Notesale: Turn your study into money

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9/27/2021

Course Outline
WEEK

EBT 2202: ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT
AND CLIMATE CHANGE
JOAN J
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ac
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Energy
Act 2019, National Climate Change Action Plan
Concepts of sustainability and carbon foot printing, Life Cycle analysis,

9
10

13

Practical 3
Biofuels , carbon capture & reuse, waste to energy technologies
Sectors mitigation options- transition trajectories, transportation
technologies and infrastructure, green buildings
CAT 3

14

Energy management

11-12

Definition of terms
INTRODUCTION

Relationship between Energy and The environment

Energy
 The ability to be active, the physical or mental strength that
allows you to do things, natural enthusiasm and effort, usable
power that comes from heat, electricity et cetera
...

Climate change
 A long-term change in the average weather patterns that have
come to define Earth's local, regional and global climates
...

 Human activities that cause climate change?

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Relationship between Energy and The environment
Laws of thermodynamics
• 0th Law – “ the common sense law”
• 1st law- Law of conservation of energy
• 2nd Law –Entropy
• 3rd Law – quantifies entropy at absolute zero

Primary and Secondary Energy
Commodities
 Primary Energy

Commodities–extracted or captured
directly from natural resources e
...
coal, crude oil, natural gas,
hydro, nuclear, geothermal, solar, wind, tide, wave, biomass and
wastes
...
g
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Electricity and Heat as Primary and Secondary
Energy

Relationship between Fuel and Energy
 A Fuel is any substance that is converted via a chemical or nuclear

reaction to release heat
...

Energy as a commodity
 Because of the global need for energy, combined with the ability to
store and utilize it in many forms, energy is marketed as a
commodity and traded internationally at more or less well
established prices
...


 How is energy used?
 industrial (manufacturing, material production,

agriculture, resource recovery),
 transportation(cars, trucks, trains, airplanes, pipelines

and ships),
 commercial (services), and
 residential(homes)
...
This use of energy now constitutes 40% of the
total energy use worldwide
...

 Secondary Electricity is derived from nuclear fission heat,

geothermal heat, solar-thermal heat and heat from combustion
of primary fuels such as coal, biomass, natural gas, wastes et
cetera
...

 Secondary Heat is derived from nuclear fission heat, heat
from combustion of primary fuels such as coal, biomass, natural
gas, wastes et cetera
...
6 billion people without access to electricity or other

forms of “clean” energy
 Energy related security challenges including
 Uneven distribution of resources

A non- renewable resource is a natural resource that
cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its
consumption
 Examples



A renewable resource is one that is naturally replenishing
and is not easily exhausted
...

 The enthalpy is transferred by convection and radiation to a
working fluid (usually water/steam)
 Enthalpy of working fluid is converted to mechanical energy in a
turbine
 Finally, mechanical energy in the turbine shaft is converted to
electrical energy in a generator

 Major components of fossil fuel power plants
1
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3
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5
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Fuel storage and preparation –pulverization of coal, for oilstorage in large tanks, natural gas is delivered by pipeline
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Two
types f turbines Impulse and Reaction Turbine
...

Condensor –condenses steam from the turbine into water for
recycling into the boiler

Schematic of a coal Fired Power Plant

Cooling tower – Cools water from the condensor to avoid
thermal pollution of water sources
9
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Converts mechanical
energy from the turbine into electrical energy
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Coal Fired Power Plant

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Nuclear Fission
 Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a nucleus into two
nuclei with smaller masses
...


Chain Reaction
 A chain reaction is an ongoing series of fission reactions
...

 On earth, nuclear fission reactions take place in nuclear
reactors, which use controlled chain reactions to generate
electricity

Fission cont
...

 Products of fission reaction usually include two or three
individual neutrons, the total mass of the product is somewhat
less than the mass of Uranium-235
...

 Uncontrolled chain reactions

take place during the
explosion of an atomic bomb
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 The products are intensely
radioactive and must be treated
and/or stored
...

 Nuclear fusion reactions are also called thermonuclear
reactions
...


Nuclear Fusion cont
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 Nuclear fusion produces less

 Our sun is a good example of a

nuclear waste than nuclear
fission and the materials are
easier to obtain
...

 It is almost impossible to create
fusion reactions on earth since
they need temperatures above one
million degrees Celsius in order to
take place
...

 Uranium ore is enriched and formed into fuel pellets
...

 Control rods, made of a neutron-absorbing material, are placed

amongst the fuel rods
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 Both reactor vessel and steam

generator are housed in a special
containment building preventing
radiation from escaping, and
providing extra security in case
of accidents
...


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 One big advantage to nuclear power is that, under normal

conditions, it does not release any air pollution, only steam
...


• Solar energy is presently being used on a small scale for

homes, but it has the potential to be used for much larger
applications
...


Nuclear power plant disaster

Major Uses of Solar Energy

Major Uses of Solar Energy

 Daylight- Using skylights, tube lights, and large windows on

 Space Heating - Passive solar design involves using specific

the sunward side of a building help maximize the amount of
light reaching the interior of a building and reduce the need
for artificial lights
...


shapes, angles, and building materials to maximize the
amount of solar energy allowed into the interior of a building
during cold months
...
Inside the boxes are
dark colored metal plates that absorb heat
...
These systems are particularly useful for providing
hot water to households
...

 Like solar power, harnessing the wind is highly dependent

•
•

upon weather and location
...

 A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan
 The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft,
 Which connects to a generator and makes electricity
...
This in turn generates electricity
...


How is Geothermal Energy Generated?
 Temperatures hotter than the sun’s surface are continuously

produced inside the earth by a slow decay of radioactive
particles
 The most common method that scientists use to find
geothermal reservoirs is drilling a deep well and testing the
temperature deep underground
...

 Earth’s kinetic energy is converted into electricity
...

 Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well
as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases
...


Bioalcohol
 Bioethanol is ethanol fuel (ethyl alcohol, the same stuff we drink)

made from plant matter (as with most ethanol)
...


 It can be used as a fuel similar to gasoline, but is commonly used as

a gasoline additive to minimize emissions
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Biogas
 Biogas

production using anaerobic
(oxygen free) digestion is a biological
treatment process to reduce odor,
produce energy and improve the
storage and handling characteristics of
manure
...
It is safe, biodegradable,
and produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel
...
Bio-diesel can be used alone, or blended with petro diesel
...


 A biogas production system must be

specially designed and requires regular
attention by someone familiar with the
needs and operation of the digester
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fall of tides
...

 Tidal barrages
 Tidal current turbines
 Ideal sites are located at narrow channels and experience high
variation in high and low tides
...

•When a landmass is at 90 ͦ to the
earth-moon system, the water
around it is at low tide
...


• Spring and Neap tides depend on

the orientation of the sun, moon, and
the earth
...
This occurs whether they are
either on same or opposite side
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• Flood Currents: currents moving in

the direction of the coast
...

• consist of turbines, sluice gates, embankments, and ship locks
...

 Operate during flood and ebb tides
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These three parts are mounted
onto a support structure
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0 TW…
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if a new nuclear power plant was built and

commissioned every two days for the next 45 years
 Wind: 2
...
1 m/s at 10m above ground

The End

 Biomass: 7 – 10TW …if the entire arable land mass is used to grow

crops for energy , not for food
 Solar: 120,000TW of radiant energy is intercepted by the earth, this

is 10,000 times the energy that is actually used but it is dispersed and
intermittent
 Geothermal: 500,000 TW…if technologically and economically
feasible

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