Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Running Head: ASSESSMENT MODELS

1

Assessment Models
Name
Institution
Course
Tutor
Date
Introduction
Several assessment models have been designed to assess learners’ performance
...
These models
are used from time to time, depending on the circumstances and needs and can be used singly
and in combination
...
The paper shall also explain how the learners’ performance on
various items can be assessed within the three assessment models
...
Lastly, the paper shall discuss the models’ relative values for young children with
mild disabilities compared to young children with severe developmental disabilities
...
This model aims to establish if one
achieved a level above, below, or equal to the average performance (study
...
As a
result, the model uses a percentile to rank individuals against one another, along with a preset standard score
...


ASSESSMENT MODELS

2

In education, this model is used to assess learners’ IQ, screen their cognitive development,
and evaluate their academic performance close to them
...
In academics, the normative
assessment model ranks individuals based on who scores more marks than the rest
...
Unlike the normative assessment model, the
focus is on scoring against pre-set criteria and not in comparison with other learners
...
A rubric is one of the tools usually used to estimate the learners’ capabilities
...
For
example, governments have standard exams for all learners at a certain level where the focus
is on how well they respond to the set questions
...
The test pays more attention to individual performance while it does not concern itself
with interpersonal competitions
...
CBA is a form of CRA that connects the
assessment with the teaching programs
...
One of the features that differentiate CBA from other assessment models is that it
provides the teacher with a form of direct assessment where he/she can assess precisely what
they have taught, unlike the CRA, which lets the teacher evaluate learners even on content
that he/she has not taught them
...
The test is focused more on the individual’s capabilities than on their
interpersonal competition
...
One of the
similarities is that they can all be used to assess all levels of learning from kindergarten to
higher education
...

Differences
The three assessment models have several differences that set each one of them
separate from the other
...
The
normative assessment uses the technique of comparing performance against others in a given
group
...

Meanwhile, the approach used in the Criterion-referenced Assessment (CRA) is such that
individuals are assessed based on a standard, with less focus on who performs better than the
other
...
On
the other hand, the Curriculum-Based Assessment’s approach is that learners are tested based

ASSESSMENT MODELS

4

on what the teacher has taught
...
CBA differs from a normative
assessment on the grounds that CBA does not compare learners but insists on establishing if
the learners have comprehended a concept
...
The normative assessment model has been cited as one of the easiest and least
costly endeavour (study
...
This is because all it requires is to compare individuals
with one another within a small setting and among a few individuals
...
It can be a little more expensive and time-consuming since it
would require testing each of the learners individually while not comparing them with
anyone
...
In most
cases, this is used to assess several learners at the same time, with little focus on whether the
learners acquired similar education under similar conditions and circumstances (University of
Tasmania, 2018)
...

Third, there is a significant difference in their reliability
...
This reliability stems from the
fact that, in most cases, only a few learners can be assessed at a time, reducing the chances of
obtaining erroneous results (study
...
On the other hand, CRA is mainly used on
larger populations, which may render the endeavor erroneous
...
However, the reliability can be compromised if the teacher ceases to be
honest and if he/she assesses the learners subjectively instead of being objective
...

The Link between Assessment and Intervention
Assessment is one of the essential endeavours in determining what to improve as far
as educating learners is concerned
...
Through assessment, the
teachers can obtain accurate, meaningful information and enable the teacher to develop an
objective method for establishing what the learners need
...
Therefore, assessment is closely related to the foundation of the
DBI process, which is also connected to the teacher’s decision-making process of
establishing the best practices for attaining their teaching goals
...

According to Dawson (2018), implementing successful interventions starts with
effectively identifying the main problem associated with the learners
...
However, in the modern approach, the approach is
such that it aims to replace the learners’ behaviour with such behaviour that can facilitate
their acquisition of knowledge
...
With this new approach, it is now easier to tailor
personalized and customized teaching techniques to benefit individual learners and not them
as a whole classroom
...

Assessment performs several purposes in the establishment of the proper intervention
...

Secondly, progress monitoring is important in identifying the learners that are already at risk
for poor education acquisition or behavioural outcomes
...
Lastly,
diagnostic assessment helps the learners in identifying the learners’ specific skill deficits and
behavioural issues
...

Another reason why assessment is essential in the intervention process is that it
creates room for developing hypotheses for solving future challenges for different learners
...
For example, through the assessments, the teacher develops
empirically supported principles on the learners’ behaviours (Dawson, 2018)
...
Consequently, the teacher can rely on these pre-established links
to deal with other learners in future, which facilitates the teaching process to a significant

ASSESSMENT MODELS

7

extent
...
Therefore it is safe to deduce that there is a necessary and undying
relationship between assessment and intervention since the latter depends entirely on the
former
...

Relative value for each model for Young Children with mild disabilities vs
...
For example, by comparing the children, it becomes unfair to compare the two
sets of an individual since it would not be proper to use similar standards to assess the
differences between them (Logsdon, 2020)
...

This, therefore, makes the normative assessment model ineffective in comparing the two sets
of individuals since basically, it compares people on similar standards with little attention
paid to the underlying factors such as their mental well being, which means that some
learners may be considered failures when in fact, they can perform in different areas, better
than others who may do better in other areas
...
This is because the emphasis is not on

ASSESSMENT MODELS

8

comparing them with others in groups
...
Therefore, this model is more valuable to the learners irrespective of
their disabilities severity
...

The criterion Referenced Assessment Model
The Criterion-referenced assessment model plays an essential role in children’s
assessment despite their disabilities’ severity
...
Besides, the people who prepare the tests do prepare
them without prior knowledge of the learners and cannot prepare tests that could
disadvantage any of the students because of their disabilities
...
For example, learners with
severe developmental disabilities would be disadvantaged compared with those who only
have mild disabilities (Dawson, 2018)
...
(2021)
...
Retrieved March 14, 2021,
from National Center on Intensive Intervention and American Institutes for Research:
https://intensiveintervention
...
&text=With%20the%20right%20assessment
%20tools,what%20skills%20to%20focus%20on
...
B
...
E
...
Topics in Early Childhood
Special Education, 0271121420981130
...
, & Guare, R
...
Executive skills in children and adolescents: A practical
guide to assessment and intervention
...


ASSESSMENT MODELS

10

Hojnoski, R
...
, & Missall, K
...
(2020)
...

Khan, B
...
Relationship between assessment and students’ learning
...
aku
...
aku
...
(2020, June 14)
...

Retrieved March 14, 2021, from verywell family:
https://www
...
com/what-are-norm-referenced-tests-2162514
Peterson, K
...
, Peterson, M
...
J
...
Stanford‐Binet Intelligence
Scale
...
com
...
What is a Normative Assessment? - Definition & Purpose
...
com: https://study
...
html
University of Pittsburg
...
Curriculum-Based Assessment (CBA) - Topic 12
...
pitt
...
html#:~:text=Curriculum%2Dbased%20assess
ment%20(CBA)%20is%20an%20evaluation%20process%20that,student%20progress
%20and%20learning%20challenges
University of Tasmania
...
TEACHING AND LEARNING: Criterion Referenced
Assessment
...
utas
...
au:
https://www
...
utas
...
au/assessment/criterion-referencedassessment

ASSESSMENT MODELS

11



---