Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Practical Research 2

Lesson 1
Nature & Inquiry of Research
Research is a middle French recherché means the act of
searching closely
...
) Objective (based on facts)
2
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) Real and Unbiased
- We cannot ask the respondents to expand
their answers like how and why

- Everything should be quantifiable
- Don’t manipulate the results
4
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) Replicable (the studies of other researchers)
6
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) Large number of respondents (noise, crowd)
2
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) Contextual factors usually ignored
- Do not require follow-up questions
- Researchers opinion matters
4
...
) Researchers must look out for respondents who are
just guessing in answering (it become questionable)

Lesson 2
Defining Variables
Concept is a general collection of characteristics (age;
sex; height; weight; attitude; pollution; education)
Constructs is a mental abstraction, there is an image in
our minds, has specification & classification (Age: young,
old)
Variable is the characteristic, attribute that can be
measured (Creswell; 2002) or the focus of a research
paper

PRIMARY METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA
Quantitative
Numerical
Close ended questions

Qualitative
Non-quantifiable
Open ended questions

Researchers in quantitative count behaviors (Allen,
Titsworth, Hund; 2009) means attempt to count multiple
variables at the same time

Types of Variables
1
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Nominal dichotomous – 2 choices (M/F;
married/single, Eye color, # of football
player)
b
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) Ordinal (Rank)
- Expressed in sequence, skip counting,
highest-lowest, least-greatest, egg size

Kinds of Quantitative Research Design

3
...
Involves manipulation or control of the
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (causes) and measurement of
the DEPENDENT VARIABLES (effects)

4
...


Quantitative Data
RATIO
Difference between
measurements, zero exists

INTERVAL
Difference between
measurements, no zero
Range, time

It involves two groups of subjects: the experimental
group and the control group

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Qualitative Data
ORDINAL
Ordered categories
Rankings, order, scaling

NOMINAL
Categories only
No ordering or direction

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
1
...
It is a bias-free selection that ensures the
objectivity of results
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Randomly assigned to groups
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A pretest is given to both groups
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The experimental group receives the treatment
while the control group does not
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A posttest is given to both groups
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To Continuity)
CONTINUOUS
DISCRETE
measured
countable
Ex
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Time specific, speed of a
car in NLEX
Experimental Variables
INDEPENDENT
INTERVENING
predictor
extraneous
Causes to change
Soil or the ones
not included
manipulated
Experimental
study, Not openly
expressed as a
predictor yet
causes effect on
DV

DEPENDENT
criterion
affected

Posttest Only Controlled Group Design
1
...

2
...

R X 02
3
...

R 02



Solomon Four-Group Design
1
...
Two of the groups (experimental group 1 and
control group 1) are pretested
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The other two groups (experimental group 2 and
control group 2) receive the routine treatment or
no treatment
...
A posttest is given to all four group
...
Quasi means partially, partly, or almost
...
Prone to bias caused by your purposive, rather than
random selection of participants
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

One Shot Case Study
A single group is exposed to an experimental
treatment and observed after the treatment
...


SUMMARY
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
Pretest-Posttest
RO1 X 02
RO1 O2
Posttest

Solomon Four group

DESCRIPTIVE
Involves the collection of data to either test a
hypothesis or describe the variables mentioned in the
study
...

01, 02, 03 pretest
04, O5, 06 posttest
For example, if you want to describe the process of
photosynthesis, you have to observe the occurrence of
the event, write your observations, and integrate
X Othe
data for description
DOH interpret the new cases, death and recoveries
01 X 02
SWS rating for government officials



Correlational
 Determines the level of relation between two
or more quantifiable variables like negative or
positive
 Investigate the direction and magnitude of
relationships among variables in a particular
population
 The correlation between two variables does
not mean that one variable causes the other,
but it can be used to predict their values



Comparative
 States differences or similarities between or
among people, things, objects
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

Causal – Comparative
 Establish cause-effect relationships among the
variables of the study
...
g
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RO1 X 02
RO1 O2
R X 02
R 02

One-shot
One Group Pretest-Posttest

X O
01 X 02

Non-Experimental Design
TIME ORIENTED ex
...

(Came from past that can be seen today like global
warming, climate change, corruption and traditions)



Purpose or Objective

R X 02
R 02

QUASI – EXPERIMENTAL
Time-series design
01, 02, 03 pretest
04, O5, 06 posttest

Cross – Sectional
 The data are collected at a single point in time
 Requires subjects who are at different points,
phases, or stages of an experience
 Data collected from different time periods
...

 Conducted over a longer period of time

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