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Biology 101: class notes for unit 1 testUnit 1 test:
September 13, 2020
8/23/20 Biology 101
Examples of biology!!!
1
...
2 years later Velcro was
invented!! OBSERVATIONS
2
...
It’s morethan memorization of facts… We want to help you
develop study skills that allow you to master both routine and difficult
concepts
o The assigned readings are meant to provide backgroundmaterial
...

• Multiple brains are usually better than one work w a studygroup!!!
• Harry Crews “I hope you will not do yourself the disserviceof thinking that
you are an empty vessel that is my duty to pour full of knowledge”
• Learning and academic equation:
Intelligence (beyond our control) X Skills X Motivation X Sweat
• These are all under your control
...

• Take notes by hand for memorization
...


Biology 101
8-28-20
Thursday: Characteristics of Life, Evolution
Biology is connected to our lives in many ways: environmental problems and solutions,
genetic engineering, medicine in health
...

-A way to engage with the world
-Science is an ever-changing process
...
Belief- Religions, myths Belief drivendata independent
...
Evidence driven datadependent
...
SensibilityDriven
...

Evolution has to happen, and it happens constantly
...

Example: I wonder what lives under that rock?

Hypothesis based science: scientists attempt to explainobservations by testing
hypotheses
...

Logic- Two forms: induction (general principles) and deduction(specific
instances)
...

-a descriptive generalization
...

(But robin eggs may be different shades and intensities of blue
...

The problem is have we ever seen all robin eggs? We haven’tseen robin eggs of the
future
...

Male robin eggs example: Male robin eggs are more diligent incaring for their kids if
the eggs are a bright shade of blue
...

Consistent with the data
...

Consistent with other tested and supported knowledge andunderstanding
...
Question-Hypothesis
...


Hypothesis allow us to make predictions
...

Controlled experiments are important in scientific inquiry
...

Sample size matters! Always think of sample size when analyzingor reading an
experimental statistic
...

Hypotheses Testing: Not all scientific questions and hypotheses can be addressed by
controlled experiments
...
No more
medical experiments onchimpanzees
...

How do we test hypothesis that can’t be tested by controlledexperiments?
Hypotheses are tested deductively by: controlled experiments, comparative experiments
(natural, fortuitous, or inadvertent andeven regrettable)
New observations Mathematical
modeling
...
We can observe the people who survived and how
they were affected compared to those who weren’t affected at all
...
Scientistsdisprove or fail to disprove (example
hypothesis)
...
The use of the word theory in science should not be
confused with everyday theory…
(textbook chart about scientific theories)
Some scientific theories:
Theory of universal gravitation (Newtonian mechanics)the theory of
atomic structure
Einstein’s theories of relativityQuantum
Theory
“Big Bang Theory”Cell
Theory
Theory of Biological evolution by natural selection
...

Models in Science:
Models are verbal, graphical, or mathematical (or all three) representations or
description of scientific hypotheses or theories about processes in nature
...
Representation/Simplification
...
Make scientific
hypotheses that are testable and falsifiable
...
media and news article
...
Skilled learners think about their own learning
2
...
Skilled learners are process-oriented
4
...

5
...
Life:
Organisms that grow and reproduce
...

Life
o Is the result of natural processes? All evidence suggests this
o It conforms to the same laws of matter and energy that holdin inanimate nature
o At the atomic level, is composed of the same elements asinanimate nature
Are viruses alive?
No, they are not cellular, they have DNA, they reproduce but theyDON’T have
metabolism
...

o A stack of wood shares properties with life, it has cells
...

A way of obtaining, using and transforming matter and energymetabolism
Homeostasis – bunny rabbits’ ears can deflect heat
Reproduce Evolve – evolutionary adaptation
Living organisms represent order maintained in atemporary thermodynamic
disequilibrium
Growth and development (ontogeny)

Central themes in the study of life
A hierarchy of organization with emergent properties at each level
...
The structures
of life have order
...

o Order- life is not a simple joke, there’s patterns that arebeautiful
o Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization
...

o DNA the continuity
o Organisms are open systems that interact continuously withtheir
environments
...

o Diversity and unity are the dual faces of life on Earth
...
An example of unity underlying the
diversity of life: the architecture of eukaryotic cilia
...
Evolution
adaptation example mimicry
...

An astromenor can tell there is life on earth by seeing water, theycould also figure out of
seasons by the changing colors of leaves, they could detect high levels of oxygen
(oxygen is highly reactive), also we send a huge number of electrical signals into
space
...

Exoplanets, planets close to the sun with no water, it’s too hot forlife
...

Chemistry and molecules chapter 2
Element- a substance that can’t be broken down by chemicalreactions
...

An atom is made up of protons and neutrons located in a centralnucleus
...

Isotopes- some atoms have more neutrons and therefore havegreater mass (weigh
more)
Water or not an atom is chemically reactive is determined byunpaired – basic of
chemical bonds
When atoms are very different in electronegativity, the moreelectronegative atom strips
the electron from its partner
...
A regular
organization of
Covalent bonds-electron sharing- the sharing of a pair of valences(outer shell)
electrons by two atoms
...
Key terms: molecule, covalent
bond
...
Why carbon?Carbon are naturally
occurring Carbon 14 and carbon 12 builds

are bodies
...
Carbon can hold 8 electrons on its outer shell, but
it only has 4
...
Carboncan form large molecules of essentially an infinite variety
...

Key concepts: polar covalent, hydrogen bonds
...
Cohesion and adhesion- adhesion h20 attracted to and othermolecules &
cohesion (h20 attracted to other h20): capillary action
...
Ability to stabilize temps
3
...
Solvent
Surface tension- is related to cohesion
...

Water stabilizes temps on earth, both locally and globally, by absorbing and releasing
heat to surrounding air
...
Water is oriented with its
negatives
Water is the universal solvent: for ionic and polarmolecules
...
Skilled learners think about their own learning
7
...
Skilled learners are process-oriented
9
...


10
...
Life:
Organisms that grow and reproduce
...

Life
o Is the result of natural processes? All evidence suggests this
o It conforms to the same laws of matter and energy that holdin inanimate nature
o At the atomic level, is composed of the same elements asinanimate nature
Are viruses alive?
No, they are not cellular, they have DNA, they reproduce but theyDON’T have
metabolism
...

o A stack of wood shares properties with life, it has cells
...

A way of obtaining, using and transforming matter and energyMetabolism
Homeostasis – bunny rabbits’ ears can deflect heat
Reproduce Evolve – evolutionary adaptation
Living organisms represent order maintained in atemporary thermodynamic
disequilibrium
Growth and development (ontogeny)
Central themes in the study of life
A hierarchy of organization with emergent properties at each level
...
The structures
of life have order
...

o Order- life is not a simple joke, there’s patterns that arebeautiful

o Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization
...

DNA the continuity
Organisms are open systems that interact continuously withtheir
environments
...

Diversity and unity are the dual faces of life on Earth
...
An example of unity underlying the
diversity of life: the architecture of eukaryotic cilia
...
Evolution
adaptation example mimicry
...


An astronaut can tell there is life on earth by seeing water, theycould also figure out of
seasons by the changing colors of leaves, they could detect high levels of oxygen
(oxygen is highly reactive), also we send a huge amount of electrical signals into
space
...

Exoplanets, planets close to the sun with no water, it’s too hot forlife
...

Chemistry and molecules chapter 2
Element- a substance that can’t be broken down by chemicalreactions
...

An atom is made up of protons and neutrons located in a centralnucleus
...

Isotopes- some atoms have more neutrons and therefore havegreater mass (weigh
more)
Water or not an atom is chemically reactive is determined byunpaired – basic of
chemical bonds
When atoms are very different in electronegativity, the moreelectronegative atom strips
the electron from its partner
...
A regular
organization of
Covalent bonds-electron sharing- the sharing of a pair of valences(outer shell)
electrons by two atoms
...
Key terms: molecule, covalent
bond
...
Why carbon? Carbon are naturally
occurring Carbon 14 and carbon 12 builds are bodies
...

Carbon can hold 8 electrons on its outer shell, but it only has 4
...
Carboncan form
large molecules of essentially an infinite variety
...
Key concepts: polar covalent, hydrogen bonds
...
(Look for flowing water
up a tree)
Ability to stabilize temps
Expansion on freezing Solvent
Surface tension- is related to cohesion
...

Water stabilizes temps on earth, both locally and globally, by absorbing and releasing
heat to surrounding air
...
Water is oriented with its
negatives
Water is the universal solvent: for ionic and polarmolecules
...
4
...
Life is made of the
same stuff as non-life
Ionic bonds are gained by one atom and lost by the other
...
They’re not very strongthere is just a lot of them
...
Energy storage and
structure
...
It goes straight out without giving us energy
...
Why can cows process it but we can’t?
Cows have 5 stomachs which have bacteria that can process cellulose, without that
bacteria, they wouldn’t be able to processcellulose
...

Coevolution- we have bacteria and so do cows
...

Steroids: estrogen, testosterone and cholesterol
...
Small differences can have substantial functional differences
...

Lipids are non-polar hydrophobic
...
It has a polar head and anon-polar tail
...

Nucleic acids: monomers are nucleotides and consist of a phosphate a sugar and a
nitrogenous base and they are covalently bonded to form chains of DNA
...
Each of the classes of molecules DNA and RNA has4
bases, they share 3 but they differ on one molecule
...

Primary protein structure: sequence of a chain of amino acids
...
SHAPE MATTERS
IN PROTEINS
Information storage and flow in cells: nucleic acids and proteins
...
2 Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm vis nuclear pore
...

Cells: Life is cellular: cells are the fundamental units of life
...

A lipid bilayer separates the water based inside from the waterbased outside
...

Viruses are not cellular, consist of nucleic acid in a protein coat
...

Prions are not cellular
...
All cells derive frompreexisting cells
...

Cells- small things, molecules, atoms
...
001mm
What is an nm? 0
...

Why are cells so small?
Most of life on earth is prokaryotic
Smaller cells have a larger (better) surface area to volume ratio
...
Simply not enough surface area to
Three Domain Taxonomic Hypothesis
Prokaryotes single-celled Eubacteria & Archaebacterial EarliestOrganisms
...

Main difference
What is another important difference between eukaryotes &prokaryotes?
The Three Domains of Life on Earth check PowerPoint andtake notes
...

Look at infographic 3
...

Infographic 3
...
Tenacity- movement of water intoan out of a cell
...
4 part 1

Infographic 3
...
Solutes move across the membrane depending on the solute side and
charge, the relative
An important difference between plant cells and animal cells?Plant cells have cell
walls animals don’t
...

Metaphor of a cell “factory”
Distribution center (Golgi complex) Structure (cytoskeleton) control center (nucleus)
Assembly line (endoplasmic reticulum)Workbenches (ribosomes) powerhouse
(mitochondria) cleaning crew
...
Proteins
function as carta
What is the function?
The endomembrane system “manufacturing and distribution: The endomembrane
system is continuous with the plasma membraneand the nuclear membrane
...
Turns glucose
into proteins
Chloroplasts- the sites of photosynthesis in plants and manyprotists
...


The cytoskeletal system microfilaments, intermediate, microtubules
...

Molecular Machines: Motor proteins pull components of the cytoskeleton past each
other
...


Biology 9-11-20
Study guide: learning objectives, the study guide you createFormat: 40 multiple choice
4(and a bonus) short-answer
...

We also have about 50 billion bacteria cells in us, they are essential to our healthMost of our cells
are eukaryotes
...
3
Did the ancestral eukaryote have a cell wall?No,
most likely not
...

What do mitochondria do- what is their function? Extract energy
from glucose – go over lists of disordersWhat are chloroplasts
derived from?
Aerobic photosynthetic bacteria
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA that’s like bacterial DNA Bacteria has
circular chromosomes and so does chloroplasts and mitochondria
...


Why was the hypothesis of the bacterial orgin of eukaryotic organelles so long inbeing tested??
The endosymbiosis theory bacterium-archaeson- 1
...

3
...
Endosymbiosis both benefit
...

Which of the following is structure characteristic of all bacteria but not alleukaryotes?
Cell Wall… Animal cells don’t have cell walls
...
1 Antibiotic
1
...
Nutrients in the plate support the growth and division of bacterial cells
...
How doesthis kill bacterial cells?
-With a weakend cell wall bacteria in a hypotonic environment swell and burst
...

Why don’t ribosomes

Five basic mechanisms of antibiotic action against bacterial cells:
1
...
Inhibition of protein synthesis (second largest)
3
...
Inhibitiiin of nucleic acid synthesis
5
...

-they could kill our good bacteria (probiotics) and our bad bacteria
...

Antibiotic Resistance:
Superbugs: strains of bacteria that are resistant to most sometimes all antibioticsmaking them
very hard to treat
...
Surgically had to be removed
...


Natural selection- population of mainly susceptible bacteria with some resistantbacteria leading for
the next generation to be antibiotic resistant
...
A few of them are resistant to antibiotics
...
The antibiotic resistant bacteria
noe proliferates without competition
...

The search for new antibiotics:



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