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HUMAN NEUROLOGY

The nervous system is essentially a biological information highway, and it is
responsible for coordinating all biological processes and movement in the body,
as well as receiving and interpreting information via electrical impulses
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The Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Central Nervous System is the part of the nervous system that processes
information received from the peripheral nervous system, and it serves as the
nerve system's nerve center
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It receives and interprets information from the peripheral
nervous system, as well as sending messages to it, whether consciously or
unconsciously
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HUMAN NEUROLOGY

Each neuron has a nucleus located in the cell body, from which outgrowths
known as processes emerge
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This axon can originate in the CNS and extend all the way to the extremities of
the body, thereby acting as a highway for communications to and from the CNS
to these body extremities
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The axon terminals, which 'plug' into a cell where the electrical signal
from a nerve cell to the target cell can be made, are located at the end of these
dendrites
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The Way Nerve Cells Communicate
The "All-Or-None-Law" applies to nerve cell communication because it uses an
on/off signal (similar to a digital signal) to ensure that the message remains
clear and effective during its journey from the CNS to the target cell
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The messages are absolute if the
message is either 1 or 0 (on or off)
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Afferent Neurons, also known as sensory neurons, are specialised to convey
impulses from the peripheral system to the CNS
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HUMAN NEUROLOGY
The Conscious & Unconscious Nervous System
Because it governs our body's basic functions and all conscious thought, the
Central Nervous System is probably the most essential element of the body
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Brain Divisions
The brainstem, cerebellum, and forebrain are the three primary components of
the brain
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The medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons
are all part of it
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This section of the brain was the first to be
discovered in the evolutionary chain, but it has evolved into the two other
components over time and through evolution
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It is largely
concerned with life support and fundamental activities such as movement
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The structure is located beneath the occipital lobe and near the brainstem
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The forebrain is the
most evolved part of the brain, located above the brainstem and cerebellum
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The forebrain's localized areas and functions are detailed in
the following list
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The
hypothalamus has some control on the pituitary gland, which is located next to
it in the brain, as well as sleeping patterns, eating and drinking habits, and
speech
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The Cerebrum - The cerebrum is the largest section of the human brain, and it
is in charge of intelligence and creativity, as well as memory
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The Cerebral Cortex is a portion of the cerebrum that is responsible for
practically all of an intelligent being's higher functions
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This section is
responsible for translating our nervous impulses into quantifiable feelings and
thoughts
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It deals with both voluntary muscle motions and more complex issues
like mind and communication
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The temporal lobes are located in front of the ears and help the ears by
interpreting audio information received from the auditory canal
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In a healthy brain, the above components of the brain operate together
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HUMAN NEUROLOGY
The Central Nervous System

Myelin Sheath
Myelin is a material found in nerve cells that forms the myelin sheath
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Diseases like multiple sclerosis are caused
by a loss of this myelin layer, which causes signal transmission to be
significantly slower, drastically reducing the nervous system's efficacy in
patients
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(The peripheral nervous system is the
nervous system that exists outside of the central nervous system
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Somatic Nervous System
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are separated
by these efferent fibers
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Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system encompasses all involuntary impulses that are
frequently related with vital activities such as breathing, heartbeat, and so on
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The autonomic nervous system performs all of its functions subconsciously
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This information is processed in the CNS,
or brain, which is a highly developed mass of nerve cells
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Because of its exquisite complexity, even minor
damage can have devastating implications
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The
following are some of the causes of brain damage:






Genetics - It's possible that a faulty hereditary gene was passed down to
the offspring, preventing the full development of a healthy brain
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Lack of Blood - A lack of blood to the brain can cause serious difficulties
for the brain's cells
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A stroke is a condition in which there is a blood shortage in
the brain due to a blood clot
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The continuing growth of
these malignant cells causes strain on the brain, which can result in a
blood clot or cause direct brain damage owing to the tumor's pressure
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This can range from an inability to create a sentence in
either voice or writing to an inability to understand speech
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Visual Neglect - When information collected on one half of the brain is
rejected, the sufferer can only use one eye since the part of the brain that
receives visual information from the other eye isn't working properly
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Amnesia - Also known as retrograde amnesia, this type of memory loss
is caused by degeneration or damage to the frontal lobe
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Agnosia – This unusual type of brain damage occurs when sufferers
retain full vision (unlike visual neglect), but are unable to relate their
surroundings in a quantitative way, i
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they are unable to recognize a
familiar surroundings, person, or object due to a malfunction in recalling
past events involving the surrounding, person, or object
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How we, intellectual
beings, come to exist is nothing short of amazing
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As a result, the progeny of our species have used previously gathered (and
written) information to our advantage (which has been considerably accelerated
by changes in the way we communicate)
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As a result of this snowball effect, and as a follow-up to the previous bulleted
statement, we have been able to maintain a growing human population over
time
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Continually attempting to make the most use of what we know
or may learn
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This is what distinguishes our species from others
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Intelligence
Intelligence allows us to use abstract ideas and apply logic to our arguments in
order to justify our actions
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It's crucial to remember the following:



Knowledge is the ability to gather and retain knowledge
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Creativity
Being creative does not necessitate intelligence
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It is thought that creativity is enabled in the right hemisphere of the brain,
whereas technical information is processed in the left
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A variety of factors influence creativity, some of which are listed below:





Motivation - If a person does not want to use their creativity, they will
not do so
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Parental Guidance - Because parents are the most important link in the
learning process from birth to maturity, their learning, as well as their
creativity and intelligence, will rub off on those they teach, as well as the
people with whom you interact
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If someone offered you
a million euros to write a good poem, you may instantaneously feel more
creative!

HUMAN NEUROLOGY
Sleep and Dreams – Neurology

The Falling Asleep Process
Our body and brain work relentlessly to function our bodies during the day
when we are awake, and as a result, they slowly decay at a molecular level
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If you haven't slept in a while, your body's efficiency and effectiveness begin to
deteriorate, and you will begin to feel drowsy as energy becomes scarce
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There is a greater probability of us falling asleep if certain conditions persist,
such as inactivity or relaxing in a warm dry location, because these are the
most conducive settings for us to do so
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The quantity
of adrenaline in our bodies that promotes consciousness drops, but
somatotrophin, which controls tissue regeneration, increases
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The synaptic neuron connections storing recollections from the previous day
are also reinforced, so the more you recognize you accomplished yesterday
when you wake up
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You might have dreamed the same
thing twice, and the second time was only because you remembered the first
dream the day before the second
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Dreams Telling the Future?
Some people believe that dreams can provide them insight into the future
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It's not uncommon for
people to fantasize about winning the lottery
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It could, however, be a sign of intelligence, with the brain evaluating
future possibilities based on knowledge of past experiences
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REM
Rapid eye movement (REM) refers to the period of sleep during which dreams
occur
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In REM, rapid eye movement occurs when the body remains paralysed, as the
name suggests
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The most vivid and profound dreams occur between
REM stages, and drowsy, barely conscious dreams occur during REM stages
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People who are sleep deprived, on the other hand, go into a deeper sleep and
are less likely to notice disturbances
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Sleep Troubles
We require less sleep as we grow older
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



A newborn baby can sleep for up to 60% of the day
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The amount required decreases with age due to the steady degradation of
body parts that are not restored
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HUMAN NEUROLOGY
Psychiatry & Mental Disorders
The Definition of Mad
Many people equate the term "mental disorder" with insanity
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There are a variety of mental illnesses in which the individual is not
clinically mad
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Irrational delusions and
hallucinations are common in psychosis, indicating a disconnection between
the conscious and unconscious minds
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The
sufferer believes that's something' is controlling them and that they have lost
control of themselves in severe cases
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 Depression is a state of mind in which one's beliefs and perceptions are
muddled and unproductive
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If the patient is unable
to do so, worry emerges as a "withdrawal symptom" until they are able to
repeat the practice
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A huge diversity of phobias have been discovered by
psychologists
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Physical Disease
Disorders can impact not only how the brain functions, but pathogens can also
infect the physical components of the brain
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Drugs for Mental Disorders
Many people experience a psychological hurdle when it comes to using
medication to treat their soul,' despite the fact that a large selection of drugs
are now available for those suffering from mental diseases
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Psychotherapy, on the other hand, is an alternative communicative treatment
aimed at helping the patient better understand themselves
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The field of medicine known as medicinal
neurology is very recent
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Human Perception in Action
What do you think you see? Some of you might notice two green faces, while
others might notice a white chalice
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You could notice the alternate photo within the diagram if you
look closely
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The 130,000,000
rods and cones on its surface collect photons of light
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External stimuli would then cause a perception in the brain as a result
of the stimulus
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Modern medicine today understands that eye
information is merely a physiological process that does not process the signals
it receives
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The senses just serve as a conduit for information about a visual stimulus
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Spatial Awareness
Because the environment we live in is three-dimensional, understanding it
requires a three-dimensional approach
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Because of the position of the eyes on the skull, this is conceivable
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The images captured by the eyes are presented upside down on the retina of
each eye
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Illusions
The physiological state of the brain might diverge from the norm and lead to
the onset of a mental disease
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It is, nonetheless, possible to deceive the sensations of a completely
healthy brain
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HUMAN NEUROLOGY
Neurology of Illusions
Illusions can be generated by mental diseases or misreading of sensory data
collected from the external environment, as discussed in the preceding tutorial,
Human Perception
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Visual Illusions
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Ambiguities
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Distortions
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Paradoxes
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Fictions
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Auditory Illusions
The Doppler Effect is one of the most well-known of these, in which a sound
that is close to you has a higher pitch than a sound that is further away
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This is, in fact, a deception
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In the case of a

HUMAN NEUROLOGY
healthy brain, the study of illusions can help determine the criteria by which it
compensates for its own lack of ability
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The possibilities of your brain
being unable to estimate the spatial distance of a fuzzy moving object are
similar to people's inability to type an error-free paper
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Another fascinating fact is that the brain reads the retina every 0
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