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Definitions and statements:
Prokaryotic cells: bacteria cell
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Cell: the basic unit of an organism it comprises of a jellylike material surrounded by
cell L
Cytoplasm: cytoplasm refers to the jellylike material with organelles in it
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Two types are ER: rough RER and smooth SER
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What are ribosomes made out of? RNA and protein
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What is the Golgi apparatus? A series of flattened layers of plate like membranes
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How many mitochondria may cell contain? 1,000
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Where is most of ATP produced? In the inner mitochondrial membrane
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What does this do? Instructs cells to perform functions
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And it is the
site of RNA manufacture
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What chloroplasts made like? Mitochondria
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What is the rigid cell wall made of implants? Cellulose fibres and
polysaccharides
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What is RNA? A single strand of DNA
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Gene deletion: whole genes are missing from the codes which results in missing
amino acids
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Duplication: whole genes are replicated
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Translocation: parts of two chromosomes break off and swap places with each
other
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Insertion: extra base pairs inserted into a new place in the DNA
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Any type of mutation could be a missed sense mutation
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How do mutations occur? DNA fails to replicate properly, most mutations occur
this way
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Phenetic classification: organisms that look the same were considered to be the
same or closely related
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Taxa or Taxon: is a named unit of classification based on mutual similarities all
related
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Cellular respiration: this is the release of energy from digestive food sources and
conversion into chemical energy use by body cells
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What other two forms of cellular respiration? Aerobic and anaerobic
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The word
equation for this is (glucose + oxygen to carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
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The second stage of the Krebs cycle; the formation of electron
carriers and CO2
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place? The matrix of the mitochondrion
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Matrix: the site oxidation of organic molecules
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One new molecule of glucose is
broken down into two molecules pyruvate yielding ATP
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Pyruvic acid is then
further converted
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This can only occur during glycolysis
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This allows glycolysis to
continue to produce ATP for a short interval
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This is known as glycogenesis
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Population genetics: this is the study of the allele frequency distribution and
change under the influence of four revolutionary forces
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Carrying capacity: the maximum number of individuals that can survive in a habitat
favourable time of year
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Environmental stochasticity: birth and death rate affecting the population as a
whole
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Demographic stochasticity: the variable in population growth rate arising from
random differences among individuals in survival and reproduction with the season
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Creates can be lost from population dependent upon the effective
population size
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Can allow for the
revolution of new traits in populations with the reduced genetic make up
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Locus: the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome
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Uniformitarianism: the assumption that the natural processes operating in the past
the same as those that can be observed operating in the present
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Phyletic gradualism: gradual formation of a new species
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Saltation: the significant change in one generation to call a major difference
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Allopatric speciation: the population is split and the isolated populations diverged
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Parapatric speciation: reduced gene flow between extremes of a population
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Co-evolution: species appear to have evolved alongside each other
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Diverging evolution: occurs when two or more biological characteristics have a
common evolutionary origin but have diverged over evolutionary time
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Parallel evolution: all the independent evolution of similar traits starting from a
similar ancestral condition due to similar environments or other evolutionary
pressures
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Genetic drift: where all of one type of individual is killed by chance
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Large-scale ablution: descent of different species from a common ancestor over
many generations
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LUCA: last universal common ancestor
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Every cell is
specialised to perform its function as best as possible
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Not all cells in contact with external environment
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Single celled organisms: large surface area volume
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All cells perform all functions
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Specialised cells: sperm, ovum, rods, cones, adipose tissue, ciliated cells, goblet
cells, muscle, red blood cells, white blood cells and neurons
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