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CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology)
CHAPTER-01 THE LIVING WORLD
Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules that expresses itself through
chemical reactions which lead to growth, development, responsiveness, adaptation and
reproduction
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Unique features of living organism:(a) Growth- Living organisms grow in mass and number
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In plants growth continuous throughout life in
their meristemtic area but in animals, growth occurs to a certain age
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Living organisms show internal growth due to
addition of materials and formation of cells inside the body
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(b) Reproduction- It is the formation of new individuals of the similar kind
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It is required for perpetuation of the
population
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In asexual reproduction single parent is involved and
individual is copy of the parent
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In unicellular organism,
growth and reproduction are synonyms
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Therefore, reproduction is not an all-inclusive
characteristic of living organism
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(c) Metabolism- The sum total of all types of chemical reactions occurring in an
individual due to specific interactions amongst different types of molecules in the
interior of cells is called metabolism
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are due to metabolism
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Anabolism includes all the building
up reactions to increase the mass of the organism like photosynthesis
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no nonliving
object show metabolism
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External stimuli may be physical, chemical or biological
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All living organisms prokaryotic
to eukaryotic responds to different kinds of stimuli
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Consciousness therefore, becomes the defining property of
living organisms
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Living organisms are therefore, self-replicating, evolving and self-regulatory interactive
systems capable of responding to external stimuli
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Each different kind of
plant, animal or microorganisms represents a species
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7 – 1
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Out of
which 1
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5 millions are plants
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Identification is the finding of correct name and place and place of an organism in
a system of classification
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This is carried out by
determining similarity with already known organisms
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For plants
scientific names are based on international code of botanical nomenclature
(ICBN) and animals names on international code of zoological nomenclature
(ICZN)
...
Biological nomenclature- It is the universally accepted principles to provide
scientific name to known organisms
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This system of nomenclature was
provided by Carolus Linnaeus
...
Human beings- Home sapience
...
(b) The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second
component denotes the specific epithet
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(d) The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific
epithet starts with small letter
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Classification makes the
study of organisms convenient
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Taxonomic categories
A taxonomic category is a rank or level in the hierarchical classification of organism
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Since the
category is a part of overall taxonomic arrangement, it is called taxonomic category
and all categories together constitute the taxonomic hierarchy
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Mango is a species
indica of genus Mangifera
( Mangifera indica)
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All species of genus presumed to have evolved from a common
ancestor
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Family- It is a taxonomic category which contains one or more related genera
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Family
Solanacaeae contains a number of genera like Solanum, Withania, Datura etc
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Families felidae and
canidae are included in same order carnivore
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The class dicotyledoneae of
flowering plants contains all dicots which are grouped into several orders like roales,
polemoniales, renales etc
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They are formed of one or more class
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Division- It is the highest taxonomic category
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Taxonomic Aids:- Techniques, procedures and stored information that are useful in
identification and classification of organisms are called taxonomic aids
...
The herbarium sheets also carry a label providing information
about date and place of collection, English, local and botanical names, family,
collector’s name etc
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Plants in these gardens are grown for identification purpose and
each plant is labelled indicating its scientific name and family
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Museums- Biological museum is set up in educational institution like colleges and
school for reference purposes
...
Insects are preserved in insect
boxes after collecting, killing and pinning
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Natural habitats are provided as far as possible
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Usually two contrasting characters are used
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Each statement of a key is called lead
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Keys are generally analytical in nature