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INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 After studying this course, you should be able to:
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Define microbiology, pathogen, nonpathogen, and opportunistic pathogen
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Explain the relationship between microorganisms and infectious diseases
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Outline some of the contribution of microbiologist and biologist to microbiology
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Outline Koch’s postulates and cite some circumstances in which they may not apply
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WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY?
 Microbiology course is an advanced biology course
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Why study microbiology?
 Microorganisms play significant roles in our lives
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Some of the organisms that colonize (inhabit)our bodies are known as opportunistic pathogens
or opportunists
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Many microorganisms are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and the waste
products of living organisms
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Some microorganisms are involved in elemental cycles
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Some microorganisms live in the intestinal tracts of animals, where they aid in digestion of food
and produce substances that are of value to the host animals
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Microbes are useful in the field of genetic engineering
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coli is one of the most studied of all microbes, because scientists
have learned how to deal with the composition and working of cells including human cells
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Non-pathogens – microorganisms that do not cause disease
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Prokaryotes – organisms lacking a true nucleus (Archaeans and bacteria)
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Fungi

Allergies, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, intoxications, meningitis, pneumonia, thrush, tinea
(ringworm) infections, yeast vaginitis
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Viruses

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS), bird flu, certain types of cancer,
chickenpox, cold sores (fever blisters), common cold, dengue, diarrhoea,
encephalitis, genital herpes infections, German measles, hantavirus pulmonary
syndrome(HPS), hemorrhagic fevers, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis,
influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, pneumonia, polio, rabies, severe acute
respiratory syndrome(SARS), shingles, smallpox, warts, yellow fever
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Functions:
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Depleting the food supply
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Opportunistic pathogen (opportunists) - they have the potential to cause infections if they gain access
to a part of our anatomy where they do not belong
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Decomposers/saprophytes
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microorganisms involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and waste products of living
organism
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Aid in fertilization by returning inorganic nutrients to the soil
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BIOREMEDIATION – are using microorganisms capable of decomposing industrial wastes (oil spills) and
genetically engineered microbes use to clean up after ourselves
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Nitrogen Cycle

Food Chain Cycles
 Algae and bacteria serves as food for tiny animals
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 Plankton - microscopic organisms in the ocean, serve as the starting point of many food chains
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 Zooplankton – tiny marine animals

Microorganisms in the IT of animals
 Aid in the digestion of food
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E
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Escherichia Coli (E
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K and B1- are absorbed and used by human body
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➢ Some microorganisms are essential in various food and beverages industries
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➢ Some bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics that are used to treat patients with infectious
diseases
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➢ Microbes are essential in the fields of genetic engineering:
➢ Produce variety of substances such as insulin and growth hormones, interferon and materials
use as vaccines
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 Microbial Intoxication – results when a person ingests a toxin (poisonous substance) that has
been produced by a microorganisms
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g
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Alcoholic
beverages

Beer, brandy, sake (rice wine), rum, sherry, vodka, whiskey, wine
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Antibiotics

Amphotericin B, cephalosporin, chloramphenicol,, cycloheximide, cyclosenine, kanamycin,
lincomycin, erythromycin, neomycin, nystatin, streptomycin, tetracycline
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How to Limit the Spread of Pathogens
Sterile – free from living organisms and especially pathogenic
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Aseptic - free from pathogenic microorganisms
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g
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5 billion years ago
 The first 800 million to 1 billion years of earth’s existence – no life on this planet
 Fossils of primitive microorganisms – found in ancient rock formation- 3
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➢ in 1122BC
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 In addition to the diseases mentioned:
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Rabies

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Anthrax

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Dysentery

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Ergotism

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Botulism

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Measles

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Typhoid fever, diphtheria, and syphilis – 1st appearance in Europe in 1493 and brought to
Portugal by Christopher Columbus

Terminologist
 Tuberculosis – a serious disease that mainly affect the lungs
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 Parasitic – relating to or being a parasites organisms
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 Schistosomes – any genus of (schistoma) of elongated trematoe worms with the sexes separate
that parasitize the blood vessels of birds and mammals and cause a destructive human
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(contagious or infectious epidemic
disease that is virulent and devastating)
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 Rabies – a very serious and often fatal disease that affects animals(such as dogs) and that can be
passed on to people if an infected animal bites them
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 Dysentery - a disease characterized by severe diarrhoea with passage of mucus and blood and
usually caused by infection
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 Botulism – an acute food poisoning that caused by botulism toxin produced in food by a
bacterial clostridium (clostridium botulinum) and is characterized by muscle weakness and
paralysis, destructive vision, swallowing, and speech, and a high mortality rate
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 Typhoid fever – a communicable disease marked especially by fever, diarrhoea, prostration,
headache , and intestinal inflammation and caused by a bacterium (Salmonella typhi)

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