flexion

4 – Condyloid
A condyloid joint is a bump in one bone that sits in the hollow
formed in another bone, an example of this can be found in
the risk
...

An example of this joint is the neck
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This type of joint allows rotation
...

These bones can be found in the intercarpal joints and in the
spinal column
...
Gliding joints can also be found in the wrists and
ankles
...
However there can also
be micro tears in the muscle fibre
...
The muscles need more
oxygen to carry out actions such as the muscles in the legs
needing oxygen to help perform the movement for running
...
This therefore means the blood supply is increased so
that the body can carry the blood to the parts of the body
...

The body increases muscle pliability so that the muscle
becomes more flexible
...
This reduces the risk of
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muscle tears as the muscle becomes warmer and more
stretchable
...
Also it can help gymnasts
as it allows their muscles to become more flexible therefore
allowing harder stretches to be carried out
...
For example the range of movement around the hip is
increased by performing the ‘opening the gate’ stretch
...

Micro tears in muscle fibre can occur when the muscle is
lifting more weight than can be held by the muscle
...
This can lead to soreness of
the muscle which is usually felt after exercise as you have
‘over done’ the workout
...

During long term exercise the body increases mineral content
which increases the density and strength of the bone
...
By an increase of mineral content making bones
stronger this can provide benefits to performers that play sport
especially contact sports as it reduces the chance of a bone
breaking
...
It
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is most common to woman but can also occur in men
...

During long term exercise the hyaline cartilage is thickened
...
It is made of
collagen and essentially this increases how well the hyaline
cartilage works as a shock absorber therefore it increases the
protection around a joint such as the hyaline cartilage that is
attached to the femur and the tibia to protect around the knee joint
...
If there is no hyaline
cartilage the bone can grind against each other causing pain, there
is no cure to osteoarthritis to solve this problem
...
During exercise these ligaments
stretch which reduces the risk of tearing a ligament for example
the cruciate ligament
...
This can be a benefit
to athletes such as gymnastics as it will allow them to perform
harder moves
...
The higher the
bone density correlates to how strong the bone is which reduces
the risk of a break
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It also reduces the risk of osteoporosis occurring as
explained earlier
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This happens when you take part
in adequate weight baring activities for example hiking or
weightlifting, this means you have reached your peak bone mass
...


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Labelled Diagram of the Muscular System
Muscle Name
Trapezius

Tick when labelled
x

Deltoids

x

Pectoralis major

x

Latissimus dorsi

x

Teres major

x

Triceps

x

Biceps

x

Rectus abdominis

x

Obliques

x

Erector spinae

x

Gluteus maximus

x

Quadriceps
1
...
Vastus lateralis
3
...
Vastus intermedius

1
...
x
3
...
x

Hamstrings
1
...
Semitendinosus
3
...
x
2
...
x

Gastrocnemius

x

Tibialis anterior

x

Soleus

x

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The muscular system

Trapezius

Pectoralis
major

Deltoids
Teres
Major
Latissimus
dorsi

Tricep
Brachii

Bicep
Brachii

Erector
Spinae

Rectus
abdominus

Gluteus
Maximus

obliques
Biceps femuris
Rectus
femoris

Semitendinosus

Vastus
laterus

Gastrocnemius

Vastus
medialis

semimembranosus

Tibius
anterior

Vastus
intermedius

Soleus

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Description of the 3 types of Muscle within the body

Cardiac – This is a specialised muscle found in the heart
...
A
cardiac muscle cannot fatigue as it is needed throughout life
...
These muscles can be found
in the uterus, bowels and the bladder
...
These types muscles
function in groups to accomplish sporting movements such
as the javelin
...

Includes Sporting examples

Muscles create movement by using antagonistic pairs
...
During this
movement the agonist muscle would be the bicep brachii as
this is the muscle that gets shorter and the antagonist muscle
is the tricep brachii as this muscle lengthens
...
There
are also fixator muscles and these are muscles that stop
unwanted movement throughout the whole body fixing joints
during flexion of the elbow this would be the teres major and
the Latissimus dorsi
...
There is also
eccentric contraction this is when tension is produced while
the muscle lengthens and this controls the movement
...
Whilst
the agonist would be the quadriceps and this would be
concentric contraction
...
During this
movement the synergists would include the other leg and also
muscles around the moving leg for example the gluteus
Maximus
...


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a second example of a sporting movement would be a jab
during a boxing match
...
During the extension of the elbow
during the jab the bicep brachii is the antagonist as it extends
and the tricep brachii is the agonist this is the muscle which
is eccentrically contracting whilst the bicep brachii is
concentrically contracting
...


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Description of the function of Muscle fibre types (type 1, 2a
and 2b and explantion of the function behind this
Muscles in the skeletal system are made of bundles of muscle fibres, these lengthen
and shorten and this causes muscle contraction
...
There are 3 types of muscle fibres type 1, type 2 and type 2B
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This often determines what type of sport your better at such as whether you’re a
better long distance or short distance runner
...
Muscles have both types of muscle fibres but different
percentages
...
Type A are
often suited to long distance as they have a large resistance to fatigue
...

However Type 2 have mainly an anaerobic capacity and this means they are better
at creating short bursts of contraction however they fatigue much quicker
...
An example of an athlete with a lot of fast twitch fibres is Usain Bolt
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An example of this is
Jessica Ennis as she has type 2B however she can train this to be either long or
short distance events such as the 1500m event
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We also find that slow twitch muscle fibres
have a high fat store and also glycogen store; this means
there is more energy available to be used by the muscles to
have a higher energy output
...
This means that they cannot perform an action for a
longer period of time as the slow twitch fibres
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The speed of contraction is very fast and also the force of
contraction is very high
...
His muscle fibres also have a higher force of
contraction this allows Usain Bolt to have much more power
as he pushes out of the starting blocks allowing a better start
to his race
...
Also she has a low force of contraction and
this means that more energy is saved as less power is being
produced by her muscle fibres and this allows her to continue
performing the reaction for a long period of time allowing her
to take part in long distance races
...

Fast twitch muscle fibres have a low Aerobic capacity as they
do not need oxygen to help perform the action needed
however they do need a high anaerobic capacity because the
100m sprint uses all the effort possible by the body therefore
your body cannot provide enough oxygen compared to what
is needed, therefore you need to rely on the oxygen that is
already in your bloodstream
...
Therefore Usain Bolt would
have a low Aerobic capacity however a high anaerobic
capacity and a long distance runner such as Paula Radcliffe
would have a high Aerobic capacity and a low anaerobic
capacity
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This happens when the body takes
part in exercise
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This means if a runner was taking part in training the muscles in
there leg would increase in size as the individual muscle cells would increase
in size
...
Males
often have a greater potential due to the higher levels of testosterone
...
However it
can also have a negative effect on sports performance for example if muscle
cells enlarge to much this will cause the performer to be less streamline
causing a slower pace during a swimming competition
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Cartilage becomes thicker around the joint meaning more shock can
be absorbed, this reduces the chance of osteoarthritis
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This is
because there is more cartilage around the joint reducing impact injuries
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Another effect of long term sport is that there is an increased tolerance to
lactic acid
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There is an increased tolerance because the capilliary network
extends in size allowing more blood to flow to the muscle allowing more
oxygenated Blood to the muscle
...
This is means you can exercise for a longer
period of time at a higher intensity
...
This is a benefit in sport because when teams have a
number of fixtures in a week, for example 2 premier league games and a
European game fatigue is less likely to be a problem by players as they have
increased tolerance to lactic acid
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This is only released following a muscle injury
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There is an
increased amount of mitochondria, mitochondria is the organelle in the cell
that produces energy
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It can also a produce an action at a higher intensity for a
longer duration
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It is stored in the
liver and also muscle and fat cells
...
This benefits performance as it
means we have a better output of energy and physical activity whilst taking
part in sport
...
Fat can be stored in human cells and also
muscle cells and because cell size increases more can be stored
...
This
means more fat can enter the mitochondria and be converted to energy
...
If activity levels decrease muscle cells can be replaced
with fat
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This
increases after long term sport because the body makes more muscle cells
and also the muscle is more use to using a certain amount of strength the
action becomes easier as it is a more general action
...
One example of benefitting a performer is in football, if
there is increased muscle strength in the leg a footballer can provide more
power in a shot making it harder to stop because the muscle is exerting more
force on the ball

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