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Musculoskeletal system
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The Axial Skeleton
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
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Skull
Ribs and sternum
Vertebral column

Functions of the skull:
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Houses the special sense organs
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Attachment for the hyoid apparatus, muscles of mastication and expression
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Provides a cavity for air to enter the body
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The bones form a single rigid structure
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The skull is penetrated by foramina for nerves and blood vessels to enter and
leave the skull
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Nasal Turbinates, Ethmoturbinates or Conchae; Scrolls of bone that fill each
nasal chamber
Covered in ciliated mucus epithelium
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Each mandible has a horizontal ramus and a vertical ramus
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The coronoid process projects from the vertical ramus

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The temporalis muscle attaches here
It contracts to close the jaw
The depression on the lateral surface of the vertical ramus is called the
masseteric fossa
This is where the masseter muscle lies which also closes the jaw
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A pair of ribs for each thoracic vertebra
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Each rib has a bony dorsal part which articulates with the vertebra, and a
cartilaginous ventral part called the costal cartilage
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Made up of 8 sternebrae
Articulate with each other through intersternebral cartilages
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Manubrium most cranial sternebra , which forms part of the thoracic inlet
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Vertebral Column:
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Runs from the base of the skull to the tail tip
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Functions; protect the spinal cord, Enable movement and posture, Provide
attachment for muscles
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This enables the bodies
to fit together and provide a flexible column
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This varies in size from one area of the vertebral column to
another
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These project laterally and size and shape varies
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It articulates with the occipital condyles
of the skull in a synovial joint
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It
does not have a body or spinous process
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C2 – Axis; The second cervical vertebra
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The dens odontoid process is a projection
of bone on the cranial aspect which articulates with the atlas
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C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 - The remaining cervical vertebrae; They get smaller
towards the junction with the thoracic vertebrae
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Tall spinous processes that gradually decrease in height
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Sacral Vertebrae:
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Fused to form the sacrum in the adult
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Coccygeal Vertebrae:
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Vary in shape and number
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Progressively smaller and less complex
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Fibro cartilaginous ‘shock absorbers’
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Nucleolus pulposus – inner gelatinous core material
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Slipped disc:
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The annulus fibrous ruptures and the pulpy centre protrudes outward
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Symptoms ranging from pain to paralysis due to the loss of motor function
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Attachment is by muscles
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What are the Bones of the Forelimb?
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Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpus
Metacarpus
Digits

The Pelvis and Hind limb:
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The pelvic limb forms a joint with the pelvis
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What are the Bones of the Hind limb?
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Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Fabellae
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsus
Metatarsus
Digits

Pelvis:
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Consists of two hip bones or ossa coxarum
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They join with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
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Ileum is the largest bone
It has a cranial expansion - the iliac wing
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Pubis is the smallest bone and forms the pelvic floor
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g
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The sclerotic ring:
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Splanchnic bones that form a ring around the eye of birds, lizards and other
vertebrates, except for mammals and crocodilians
Provides strength to the large eyeball
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Modern-day nocturnal animals tend to have wide sclerotic rings with a very
large aperture in the middle relative to eye size
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The sclera, the outermost layer, is reinforced by eleven to sixteen small bones
forming the sclerotic ring in avians
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Joints or arthrosis are vital for skeletal movement
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g
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Contain joint capsules
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E
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elbow, hip, shoulder
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The shoulder:
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The humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula in a ball and
socket joint
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The hip:
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Articulation is between the head of the femur and the acetabulum in a ball and
socket joint
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The elbow:
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A hinge joint between the condyle of the humerus, the head of the radius and
the trochlear notch of the ulna
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The stifle:
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A complex hinge joint connecting the femur, tibia, fibula and patella
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Four ligaments strengthen the joint
Lateral and medial collateral ligaments prevent lateral movement
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Movement - flexion and extension only

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