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BIO 101 Class 2 Notes
 Evolution



o The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code
▪ The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA sequences
▪ Life has a unity and diversity
o The diversity of life can be arranged into 3 domains
▪ Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
 Single celled ??
▪ Archeae are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s extreme environments
 Single celled with no nuclei
▪ Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include
 Single-celled protists and
 Multicellular fungi, animals, and plants
o 1
...
11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: evolution is connected to our everyday lives
▪ Human-caused environmental change are powerful selective forces that
affect the evolution of many species, including
 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
 Pesticide-resistant bacteria
 Endangered species, and
 Increasing rates of extinction
o Technology evolves by the same kinda process, natural
selection by consumers
 New variations don’t come about from climate changes, climate
changes simply bring out already occurring adaptations
Molecules
o Objectives
▪ Explain how a cell can make large molecules from a small set of
molecules
▪ Define polysaccharides and explain their functions
▪ Define lipids, and explain their functions
▪ Describe the chemical structure of proteins and their importance
▪ Describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids and how they relate to
inheritance
▪ Explain how lactose tolerance has evolved in humans

o

o 3
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4 Monosaccharides: simplest carbohydrates
▪ Monosaccharides
 Form rings in aqueous solutions
 Cellular fuels
 Incorporated into other organic molecules
 Ex
...
5 2 monosaccharaides link to form a disaccharide
3
...
8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules
▪ Lipids
 Refer to fats, phospholipids, and steroids
 Water insoluble (hydrophobic) long-term energy storage,
 2x energy as polysaccharide
 Not from monomers
 Major component of cell membranes
o Some vitamins cant dissolve without fats so if you don’t eat
a meal with fats, you can’t dissolve and absorb the vitamins
causing a nutrient deficit
 Unsaturated fatty acids
o Have kinks in the chain causing it to be liquid at room
temperature
o One fewer H atom on each carbon due to a double bond
 Saturated fatty acids
o solid at room temperature
o have maximum number of H atoms
 When unsaturated fats converted to saturated fats by adding
Hydrogen, it creates trans fats
o Trans fats very unhealthy
3
...
10 CONNECTION: Don’t mess with hormones!
3
...
12 A protein’s specific shape determines its function
▪ Proteins grooves are important ????

▪



Denaturation: polypeptide chain unravels, loses its shape, therefore its
function
 Proteins can be denatured by changes in salt concentration, pH, or
by high heat
o 3
...
15 Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
▪ DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid) monomers are nucleotides
 5-carbon sugar:
o (ribose) RNA
o Deoxyribose DNA,
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base
o 3
...
1 Microscopes reveal the cell
▪ Microscopes led, in the 1800s, to the cell theory
 All living things are composed of cells
o Tricky statement, because viruses aren’t, they are simply an
exception to the rule
 All cells come from other cells (Biogenesis)
o Tricky as well, because first cell couldn’t have come from
another cell
o 4
...
2 Cell size relates to materials exchange across plasma membrane
▪ The plasma membrane
 Cell boundary
 Phos?????
o 4
...
4 Eukaryotic cells partitioned into compartments
▪ Structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells perform 4 basic
functions
 1
...
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles,
and peroxisomes
o Manufacture, distribute, and breakdown molecules
 3
...
Structural support, movement, and communication
o Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall
▪ Most oragnelles of animals cells are in plant cells except
 Lysosomes and centrioles not in plants
 Plant but not animal cells
o Cell wall
o Chloroplast
o Central vacuole



POLLEVERYWHERE
o What is it about nucleic acids that makes copying genetic information
straightforward?
▪ The binding of bases to one another is specific
▪



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