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ANATOMY
&
PHYSIOLOGY

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
INTEGUMENT means: Covering
COMPONENTS:
1
...
Hair
3
...
Glands
SKIN FACTS:
1
...

2
...
2 main regions: EPIDERMIS and
DERMIS

1
...
Sensation:
hot, cold, pain, pressure
3
...
Excretion:
removes waste
5
...
Stratum Corneum:
 outermost layer of epidermis
 20-30 layers of dead squamous cells filled
with keratin
 accounts for 75% of epidermal thickness
 dandruff is this layer flaking off scalp
2
...
Stratum Basale:
 deepest layer of epidermis
 single layer of cells
 firmly attached to dermis

1
...
Reticular Layer:
 deepest layer of dermis
 accounts for 80% of dermis

MELANIN:
 produced by melanocytes
 ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to
black
 responsible for hair and eye color
 provides protection against UV light
 amt
...
REDNESS: fever, hypertension,
inflammation, allergies
2
...
JAUNDICE: liver disorder (yellow)
4
...
BRUISING: broken blood vessels

1
...
ROOT: below skin (scalp)
3
...
HAIR FOLLICLE: group of cells that
surround root and bulb; gives hair
different shapes

 Hair is produced in hair bulb
 Hair bulb rests on blood vessels to supply
it with nutrients
 Hair grows longer as cells are added to
base of hair bulb

 Testosterone and good nutrition
promote hair growth
 Growth occurs in cycles: active and
resting
 Scalp hair grows for 3 years and rests for
1 year
 Eyelashes grow for 30 days and rest for
105 days
 We lose about 90 scalp hairs/day
 Grey hair is the loss or fading of melanin
 Male pattern baldness is from the loss of
the hair follicle

ARRECTOR PILI:
 smooth muscle that surrounds each
hair follicle
 contracts and hair stands on end
(goose bumps)

SEBACEOUS GLANDS:
 connected to hair follicle
 sebum: oily substance that
lubricates hair and
 skin to prevent drying
ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS:
 all over body and open into
sweat pores
 water and salt secretions
APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS:
 open into hair follicle
 only in armpits and genitalia
 thick, rich secretions
 become active during
puberty and cause body
odor

What are NAILS?
 thin plate with layers of dead
stratum corneum cells with hard
keratin

NAIL STRUCTURE
1
...
NAIL ROOT: covered by skin
3
...
NAIL MATRIX: continuation of nail root;
gives rises to most of nail
5
...
LUNULA: part of nail matrix; whitish,
crescent shaped area; base of nail

1
...
Precursor is carried by blood to liver
where it is modified
3
...

 Vitamin D stimulates intestine to absorb
calcium and phosphate (bone growth
and muscle function)

 Body temp
...
6oC
 Rate of chemical reactions (metabolism)
is altered by changes in temp

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