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Flower Anatomy

D

ID YOU KNOW that the plants most important to

agriculture all produce flowers? Every major
food crop is a flowering plant
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Maybe it is because they are
not as showy as the flowers of horticultural
crops
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Key Terms:

Ñ

anther
bract
calyx
carpel
catkin
complete flower
corolla
corymb
cymes
determinate
dioecious
filament
head

imperfect flower
incomplete flower
indeterminate
inflorescence
monoecious
ovary
panicle
pedicel
peduncle
perfect flower
perianth
petals
pistil

pistillate
pollen
raceme
receptacle
sepals
spadix
spike
stamen
staminate
stigma
style
tepals
umbel

Flowers
Flowers are the most obvious part of many plants
...

In other cases, they are not easily seen
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FLOWER PARTS
Flowers are made of many intricate and important parts
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Male Flower Parts
The male part of the flower is called the stamen
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The anther contains pollen, the grain released by flowers,
which contains the sperm
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Pollen grains
(contain sperm)

Female Flower Parts
The female part of the flower is called the
pistil
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The carpel is composed of a stigma, style, and ovary
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Located below the stigma is
a rod-shaped middle part called the style and a
swollen base (called the ovary) that contains
eggs
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Flowers
that have female parts and no male parts are
called pistillate
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The transfer of pollen to the stigma
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The petals, usually colorful
leaf-like structures, attract animals and insects
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Beneath the petals are green leaf-like structures called
sepals
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Together, the petals and the sepals are called the perianth
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In these cases,
the parts of the perianth are called tepals
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Some plants have modified leaves at the base of a flower or floral inflorescence called a
bract
...
g
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The flower stem is referred to as the pedicel, and the portion of the pedicel that holds the
flower parts is the receptacle
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Not all of them have all of the structures
mentioned previously
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A flower with male and female
parts is called a perfect flower
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Anther
Petal

Filament

Stamen

Stigma
Pistil

Style
Sepal
Ovary

Receptacle
Pedicel

FIGURE 2
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Plants may have flowers that are complete or incomplete
...
If a flower is missing one of those, it is an incomplete flower
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Plants may be classified as monoecious or dioecious
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Corn, cucumbers, and oaks are monecious
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Soybeans, asparagus, kiwi, and hemp are
examples of dioecious plants
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Monocots have flowers with flower parts in multiples of three, and dicots have flowers with flower parts in multiples of four or five
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Some plants have solitary flowers,
such as the tulip, narcissus, and rose
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The main stem of an inflorescence is known as
the peduncle
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Types of inflorescence can be classified by the sequence of flowering within the flower
cluster
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Some examples of determinate flowers include liatris, kalanchoe, and the African violet
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Indeterminate types of inflorescences are racemes, corymbs, heads,
and umbels
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There a variety of inflorescence types
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The spike and the panicle types of inflorescence
are the most common among monocot plants
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Dichasium
cymes bear terminal flowers on peduncles with a pair of branches that produce lateral flowers
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Monochasium cymes have terminal flowers, and below
it, monochasium cymes have one branch that produces a single lateral flower
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Tomatoes, potatoes, and alstroemerias are cymes
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Raceme

Panicle

Cyme

Spike

Spadix
Corymb

Umbel

Catkin

Head

FIGURE 3
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A spike is an elongated inflorescence with a central axis where sessile flowers are attached
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A raceme is an elongated inflorescence with a central axis where simple pedicels of more
or less equal length are attached
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A panicle is an elongated inflorescence with a central axis where there are branches that
are themselves branched
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A corymb is a short and broad, flat-topped indeterminate inflorescence with a main vertical
axis and pedicels or branches of unequal length
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Yarrow is an
example of a corymb
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A simple
umbel consists of flowers with single pedicels
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Queen Anne’s lace and amaryllis have umbels
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Floriculture crops with a spadix include the calla lily and anthurium
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Catkins are found on willows, alders, oaks, and birch
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Head inflorescences of the
aster family resemble single flowers
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Some common plants that have a head inflorescence are
gerbera daisy, chrysanthemum, sunflower, marigold, dahlia, strawflowers, and cineraria
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The male part of the flower (stamen) consists of a filament and an anther
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The female part of the flower (pistil) is composed of the
stigma, style, and ovary
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Plants may produce flowers that are perfect or imperfect and may have flowers that
are complete or incomplete
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Monocots have flowers with flower parts in multiples of three
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Flowers may be borne solitary, or they may be in flower clusters (inflorescence)
...
Some common inflorescence
types are cyme, spike, raceme, panicle, corymb, umbel, spadix, catkin, and head
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What is the purpose of a flower?
2
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What are complete, incomplete, perfect, and imperfect flowers?
4
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What is an inflorescence?

Expanding Your Knowledge:

L

Obtain flowers from different plants
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Identify the floral parts, and then count the floral parts
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Web Links:

:

The Basics of Flowers
http://www2
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edu/Biology/botf99/flowernew/flowerstructure
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backyardnature
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htm
Flowers
http://extension
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edu/mg/botany/flowers
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biologie
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de/b-online/e02/02d
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