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ANATOMY TERMINOLOGY
I
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Study of anatomy can be subdivided according to the size of the parts studied
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Microscopic anatomy, or histology - uses the microscope to magnify tissues and cells
of the body

2
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Histology is studied systemically, i
...
by organ system (i
...
digestive system, nervous
system)
C
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Upper extremity region

2
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Head and neck region

4
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Abdomen region

6
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Lower extremity region

II
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Basis for terminology
1
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Although only one term is official (Terminologia Anatomica), often there is more
than one term for a structure

3
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e
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Terms of position and direction
1
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Planes - imaginary sections through the body in various directions
a] median - vertically directed plane from front to back, through the sternum
and vertebral spines; it splits the body into right and left halves
b] frontal, or coronal - vertical planes which intersect the median plane at right
angles; they divide the body into front and back parts

Updated 03/2013

c]

horizontal, or transverse - planes passing through the body at right angles to
both the median and coronal planes; they divide the body into upper and
lower portions
d] sagittal - vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median
plane, but not passing through the midline; they divide the body into right
and left portions

3
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Skeleton
A
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Functions
a] protection - skull and vertebral column protect the brain and spinal cord; ribs
protect thoracic and upper abdominal organs
b] support - provides support and erect posture
c] movement - provides attachment for muscles; allows erect posture
d] storage site for calcium (Ca++)
e] houses blood forming cells

2
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Named markings
a] lines, ridges, or crests
b] rounded elevations
1] tuberosity; trochanter - large, rounded
2] tubercle - small
3] protuberance - swelling
4] malleolus - mallet-like
c] spines or processes - sharp elevations

Updated 03/2013

d]
e]
f]
g]
h]
i]

fossae, notches, grooves - depressions along bones
foramina - holes in bones
canals - tunnels in bones
meatuses - canals which do not go clear through a bone
heads; condyles - articular ends of bone
epicondyles - elevations just proximal to condyles

B
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Fibrous - a joint united by fibrous connective tissue
a] sutures - bones of the skull; allows little or no movement
1] serrate - interlocking edges
2] squamous - overlapping edges
3] synostosis = complete fusion of the bones across suture lines
b] syndesmosis - apposed bones joined together by abundant fibrous tissue
1] inferior tibiofibular joint
2] tympanostapedial joint of middle ear
3] interosseous membrane
• radioulnar
• tibiofibular (middle)
c] gomphoses - between teeth and bony sockets

2
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Synovial - the most common type of joint, it has four characteristics:
• a joint cavity
• joint surfaces lined with articular cartilage
• joint cavity lined by synovial membrane
• joint space is covered by an articular capsule
a] plane (gliding or sliding) - capable of movement in any direction, but
generally within a single plane (uniaxial); joint surfaces are almost flat
1] articular joints of the vertebrae
2] carpal, tarsal, carpometacarpal (except 1st), tarsometatarsal joints
3] acromioclavicular joint
b] hinge - permit movement in only one plane (two directions), flexion and
extension
1] elbow (humeroulnar) joint
2] interphalangeal joints

Updated 03/2013

c]

condyloid - similar to hinge joints, but ellipsoidal shaped joint surfaces
permit more movement, generally in two planes, at right angles to each other
(biaxial)
1] knee joint
2] wrist (radiocarpal) joint
3] metacarpophalangeal joints
d] pivot - permit movement in only one direction, but around a longitudinal
axis related to the bone
1] radioulnar joint
2] atlantoaxial joint
e] saddle - articular surfaces are concavoconvex in shape and movements are in
two planes (biaxial)
1] first carpometacarpal joint (of the thumb)
2] sternoclavicular joint
f] ball and socket - one bone has a rounded convex head and the other has a
concave socket; it permits movement in any direction; the freest of the
synovial joints
1] hip
2] shoulder

C
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Ligaments - Bands or sheets of fibrous connective tissue connecting two structures,
generally bones
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joint cartilages - additions to synovial joints
a] articular discs - fibrous cartilage pads which subdivide a joint cavity; they
provide added cushion to the joint action
b] meniscus and labrum - rims of fibrous cartilage, for molding or increasing
the size of the joint surface

D
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In the skeleton cartilage serves as:
1
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A bridge between adjacent bones

3
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Skeletal Muscles
A
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The strength of a muscle is directly proportional to its cross sectional area
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Parallel, or nearly parallel (fan shaped) - muscle fibers run parallel or nearly parallel
to each other and to the length of the muscle; this gives the greatest degree of
movement

2
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Muscle names - muscles are named for the following:
a] shape or geometry
b] action
c] attachment(s)
d] location
C
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Role in motion - one muscle may have more than one role, depending on the motion
a] prime mover - a single (generally) muscle which is mostly responsible for a
particular action
b] antagonist - a muscle which produces the opposite action
c] synergist - a muscle which assists the prime mover; it assists in the desired
movement or prevents undesired movement
d] fixator - a muscle which stabilizes a joint so other muscles can act more
efficiently

2
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Central Nervous System - A collection of neurons and fiber tracts which collects, interprets,
relays and initiates response activity
...
Peripheral Nervous System - conduits for information to and from tissues and organs of the
body and the central nervous system; may be sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), or both
A
...
Spinal nerves - 31 pairs of nerves supplying those areas not supplied by cranial nerves
1
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Plexus - intermingling of nerve fibers from different areas or spinal levels
a] spinal nerve - a plexus of ventral primary rami from different levels
1] cervical - C1-C4
2] brachial - C5-T1
3] lumbar - L1-L4
4] sacral - L4-S4
• Remember: there may be variation in contributions to spinal
plexuses
...
Ganglia - collections of neuron cell bodies outside the Central Nervous System (CNS)
1
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autonomic - contain postganglionic neuron cell bodies, do have synapses with
preganglionic neuron fibers

D
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Characteristics
a] regulates all visceral structures
b] is automatic - involuntary
c] is, by definition, motor, or efferent - even though it is now known that the
autonomic nerves carry afferent (sensory) fibers - accounts for visceral pain
d] consists of two neurons (is two neurons long)
1] preganglionic - located within the CNS
2] postganglionic - located in autonomic ganglia
e] consists of two antagonistic parts which generally innervate the same
visceral organs
1] sympathetic
2] parasympathetic

2
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Parasympathetic nervous system
a] craniosacral - outflow is via cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord
1] cranial nerves numbered 3, 7, 9 and 10
2] sacral spinal nerves S2-S4

Updated 03/2013

b] preganglionic neurons - cell bodies are located in special ganglia in the brain
stem and in the sacral spinal cord
c] ganglia - contain the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
1] special - four in number, synapsing with preganglionic fibers from
cranial nerves 3, 7 and 9, but all hang off of CN #5
2] intrinsic - in the walls of the organs innervated, associated with cranial
nerve 10 and S2-S4
d] postganglionic nerve fibers - from the 2nd neuron cell bodies after synapse,
they innervate effector organs
e] preganglionic fibers are long and postganglionic fibers are very short
f] functions - to preserve the body as a vegetative organ
1] decreases heart rate
2] increases peristalsis
3] constricts pupil and accommodates the eye
4] empties the bladder and rectum
5] stimulates salivary and lacrimal glands
6] stimulus is discrete, localized and short-lived; one preganglionic neuron
will effect as few as two postganglionic neurons
VII
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Arteries - blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart
1
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Muscular arteries - these are the distribution vessels; their walls consist
predominantly of circular smooth muscle

3
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Capillaries - the exchange vessels of the circulatory system, they consist of endothelium
and a basal lamina
C
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Lymphatics - vessels which conduct tissue fluid back into the blood vascular system
1
...
Lymph nodes - collections of lymphocyte producing tissues situated along lymph
vessels at strategic sites; they filter lymph and dump lymphocytes into it to fight
infection
Updated 03/2013



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