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Title: Practical Research 1
Description: Grade 11 practical research notes and guides for everyone. with activities as well.
Description: Grade 11 practical research notes and guides for everyone. with activities as well.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Q4 – WEEK 1
Name: _____________________________________________________________________________________
Section: ________________________
Date: ______________________
Background Information:
Having established what previous researchers have discovered, documented, and published on the topic of
interest, the next step in conducting a study is gathering and generating new data
...
First is the method
...
The second is methodology
...
The methodology also includes descriptions of any and all theoretical and/or
ideological concepts informing and influencing the course of the study and the researcher's rationale behind adhering
to these concepts
...
(Coletteee,
...
d
...
The methods used to collect and generate data for qualitative
research should be designed to be descriptive, observational, conceptual, and analytical—some of the commonly used
data collection methods individual interviews, group interviews, observations, and surveys
...
However, unlike casual, everyday conversations, interviews must be conducted as rigorously, systematically,
and transparently as possible to ensure the reliability and validity of the information obtained
...
They may be more appropriate in
some cases, such as when the study concerns a continuity issue or shared experience
...
Although surveys and questionnaires are more often used in quantitative research, they may also be designed
to apply to qualitative studies
...
COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS
As stated, the objective of a research design is to ensure that the data collection and generation methods are
geared towards gathering specific information which will help answer the initial inquiry as clearly and fully as possible
...
They might not be able to adequately answer the research problem
...
Then, it must be asserted that there is no single best way to conduct research, nor is there a universally
applicable research design—only general approaches that the researcher will, to varying extents, have to modify and
adjust to best suit their study
...
Phenomenological Design
This design focuses on obtaining descriptions of the subjects' or respondents' lived experiences either in
writing or through interviews
...
(Donalek, 2004)
...
Those feelings and expectations may hinder the researcher from seeing the
experience through the subjects' perspectives
...
Example: What are the experiences of a student who failed in his or her subject?
The researcher may have their own notions regarding this problem due to first-hand or second-hand
experience
...
1
...
3
...
5
...
7
...
It uses unstructured or semi-structured data collection
...
It uses appropriate and systematic data analysis methods or adapts established and credible processes to
suit the study's purposes
...
It uses the first-person perspective
...
"
The researcher identifies the phenomenon not just in themes or categories
...
Historical Design
This design focuses on identifying, locating, evaluating, and synthesizing data or evidence from the past to
confirm or reject a hypothesis
...
A historical study must be unobtrusive, meaning that the research process must not involve any interventions
that will affect the investigation results
...
On the other hand, this non-invasive approach is well-suited for archival purposes
...
When material provides first-hand information, then it is considered a primary source
...
The minutes
of meetings can also be considered primary sources
...
When the
minutes of historical meetings are summarized and transferred to a different medium, they are now considered
secondary sources
...
Any reference being used for historical
research must undergo internal and external criticism
...
Carbon dating helps
determine the age of substances in objects such as paper
...
Motives and possible biases of the author must
be considered
...
It is used to gain insights into a vague or particular problem: provide background data for broader studies, or explain
socio-psychological and socio-cultural processes
...
A case study may be considered quantitative or qualitative research, depending on the purpose of the
research and the approach chosen by the researcher
...
For a case
study to be considered qualitative, the researcher must be interested in abstract ideas and concepts, such as the
meaning of an experience to a subject, rather than generalizing results to others groups of people
...
The data from case studies are evaluated through content analysis
...
Care must be exercised in selecting subjects for case studies
...
The following are characteristics of a case study:
1
...
3
...
5
...
Case studies are time-consuming and may be pretty costly
...
It uses multiple sources of data such as documentation, interviews, observation, and environmental detail
...
It clarifies cases and contexts
...
Grounded Theory Design
Grounded theory is a systematic research approach in which rigorous procedures (such as open coding—
identify, naming, categorizing, and
...
This theory can then be used
to explain, provide a perspective on, or even predict behavior in and of the particular context of the study's subject
...
According to Field and Morse (1985), ''constructs and concepts that are grounded in the data and hypotheses are
tested as they arise from the research
...
In an inductive approach, data collection is conducted first
...
Leininger (1985) asserts that a pre-study of the literature search could lead to
"premature closure," This means that the researcher would go into the research setting expecting to find what is
reported in the literature
...
Purposeful sampling is used
...
Diversity rather than similarity is sought in the people that are sampled
...
Data is gathered in naturalistic settings (field settings)
...
3
...
A process called constant comparison is used in which
data gathered in the course of the study is constantly compared to other data collected in previous studies
...
It presumes that it is possible to discover fundamental patterns in all social life
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
Action Research Design
Action research is a design that involves a cycle of identifying a problem regarding a situation or process
...
Implementing said intervention
and observing and analyzing the results until a sufficient understanding of (or valid solution to) the problem is achieved
...
In action research, the
implementation of solutions occurs as an actual part of the research process
...
d
...
One can say that the participants and the researcher are co-researchers throughout the
entire research study
...
This design may also be used to analyze discrepancies in
the results of individual studies, and its own products have a more enormous potential for generalization to a greater
population
...
A good meta-analysis study is characterized by:
1
...
well-developed reasoning for its selection of studies, including an assessment and acknowledgment of any
bias that may have influenced said selection;
3
...
justification for the techniques used in the analysis of the sample
...
Establishing the purpose
...
Methodological location
...
Scoping
...
What will the study cover? What will it not cover?
What major and sub-variables will you focus on? These details will significantly affect what kind of research design
will best suit your study
...
Nature of the data
...
What kind of data is needed to answer the inquiry? What
sorts of data are relevant and available? How should the data be handled? What research methods will most likely
generate the data needed? Does the study intend to focus on specific, isolated subjects or generalize to a greater
population? Will the study implement or avoid direct intervention in generating and collecting data?
5
...
How big will the data be? What is the intended result of the study? At this stage, the researcher
must be analytical and skeptical
...
Learning Competency with code
Chooses appropriate qualitative research design
...
Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper
...
Action research is a design that involves a cycle of identifying a problem regarding a situation or process
...
Group interviews are conducted with several participants simultaneously
...
3
...
Job interviews are like conversations that are designed to elicit the information that the researcher needs
5
...
Activity 2
...
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper
...
Read the following article and answer the following questions
...
Interview as Parts of Daily Life
by Cesar A
...
We read interviews in the press; we see people interviewed
on television; many of us know of the "celebrity interview
...
An interviewer asks the interviewee questions—a question eliciting an answer (Gubrium & Holstein, 2002)
...
Unlike the interview of the
"popular" media with its rigid question and answer format, the interview in qualitative research comes in many guises,
as can be seen in this issue
...
The interview, as a way to gather information, is of fairly recent origin; there being a time when an interview
as such did not exist
...
The emergence
of the interview only came about when the roles "interviewer" and "interviewee" became formalized
...
It gradually became
commonplace for "strangers" to ask questions of one another to gain knowledge
...
" More recently, David Silverman (1997), seeing the widespread use and
impact of interviews on contemporary life, has suggested that we live in an "interview society" (p
...
Among the
conditions required by an interview society, Silverman sees an informing subjectivity—the evolution of a self as an
object of narration
...
Interpersonally, this is seen in the democratization of the interpretations of one's
experiences; individuals are seen as "significant commentators on their own experience" (Gubrium & Holstein 2002,
p
...
What this means, in part, is that the traditional roles of interviewer and interviewee have become more fluid
...
We see a transformation of the individual through the interview
...
But, given
the widespread use of interviews, have they, the interviews, transformed society? Gubrium and Holstein (2002) rightly
suggest that interviews have prepared us "as both questioners and answerers to produce readily the society of which
we are a part
...
9)
Source: http://www
...
net/index
...
2
...
4
...
Choose one title you have formulated from your previous LAS
...
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper
...
content of the article
...
The writer's
the content of the
writer's insights are clear
thoughts are fairly well The presentation is weak or
article
and well-supported
...
(4-5 pts)
non-existent
...
The writer presents
many complex ideas
...
coherency and/or lacks the
The writer presents some presentation of complex ideas
...
(3-4 pts)
Most of the key points
Key points present in the
Several key points at the heart
present in the article are
article are identified and
of the article are not identified or
summarized adequately
...
summarized poorly
...
(1-2 pts)
clearly
...
(4 pts)
Mechanics
The response reflects
effective control of all
elements of mechanics,
including grammar and
spelling
...
(1pt)
not interfere with meaning
...
Put a checkmark on the blank, which corresponds to how well you learned the lesson
...
I can easily identify different research designs
...
I can identify appropriate research design on my chosen title
3
...
4
...
5
...
Always
Answer Key
Activity 1
1
...
True
3
...
False
5
...
LISING, RN, MAN
SHS Teacher III
BVRHS
Sometimes
Never
References:
Coletteee
...
pdf - METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
METHOD It Is a Technique Which the Researcher Uses to Gather and Generate: Course Hero
...
pdf - METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD It Is a
Technique Which the Researcher Uses to Gather and Generate | Course Hero
...
https://www
...
com/file/55464199/Methodology-and-Designpdf/
...
Practical Research I (for Senior High
School)
...
Cruz, Michelle Berme
...
" Scribd
...
https://www
...
com/presentation/412573837/Methods-and-Design
...
G
...
New
Jersey, USA: Society of Urologic and Associates, 2004
...
A
...
M
...
Nursing Research: The Application of Qualitative Approaches
...
Leininger, M
...
Qualitative Research Methods in Nursing
...
"Research Designs - RE12
...
Accessed October 30, 2020
...
studocu
...
Romeofatima
...
" Scribd
...
https://www
...
com/presentation/335552685/Research-Guidelines
...
Practical Approaches to Clinical Research: A Case Study
...
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Q4 – WEEK 2
Describing Sampling Procedure and Sample
Name: ____________________________________________________________________________________
Section: ________________________
Date: ___________________________
Background Information
In doing qualitative research, only a sample of a population is selected for any given study
...
Qualitative researchers characteristically create sampling choices that intensify understanding of
whatsoever phenomenon (Blackstone, 2017)
...
The researcher can
study the smaller group and produce accurate generalizations about the larger groups
...
Stage 1: Clearly Define Target
Population
The first stage in the sampling
process is to clearly define the target
population
...
Stage 2: Select Sampling Frame
A sampling frame is a list of the actual
cases from which the sample will be
drawn
...
Stage 3: Choose Sampling Technique
Before examining the various types of sampling method, it is worth noting what is meant by sampling, along with
reasons why researchers are likely to select a sample
...
Sampling can be used to make inferences about people or make a generalization
about existing theory
...
In general, sampling techniques can be divided into two types:
1) Probability or random sampling
2) Non- probability or non-random sampling
What is the difference between probability and non -probability sampling?
Suppose you are conducting an original study for your dissertation research
...
Selecting an appropriate sampling method is important
for both quantitative and qualitative studies
...
The first type of sampling is probability sampling, which will
always involve some sort of “random” or “probabilistic” process to select participants
...
In the most basic form of probability sampling (i
...
, a simple
random sample), every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the
study
...
Non-probability sampling, on the other hand, does not involve “random” processes for selecting
participants
...
In many cases, there will be members of the population who have no chance of being
selected
...
SAMPLING METHODS
Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
1
...
Convenience Sampling
2
...
Quota Sampling
3
...
Judgement Sampling
4
...
Snowball Sampling
i
...
One way to undertake random sampling would be to construct a sampling frame first and then use a
random number generation computer program to pick a sample from the sampling frame (Zikmund, 2002)
...
Still, it may represent the most costly
sample in terms of time and energy for a given level of sampling error (Brown, 1947)
...
Simple random sampling
The simple random sample means that every case of the population has an equal probability of inclusion in the
sample
...
2
...
For example, if surveying
a sample of consumers, every fifth consumer may be selected from your sample
...
3
...
A random sample is
taken from each subgroup
...
Subgroups might be based on
company size, gender, or occupation (to name but a few)
...
Its purpose is to ensure that every stratum is
adequately represented (Ackoff, 1953)
...
Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling is where the whole population is divided into clusters or groups
...
Cluster sampling is advantageous for researchers whose subjects are fragmented over large
geographical areas, saving time and money (Davis, 2005)
...
Non-probability Sampling
Non-probability sampling is often associated with case study research design and
qualitative research
...
They are
intended to examine a real-life phenomenon, not to make statistical inferences with the wider
population (Yin, 2003)
...
Still, a clear rationale is needed to include some cases or individuals rather than others
...
Quota sampling
Quota sampling is a non-random sampling technique in which participants are chosen on
the basis of predetermined characteristics so that the total sample will have the same distribution
of characteristics as the wider population (Davis, 2005)
...
Snowball sampling
Snowball sampling is a non-random sampling method that uses a few cases to help
encourage other cases to take part in the study, thereby increasing sample size
...
g
...
3
...
Typically, convenience sampling tends to be a favored sampling technique among
students as it is inexpensive and an easy option compared to other sampling techniques (Ackoff,
1953)
...
For example, using friends or family as part of sample is easier than targeting unknown
individuals
...
Purposive or judgmental sampling
Purposive or judgmental sampling is a strategy in which particular settings persons or
events are selected deliberately in order to provide important information that cannot be obtained
from other choices (Maxwell, 1996)
...
Learning Competency:
•
describe qualitative research designs, sample, and data collection and analysis
procedures
...
Answer the following questions
...
1
...
How many people do you need in your sample?
3
...
TABLE 1: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SOURCE: (MALHOTRA & BIRKS, 2006)
Activity 2
...
PLEASE USE A SEPARATE PAPER TO ANSWER
...
Explain the types of qualitative sampling methodology listed below (not more than 50 words)
...
1
...
3
...
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
Prepared by
Roselle Gil J
...
With many questions, your curiosity about such a subject bombards your mind
...
Obtaining data through these techniques allows you to practice the requisite skills or methods and to follow the correct
procedures in questionnaire interviews, findings and surveys
...
d
...
The role of the researcher is to formulate a way for the variables of
interest to be tested and evaluated such that answers to the research problem can be derived
...
(Rivero, n
...
)
MOST FREQUENTLY USED DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Individual Interviews
Interviews are conversations that are designed to obtain specific kinds of information
...
Life histories are also needed
in this area
...
The interviewer must guide the
respondents to narrate the accounts in sequence
...
This is because some researchers believe that recording responses by hand jeopardizes rapport, reduces
the amount of eye contact, and may disrupt the pace and flow of the interview
...
Unstructured
...
This can be in the form of normal conversations or a
freewheeling exchange of ideas
...
Structured
...
The
interviewer does not ask questions that are not part of the questionnaire but he or she asks the interviewee
to clarify his or her answers
...
Semi-structured
...
Through this process, the
researcher can gather additional data from a respondent that may add depth and significance to the findings
...
Although interviews are often dynamic,
and it is very difficult to get different interviews with different people to follow exactly the same flow
...
Group Interviews
Group interviews are interviews conducted with several respondents simultaneously ideally six to ten people
...
For example, if the study seeks to
examine a communal experience like commuting to school or work, rather than a personal experience, then engaging
respondents via group interview may yield better results
...
It is not uncommon to have two researchers moderating a group
interview—one to facilitate the discussion, and the other to take notes, handle logistics, and the like
...
(John Rey,
n
...
)
Group interviews can be classified into two types:
1
...
g
...
2
...
g
...
Wording of Questions
Interviews are particularly useful for getting the story behind a participant's experiences
...
Interviews may be useful as follow-up to certain respondents to
questionnaires, e
...
, to further investigate their responses
...
Before you start to design your interview questions and process, clearly articulate to yourself what problem or
need is to be addressed using the information to be gathered by the interviews
...
(McNamara, n
...
)
1
...
Respondents should be able to choose their own terms when answering
questions
...
Questions should be as neutral as possible
...
g
...
3
...
4
...
This includes knowing any terms particular to the program or the
respondents' culture
...
Be careful asking "why" questions
...
These questions may also cause respondents to feel defensive, e
...
, that they have to justify
their response, which may inhibit their responses to this and future questions
...
The instrument often used in conjunction with this method is called an
observation checklist or observation guide
...
Observation must be done in a quiet, inconspicuous, and unobtrusive manner to get realistic data
...
The following dimensions should be taken into
consideration: the focus of observation:
Concealment – the condition wherein the subject of observation has no knowledge of what he or she
is being observed;
Duration
Method of recording the observations
There are two types of observation:
1
...
The researcher devices a checklist as a data collection tool wherein expected behaviors of
interest have been specified
...
2
...
This is performed by the researcher as he or she tries to explain events without any
preconceived ideas about what will be observed
...
Advantages of Observation
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
Disadvantages of Observation
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
Surveys or Questionnaires
Perhaps the most widely used tool in research, especially in quantitative research, is surveys, also known as
questionnaires
...
This implies that both a system and an instrument are questionnaires
...
It also has its own drawbacks, however: respondents
may perceive the questions differently and may respond to them in ways that the researcher did not plan
...
(Rivero, n
...
)
The questionnaire can be structured or unstructured
...
It is unstructured if the questions are open-ended—no options are provided
and the respondents are free to answer however they wish
...
Types of Questions
1
...
Items are answerable by a yes or a no
...
Recognition type
...
It contains close-ended questions
...
specify) _____
3
...
The respondents are asked to fill in the blanks with the necessary information
...
Example: As a teacher, after seeing a misbehavior done by a pupil, I will _______________________
4
...
Numbers are assigned to names, choice, and other pertinent data
...
Example: On a scale of one to ten, how will you rate your student's communication skills?
5
...
The respondents are free to give their opinions about an issue of concern
...
Wordings of Questions
Nieswiadomy (2005) provides the following guidelines in formulating questions:
1
...
2
...
3
...
g
...
?” should also be avoided
...
Double-barreled questions, like when asking two questions in one, should not be practiced
...
It must be concise yet able to elicit the needed data
...
Shelley added that a desirable
length of each question is less than 20 words
...
It seeks information which cannot be obtained from other sources like documents available at hand
...
Questions must be arranged in sequence, from the simplest to the most complex
...
It should pass validity and reliability tests
...
It must be easily tabulated and interpreted
...
The following scales are used in research instruments to make respondents' answers uniformly
measurable:
1
...
It is a common scaling technique which consists of several declarative statements that express
a viewpoint on a topic
...
The answers usually come in the form of acronyms, e
...
, SA for Strongly Disagree, A for Agree,
D for Disagree, and SD for Strongly Disagree
...
There would be difficulty in contacting my parents
...
I will be able to concentrate my time in listening to my teachers
...
It would stop cell phone thefts in school
...
Semantic Differential Scale
...
The advantages in using this are that it is flexible and easy to construct
...
Data-gathering Instrument Example 1:
The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Competencies of School Managers: Basis for the Formulation of the
Human Relation Intervention Program (Cristobal, 2003)
The data gathered to answer the specific questions were drawn by sets of questionnaires, documents like the
Performance Appraisal for Secondary Teachers (PAST), division reports, and other school records
...
The first set was for the school managers that were
composed of three parts
...
The second set assessed the awards received by the teachers and students in the national, regional, and district level
...
These are locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, risk-taking, and type "A"
personality
...
The standardized tests presented in the book was improved to fit in the Philippine culture and with the addition of some
items in several related literatures, the assessment checklist was completed then validated
...
The responses used were the following:
5 = Completely True (81% to 100% True)
4 = Generally True (61% to 80% True)
3 = Moderately True (41% to 60% True)
2 = Partly True (21% to 40% True)
1 = Not at all True (0% to 20% True)
Thus, when a respondent indicated his response as "5", this would mean that a particular statement is
observed to be commonly practiced 81% to 100% or believed all the time by the school manager
...
Part B of the third part assessed the interpersonal competency of the school managers which is composed of
5 variables: role in management; learning and training; understanding and motivating teachers; and positive attitudes
and problem solving techniques
...
The guide questions presented in the book with the addition of other items from
other sources were the basis of the items in the checklist; it was then improved and validated
...
The same responses in the assessment of intrapersonal competency were used
...
Whereas, a response of "1" would mean that a
particular statement is 0% to 20% unobserved to be practiced by the school managers
...
Learning Competency with code
plans data collection, data gathering instrument, and analysis procedures (CS_RS11- IVa-c-3)
Exercise:
Activity 1: Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is not correct
...
1
...
3
...
Individual interview involves group opinion
...
A researcher needs to know the correct tool and instruments to use in conducting a research
...
One of the advantages of interview is to undergo training
...
Write your answer on a separate sheep of paper
...
These are interviews conducted with several respondents simultaneously ideally six to ten people
...
These are quantitative in nature, and make use of ratings or numerical rankings
...
It is a common scaling technique which consists of several declarative statements that express a viewpoint on
a topic
...
These are conversations that are designed to obtain specific kinds of information
5
...
6
...
7
...
8
...
9
...
10
...
Activity 3: Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper and complete the table by providing the required
information
Data Collection Method
1
...
Group Interview
3
...
Questionnaire
Tool Used
Other important Information (write at least two)
Activity 4: Assuming you are working in a TV Station and you are tasked to interview our President, His Excellency
Rodrigo Roa Duterte
...
Write 10 questions you would want to ask to our President
...
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper
...
aligned to the topic
Correct
wordings of
Questions
3
2
4 – 6 questions are
aligned to the topic
1 – 3 questions are
aligned to the topic
All ten (10) questions 7 - 9 questions follow 4 – 6 questions follow the 1 - 3 questions follow the
follow the correct the correct wording of
correct wording of
correct wording of
wording of questions
questions
questions
questions
All ten (10) questions 7 - 9 questions are
4 - 6 questions are
1 - 3 questions are
are grammatically grammatically correct
Grammar and
grammatically correct and grammatically correct and
correct and have
Spelling
and have correct
have correct spelling
have correct spelling
correct spelling
spelling
Answer Key
Activity 1
1
...
3
...
5
...
SALINAS
SHS Teacher III
BVRHS
References:
Cristobal, Amadeo Pangilinan, and Maura Consolacion Dela Cruz Cristobal
...
Quezon City: C&E Publishing, 2017
...
P
...
" PhD diss
...
Escalante, Ferdinand V
...
" Scribd
...
https://www
...
com/presentation/373549627/OBSERVATION-Finding-Answers-Through-DataCollection
...
"PR NEW
...
Accessed October 31, 2020
...
scribd
...
McNamara, Carter
...
" Free Management Library
...
https://managementhelp
...
htm
...
M
...
New Jersey, USA: Prentica Hall, 2005
...
"Data Collection
...
Accessed October 31, 2020
...
scribd
...
Shelley, S
...
Research Methods in Nursing and Health
...
"UNIT V
...
" Scribd
...
https://www
...
com/document/392509645/UNIT-V-docx
...
This week, you are set to learn how to present your written research methodology
...
This chapter reflects the procedures
and processes that the researcher followed in completing this study
...
Furthermore, it is used to structure the research, enabling the display as to how major parts of the
research project work together to address the central research questions
...
In doing so, it is best
that the source of the definition of the research design be cited to establish credibility of your work
...
The samples then serve
as the representatives of that group to partake in the study as informants (qualitative study) or
respondents/participants (quantitative)
...
This section discusses the identified informants who will answer questions in the data gathering
procedure
...
Another factor to take into consideration is the number of informants or the sample size which depends on the
research design or the data collection method
...
If you reach saturation prior to assessing ten people, you may
use fewer
...
Interview approximately 30 people
...
In addition, consider the
number of focus groups you need based on “groupings” represented in the
research question
...
Ethnographic surveys
Select a large and representative sample (purposeful or random based on
purpose) with numbers similar to those in a quantitative study
...
Some of the sampling designs that you can choose from are: 1
...
quota
sampling, and 3
...
Choose the sampling design that will best serve the need and nature of the study
...
Methods of Gathering Data
This section explains how the data will be collected
...
There are three common methods of gathering data:
1
...
The only downside of this is that
the interview is subject to interviewer’s biases
...
Indirect or Questionnaire Method consists of all possible questions that answer the problems raised in
the study
...
For qualitative research,
it is wise to do interview method since then need for clarifications may arise and the questionnaire method may not be
able to address that
...
Registration Method or Documentary Analysis uses information that is on file like laws, ordinances,
decrees or lists from various offices
...
are also important sources of primary data (Sicat, 2009)
...
It involves
the preparation of the instruments to be used to gather the data and the process by which they shall be conducted
...
Now that we’re through with the discussion on these newfound concepts, let us test your knowledge!
Learning Competency with code
Presents written research methodology (CS_RS11-IVa-c-4)
Exercises
A
...
Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper
...
This is found on chapter 3 and provides the glue that holds the research project together
...
This refers to the group of people where the samples are taken from
...
This refers to the samples that partake in a qualitative study
...
This discusses the chosen sampling design which explains how the population of the study where selected
5
...
6
...
7
...
8
...
9
...
10
...
B
...
Below is the scoring rubric for your reference
...
Chapter 3
METHODS OF STUDY AND SOURCES OF DATA
-
Research Design
-
Population of the Study
-
Sampling design
-
Methods of Gathering Data
-
Instrumentation
Rubric for scoring Exercise B
Criteria
Appropriaten
ess of the
chosen
methodology
to the nature
of the study
...
Mastery of
the lesson
10
The
methodology
displays
absolute
appropriateness
to the nature of
the study
...
8
The
methodology
displays major
appropriatenes
s to the nature
of the study
4
The
methodology
displays little
appropriatenes
s to the nature
of the study
...
6
The
methodology
displays
moderate
appropriatenes
s to the nature
of the study
...
The ideas are
moderately
coherent and
with plenty of
errors
...
The outline
displays
mastery of the
The outline
displays
mastery of the
The outline
displays
mastery of the
The outline
displays little
mastery of the
The outline
displays very
little-to-no
Score
lesson, free
from errors
...
minimal errors
...
mastery of the
lesson, with
full of errors
...
2014
...
Sixth
...
Cohen, Louis, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrison
...
Research Methods in Education
...
London; New
York: Routledge
...
2014
...
” British
Journal of Midwifery 18 (12)
...
org/10
...
2010
...
12
...
“Qualitative Research: Sampling & Sample Size Considerations”
...
laureate
...
doc
O'Leary, Zina
...
The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project
...
London: SAGE
...
2009
...
First
...
Answer Key
A
...
research design
2
...
informants
4
...
direct or interview method
6
...
registration method or documentary analysis
8
...
10 people
10
...
Answers may vary
...
CALAS
Senior High School Teacher II
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (QUANTITATIVE)
Fourth Quarter: Week 5
DESIGNING RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE
Name: _________________________
Grade Level: ________________
Section: ________________________
Date: ______________________
Background Information:
An exciting part of research is personally meeting the subjects or respondents of the study
and reading their responses through the data-gathering instruments
...
Learning Competency with code
Collects data through observation and interviews
Exercise 1
...
1
...
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
3
...
The
skill of the interviewer is necessary to enable the interviewee to express his or her thoughts
clearly
...
These are narrative self-disclosures about
the Individual, life experiences
...
Data obtained from an interview may be recorded on audiotapes or videotapes with the
permission of the respondent
...
Types of Interview
1
...
The researcher must be skilled in steering the course of the interview The
Interviewer must be knowledgeable on the subject or topic of concern
...
2
...
The conduct of questioning follows a particular progression and has a welldefined content
...
3
...
There is a specific set of questions, but there are also additional probes
that may come in the form of follow-up questions that are not included in the list of original
questions
...
The instrument often used in this method is the interview schedule
...
Researchers can use interview schedules to ensure that the interview
stays on track and even to give their interview the desired amount of structure
...
First, try to think about the best teacher you know of
...
Why do you think this person is such a good teacher?
[If nothing is said about the teacher's practice]
b
...
What kinds of things do the students do? What is the atmosphere like in his or her
classroom?
d
...
Are there particular types of students (he, she) is especially successful with? Why?
2
...
a
...
What is your least favorite subject to teach and why? In your mind, what is the
subject about?
3
...
a
...
If I have been observing your class that day, what would I have seen? (if nothing
is said about the teacher's role) What would I have seen you doing? [If nothing is
said about the students]
c
...
Now try to recall an event that you were especially disappointed with
...
If I had been observing your class that day, what would I have seen?
[If nothing is said about the teacher's role]
b
...
What would I have seen your students doing?
d
...
Suppose you were in the middle of a lesson in (your favorite subject) and a student said,
"This is boring
...
How would you respond and why?
6
...
a
...
What would you tell the principal your goals would be for (your least favorite
subject)?
7
...
One of your students, Jessica, hands you this
report:
[Hands interviewee Jessica's report]
a
...
How would you respond to Jessica? Why?
8
...
[Hands interviewee Bill's math paper]
a
...
How would you respond to Bill? Why?
(Then, a closing section in which the teacher is given some articles to read in preparation for the
next interview)
Group Interviews
Group interviews are interviews conducted with several respondents simultaneously_
ideally six to ten people
...
For example, if the study seeks to examine a communal experience like commuting to
school or work, rather than a personal experience, then engaging respondents via group interview
may yield better results
...
It is not uncommon to have two
researchers moderating a group interview—one to facilitate the discussion, and the other to take
notes, handle logistics, and the like
...
Group interviews can be classified into two types:
1
...
g
...
2
...
g
...
Observation
This method enables the researcher to conduct research in an immersive manner,
collecting data on natural phenomena or behavior as it occurs
...
Observation checklists are quantitative in nature, and make use of ratings or numerical rankings;
observation guides are more qualitative, and allow for more general, descriptive documentation
...
It can be used to gather information such as the characteristics and conditions of
individuals, verbal communication, non-verbal communication and activities, and environmental
conditions
...
Structured
...
The researcher just records the frequency of
the occurrences of the behavior
...
Unstructured
...
The researcher observes
things as they happen
...
2
...
4
...
It provides direct information
...
It can be used in natural or experimental settings
...
2
...
4
...
6
...
It is susceptible to bias
...
It can potentially overlook meaningful aspects
...
It is difficult to analyze
...
It is a list of planned, written questions about a
particular topic, with spaces provided for the response to each question, intended to be answered
by a number of persons
...
It
is relatively inexpensive, easy to administer, potentially more consistent than the other methods,
assures confidentiality, and minimizes biases based on question-phrasing modes
...
There is also the strong possibility that some
respondents will choose not to fill out or return their questionnaires
...
It is structured if possible answers
are provided and respondents just have to select from them
...
Structured questionnaires are generally used for quantitative research, while unstructured
questionnaires are more suited to qualitative research
...
Yes or No type
...
Example: Do call center agent have the right to refuse calls? ( ) Yes ( ) No
2
...
Fixed alternative answers are already provided, the respondents
simply choose from among the given choices
...
Example: Educational qualification
_____Elementary school graduate
_____College graduate
_____High school graduate
_____MA/PhD
_____Technical/Vocational school graduate
_____Others (pls
...
Completion type
...
Questions are open-ended
...
Coding type
...
This
entails knowledge of statistics on the part of the researcher, as statistical formula
application is necessary to arrive at the findings
...
Subjective type
...
Example: What can you say about teachers who are deeply committed to their work?
Researchers may choose to construct questionnaires consisting of a single type of
question, or divide their questionnaire into two or more short sections, each using a different type
of question
...
Questions should be stated in an affirmative rather than in a negative manner
...
Ambiguous questions, such as those which contain words like many, always, usually, and
few should be avoided
...
Double negative questions, e
...
, 'Don't you disagree with the idea that
...
4
...
For example, "Do you want to become the class president and seek a position
the student council?"
Characteristics of a Good Data-collection Instrument
1
...
According to Shelley (1984), the
length of a questionnaire must be two to four pages and the maximum time of answering
is ten minutes
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
Scales Commonly Used in an Instrument
Particularly for quantitative research, the data collected via the various instruments needs to be
managed in a measurable manner
...
Likert Scale
...
The respondents are asked to indicate
how much they agree or disagree with the statements
...
g
...
Example: A Likert scale that measures attitudes towards the ban of cell phones in school
ITEMS
a
...
SA
A
D
SD
b
...
SA
A
D
SD
c
...
A
D
SD
SA
2
...
The respondents are asked to rate concepts on a series of
bipolar adjectives
...
Example: Description of the School Librarian
Competent
5
4
3
2
1
Incompetent
Punctual
5
4
3
2
1
Not punctual
Pleasant
5
4
3
2
1
Unpleasant
The following instrument should be discussed on the formulation of the instrument of the
study; the type of instrument used; the conceptual definition of the instrument with corresponding
references; the rationale or reasons why the researcher decided to use the instrument; and the
description of the essential parts of the instrument
...
The questionnaires used were composed of two sets
...
The first part was to find out the personal profile of
the school managers which included age, working experience as managers, educational
attainment, work values, home atmosphere, home management styles, level of religiosity,
hobbies, human virtues, health condition, and involvement in civic and religious organization
...
Part 3 assessed the intrapersonal competency of school principals, which is sub-divided
into six major variables
...
These variables were based from the book of
Stephen Robbins (1996) entitled Organizational Behaviors
...
Each variable has a
minimum of ten indicators
...
While, a response of "1" would mean that a particular statement has never been
observed to be practiced by the school manager, or it is 0% to 20% true to the school manager
...
These variables were
based from the book of Ernesto Appodaca (1997) entitled, Human Relations for Supervisors
...
This was composed of
60 items, 10 items per variable
...
Thus, when the respondent indicated his response as "5", this would mean that a particular
statement is 80% to l00% observed to be commonly practiced by the school managers
...
A parallel questionnaire was designed for the secondary school teachers
...
Answer the following questions:
1
...
Do you think devices and tools always work to the benefits of the user? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3
...
In a research study, why do you think there is a need for the use of specific research tools?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5
...
article
...
The writer’s insights are
thoughts are fairly well The presentation is weak or
clear and well-supported
...
(4-5 pts) non-existent
...
structure
...
(5-6
ideas
...
(3-4 pts)
pts)
Key Points
Key points present in the Most of the key points
article are identified and present in the article are
summarized adequately
...
(3-4 pts)
Several key points at the
heart of the article are not
identified or summarized
poorly
...
(3-4 detract from the meaning
...
(4 pts)
pts)
2 pts)
Mechanics
The response reflects
effective control of all
elements of mechanics,
including grammar and
spelling
...
(1pt)
meaning
...
Statement
Always Sometimes
Never
1
...
2
...
I can easily write reasons in choosing data collection
method
...
I know the importance of proper selection of data
collection method
...
I can enumerate different data collection methods
...
LISING, RN, MAN
SHS Teacher III
BVRHS
References
Cisneros-Puebla, Cesar A
...
2004
...
September
...
http://www
...
net/index
...
Cristobal, Amadeo Pangilinan, and Maura Consolacion Dela Cruz Cristobal
...
Practical Research 1 for
Senior High School
...
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE
Q4 - WEEK 6
Name of the learner____________________________________________________________
Section: _________________________________
Date: ______________
Background Information:
INFERS AND EXPLAIN THE PATTERNS AND THEMES FROM DATA
Thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data
...
The researcher closely examines the data to identify common themes – topics, ideas
and patterns of meaning that come up repeatedly
...
Schema analysts suggest searching through text for metaphors, similes, and analogies
(D'Andrade 1995, Quinn and Strauss 1997)
...
Infer is to derive by reasoning; conclude or judge from premises or evidence
...
) to indicate or involve as a conclusion; lead to
...
to hint;
imply; suggest
...
Dictionary
...
Infer is to imply is to hint at something, but to infer is to make an educated guess
...
Continue reading
...
www
...
com
3
...
'This prejudice is inferred, and no evidence is required to enable a judge to consider it
...
lexico
...
Patterns are repeated forms or designs especially that is used to decorate something that happens in a
regular and repeated way
...
com
...
d
...
Patterns are matching lies at the heart of any attempt to conduct thematic analyses and forms the basis
of generalizations across different concepts or population subgroups
...
Theme is generated when similar issues and ideas express by within qualitative data are brought
together by the researcher into a single category or cluster
...
4
...
TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY THEMES AND PATTERNS
1
...
We begin with word-based techniques
...
Words that occur a lot are often seen as being salient in
the minds of respondents
...
He
observes that "indeed, anyone who has listened to long stretches of talk, whether generated by a friend,
spouse, workmate, informant, or patient, knows how frequently people circle through the same network
of ideas" (1991:287)
...
Indigenous categories
...
The basic idea in this area of research is that experience and
expertise are often marked by specialized vocabulary
...
As the men
talked to each other about their experiences, there were many references to making a flop
...
Patton
(1990:306, 393-400) refers to these as "indigenous categories" and contrasts them with "analystconstructed typologies
...
3
...
Key-words-in-context (KWIC) are closely associated with indigenous
categories
...
In this technique, researchers identify key words and then systematically search the
corpus of text to find all instances of the word or phrase
...
Themes get identified by physically sorting the examples into piles of
similar meaning
...
Compare and contrast
...
Glazer and Strauss
(1967:101_116) refer to this as the "constant comparison method
...
] Typically, grounded
theorists begin by conducting a careful line-by-line analysis
...
5
...
Besides identifying indigenous themes—themes that characterize the
experience of informants—researchers are interested in understanding how textual data illuminate
questions of importance to social science
...
Bogdan & Bilken
(1982:156-162) suggested examining the setting and context, the perspectives of the informants, and
informants’ ways of thinking about people, objects, processes, activities, events, and relationships
...
STRATEGIES HOW TO INFER DATA
There are two simple steps on how to infer, Thematic Analysis and Quantitave Data Analysis
1
...
It is a method for identifying, analyzing, organizing, describing,
and reporting themes found within a data set (Braun & Clarke, 2006)
...
1
...
Coding
3
...
Reviewing themes
5
...
Writing up
...
scribbr
...
Qualitative Data Analysis is one of the most common methods to analyze qualitative data
Qualitative data analysis requires a 5-step process:
1
...
Review and explore the data
3
...
Review those codes and revise or combine into themes
5
...
campuslabs
...
Methods of collecting qualitative data
Data collection approaches for qualitative research usually involves:
1
...
Or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting
Qualitative research data collection methods are time consuming, therefore data is usually
collected from a smaller sample than would be the case for quantitative approaches - therefore this
makes qualitative research more expensive
...
The main methods for collecting qualitative data are:
1
...
Focus groups
3
...
Action Research
Learning Competencies with Codes:
infers and explain patterns and themes from data (CS_RS11- IVd-f-2)
relates the findings with pertinent literature (CS_RS11- IVd-f-3)
Exercises:
Activty 1 “My True or False”
Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect
...
1
...
Infer is to derive by reasoning; conclude or judge from premises or evidence of facts, circumstances,
statements, to indicate or involve as a conclusion; lead to
...
to hint; imply;
suggest
...
Theme is generated when similar issues and ideas express by within qualitative data are brought together by
the researcher into a single category or cluster
...
Infer is to imply is to hint at something, but to infer is to make an educated guess
...
5
...
Activity 2: “ IN MY BOX”
Direction : On the words listed inside the box, choose the words that are related to the definition of each
statement
...
Social science queries
Compare and contrast
Key-words-in-context
Word repetitions
Indigenous categories
1
...
Words that occur a lot
are often seen as being salient in the minds of respondents
...
The basic idea in this area of research is that experience and expertise are often marked by specialized
vocabulary
...
based on a simple observation: if you want to understand a concept, then look at how it is used
...
4
...
5
...
Each question will ask you to make a
logical inference based on textual details
...
Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper
...
Alice would have a fit if the
boots made it so far as the welcome mat
...
On his way in the
house, he dropped the garbage bag off at the washing machine and went straight up the stairs to the shower as
he was instructed
...
1
...
Describe Alice: ___________________________________________________________________
What in the text supports your description?
3
...
Max stared blankly out the window, trying to contain his emotions that
raged like the weather
...
Dropping the kite from his hand, Max broke out into full
sobs
...
We’ll just find something else to do
...
Max snapped, “I don’t wanna sand-mich!”
A flash from the sky lit up the living room
...
4
...
What was Mom planning on doing today? ______________________________________________
What in the text supports your description?
“Tommy!” Mom called out as she walked in the front door
...
There was still no reply
...
“I’m going to kill you, Tommy!” Mom yelled to herself as she realized that Tommy’s
shoes were gone
...
What happened to the window? ______________________________________________________
How do you know this?
7
...
Smith’s class
...
After coloring a cool flame on the side of his racecar mailbox, Johnny hopped off his chair,
strutted over to Veronica’s desk, and dropped a small white envelope into her princess castle mailbox
...
While this was happening, Bartleby was frantically trying to put a small white
envelope into everyone’s mailbox
...
Smith, Bartleby pulled out a medium-sized red
envelope from his pocket
...
Bartleby
struggled with it for a few seconds and then ran off with the envelope
...
8
...
Which boy does Veronica like? ______________________________________________________
What is the text supports your idea?
10
...
2
...
4
...
True
True
True
False
False
REFERENCES:
https://www
...
com/worksheets/reading/inferences/inferences-worksheet
...
com/academy/lesson/what-is-inference-how-to-infer-intended-meaning
...
com)
http://www
...
com/mb870/readings/ryan- bernard_techniques_to_identify_themes_in
...
psych
...
ac
...
html (About thematic analysis - The University of Auckland)
https://sites
...
com/site/howtousethematicanalysis/home/what-is-thematic-analysis (What is Thematic
Analysis?) http://www
...
net/amethyst212/data-analysis-qualitative-data-presentation-2
Prepared by
MR
...
It is the section in a research report where comprehensive
summary of the findings
...
Important implications applied to practice are specifically noted
...
This section elucidates on drawing and writing the conclusion on the research
paper
...
No new information should be added to the
conclusion
...
Characteristics of Conclusions
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
Purposes of a Conclusion
Conclusion does the following:
1
...
3
...
Stress the importance of the thesis statement
...
Leave a final impression on the reader
Demonstrates good organization
Start with a quick scan of the evidences you gathered, then verify or confirm through a review
...
You are
given the opportunity to discuss the meaning of your results beyond what they mean statistically
...
You
may indicate whether the results confirm totally or in part, your original expectations and predictions
...
Include a discussion of any limitations
inherent in your research procedures
...
The conclusion should confirm for the reader that the report’s purposes have
been achieved
...
These include: \
1
...
Just as the introduction gives a
first impression to your reader, the conclusion offers a chance to leave a lasting impression
...
2
...
The
conclusion is an opportunity to succinctly answer the “So What?” question by placing the study
within the context of past research about the topic you’ve investigated
...
Identifying how a gap in the literature has been addressed
...
4
...
Don’t be shy
...
5
...
This
does not refer to introducing new information [ which should be avoided], but to other new insight
and creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research problem based on the results
of your study
...
use
...
•
•
•
•
Echoing your introduction, or simply reiterate or link ideas expressed in the other sections
of the research
...
Looking to the future by emphasizing the importance of your paper or redirecting the
readers thought process in looking at things more globally
...
The process of drawing conclusions begins early as your code your data
...
Once the data are coded you will look over propositions to
write your conclusions
...
These are recurring themes which put together many separate
pieces of data
...
Making contrast and comparisons
...
The
responses gathered from parents, students, teachers, and other groups can be compared and
contrasted so that the differences can be noted
...
Clustering
...
It is called “categorizing” because steps must be taken to ensure
that other information are considered or included
...
Qualitative research, as discussed is basically descriptive and goes beyond how much
of something to describe the subject or topic under investigation
...
Finally, no new information should be added to the conclusions
...
If you have new information, put it in the discussion or other appropriate section of the
paper
...
Your conclusion/s show how
well you understand the materials you have worked on
...
These expressions can be useful and even welcome in oral
presentations
...
Ensure that conclusions are
meaningful
...
The matrix analysis is one of the most common forms of analysis in qualitative research
...
Example of a Section on Conclusions
1
...
In depth interviews were conducted with the
participants of the study and the MBTI was utilized to explore how their perceptions of
tutoring were related to their personality type preferences
...
2
...
3
...
The findings may help to explore institutional practices that encourage
excellence in academics for all students
...
lsu
...
alexander_dis)
Formulating Recommendations based on Conclusions
Introduction
The section on recommendations presents and discusses how they support your findings and
conclusions
...
A recommendation for a preferred alternative should include:
1
...
Benefits need to be discussed as well as the problems to be corrected, avoided or improved;
3
...
General statement about the nature and timing of the evaluation plan that would be used to
determine the effectiveness of the proposed recommendation
...
This section includes suggestions for what needs to be done as a result of your findings
...
How to write recommendations
The following will have to be considered in writing recommendations
...
Clear- do not ambiguous as to how the recommendation will be implemented
...
To be able to write recommendations that exhibit the given characteristics, you must also observe
guidelines when you prepare your recommendations
...
In addition, do not recommend anything that has not been previously
discussed
...
Recommendations are one step further than the conclusion
...
It is
also important to consider the different levels within your set of recommendations such as
A)
...
for the policymaker
C
...
for the training/education
...
A) They must be logical by making sure that they flow sensibly from the conclusions
...
D) They must be clear by avoiding ambiguity particularly on how recommendation is to be
implemented
...
The recommendations should ensure a continuous benefit to individual persons and the larger
society
...
Since the findings reflected varied viewpoints concerning the duties and responsibilities of being a
student employee, some companies should be fair with the jobs given to the students so that they
will have equal opportunities to prove themselves of their skills
...
This gives the students a chance to apply their skills in the real world
rather than just in school, this will be an additional learning experience to the students between
their schooling and immersion
...
The researchers also recommend that the succeeding grade 12 students who will undergo
immersion build a strong foundation in school so that they will be able to use this in their respectful
employments
...
3
...
To practice more highly technical skills to pass on the learners
...
4
...
Listing References
Introduction
Writing a research paper entails acknowledging sources from whom or where information and data
came from
...
Further, the reference lists allow the reader to locate the materials consulted or used during the research
will add to the credibility and integrity of the study being done or has been conducted
...
They may also found at the end and I referred to as bibliography or
works cited
...
The reference list should begin on a new page separate from the text
...
A reference section is an alphabetic list of the references or sources you used and cited in the text of your
report
...
Dempster and
Hanna (2016) differentiate between a reference section and bibliography
...
For many researchers, the purpose of references list is:
•
•
•
To demonstrate the hard work that, they did
To distinguish your own ideas and findings from those that you have drawn from the work of others
To follow up in more details the ideas or facts that you have referred to
...
The publishers name normally on a book’s main title
page and often on the book’s spine too
...
( https://avl
...
purdue
...
It provides the information necessary
for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper
...
Label this page, “References” centered at the top of the page
...
Primary sources are references that you as researcher actually read
...
Examples of primary resources include scholarly research articles, books, and
diaries
...
Thus, readers of primary scholarly research should have foundational knowledge of the
subject area
...
For many of your papers, use of primary resources will be a requirement
...
How would you cite this material? It’s
going to reported this way:
Freud (1907), as cited in Dee (2014) commented the similarity between obsessive neurosis and
religiosity
...
You also find many
other formats for referencing materials (for example, footnotes, in the Oxford system or the Chicago and
Vancouver systems used in medicines) Dempster and Hanna, 2016
Four reasons are advanced why referencing appropriately is important
...
Remember: statements referring to “common knowledge” need not to be referenced such as “the human
brain is normally found in the head or that people vary in their IQ”
Cite References in your Report
Sources you used may vary according to the number of authors, the kind of material used, or whether your
using direct quotes or secondary sources
...
All lines after the first line of each entry of your reference list should be indented one half inch
from the left margin
...
Format a Hanging Indent in MS Word or Google Docs
2
...
This is called hanging indentation
...
Authors names are indented (last name first)
...
If the work has more than seven
authors, lists first six authors and the use ellipses after the six author’s name
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
Capitalize all major words in the journal titles
8
...
For example: Recall L not RECALL or Knowledge Management Research &Practice not Knowledge
Management Research and Practice
...
Do not capitalize the second word in a hyphenated compound word
...
), do not capitalize the second element unless it is a proper noun or proper adjective
...
]
10
...
Capitalization practice should be
consistent
...
The use of reference list in scholarly disciplines will allow you to credit the works of others
12
...
It also gives interested readers the information necessary to identify and retrieve
...
It also gives interested
readers the information necessary to identify and retrieve these sources
...
There should be a period after et al
...
Uniform reference
locator (URL) or digital object identifiers (DOI’s) are useful in locating references on web
...
If there is no identifiable author, use the name of the organization which produced the report
...
First report on The Presentation of the list
Implementation of the IS 2003-2006
...
References must be
listed in alphabetical order according to the name of the first author and not numbered
...
g
...
S
...
If unpublished book or article has been accepted for publication, include it in the
reference list followed by the notation “in press”
...
Authors must confirm in their covering
letter that papers cited as “In press” has been accepted for publication
...
uvic
...
pdf)
Translation uses following Format:
Koike, A and Ogura, B
...
J
...
Fich 64 1-11 [Translated from Japanese by Can Transl
...
i
...
1983]
Television Program
...
ABS CBN 2, October 20, 10:30 PM
When completing a reference list, pay particular attention to the following
1
...
Punctuation and Spacing
3
...
Supply what is required in the table
...
It also aims to know the advantages and obstacles encountered in the immersion, and how it differs from
a classroom setting and their actual workplace in the future
...
What are the preparations and expectations of the participants before immersion?
2
...
What is the participants’ perception on the role of the school in their work immersion program?
4
...
Avoid writing numbers and any
symbolism that appears you are ‘still’ presenting information
...
Lack of Preparation for Immersion; Difference of School from Work
The grade 12 Electronics students who underwent work immersion had an inadequate knowledge based
from what they learned in school
...
“Ang pagkakaiba nila, yung actual ika nga yung actual dito sa Trade ay sa
school natin ano sya chill lang kumbaga basic-basic lang yung gagawin natin dito pero pag nasa work kana or actual
place talaga sa immersion mo ibang iba kumpara sa ginagawa natin,” according to Respondent no
...
6, “Malaking diperensya kase pag sa ano na sa shop lang may instructor ka na
magtuturo sayo kahit mag kamali ka okay lang pero sa trabaho na talaga nagoobserve ka bago mo gawin yung
trabaho mo dapat sigurado ka muna at di naman maiiwasan magkamali
...
Based on
Respondent no
...
” Aside from these, there was an insufficient amount of
electronics equipment and tools in school, compared to Converge ICT Solutions, the company has a surplus of
electronics machines and instruments
...
1, “Yung difference sa applying your skills in a
school and in a work place
...
equipment
...
As stated by Respondent no
...
lineman kami sa shop technician kame kaya hindi connected kaya pinili nalang namen gawin yun
...
Gender Discrimination in the Workplace
In their workplace at Converge ICT Solutions at Magalang, discrimination is still observed amongst the
employees and employers
...
As stated by
Respondent no
...
” And also as reported by Respondent no
...
” Meanwhile, the male grade
12 Electronics students were able to do field work
...
Based on one experience from Respondent no
...
” And said by Respondent no
...
As stated above, discrimination is still observed in a workplace
...
Having given them the assigned tasks of paperworks for the duration of their
immersion, it seems as if their skills and knowledge were thrown to waste unlike the men who were able to utilize
what they know and what they can do
...
3
...
Doing actual service can really make students feel more assertive
of their knowledge and skills rather than learning of that skill in theory or just listening during class discussions
...
4
...
But for some
students, what they learned in school was sufficient for the responsibilities given to them
...
They were able
to deal with angry clients by staying calm and collected, and respond to the client with sympathy and comply with
what they need
...
Anticipation of Work after Senior High School
Work immersion gives a sneak peek to the students of how working in the real world actually is
...
Some students may continue their education through college while some students will soon
apply for jobs to have a steady income and be of help to the financial status of their family
...
The
company, Converge ICT Solutions, they worked for educated them on highly technical skills needed to be performed
on their job and it is also made known of the salary they will earn if they continue to work in their company after
graduation
...
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the researcher concludes the following:
1
...
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3
...
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5
...
Write your
recommendations under each specific question
...
What is your general Problem?
What was your conclusion
What was your recommendation
Note: Recommendations are unfinished prat of the study
...
Equal number of conclusions and recommendations is common, but
not required
...
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2
...
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4
...
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Activities/Exercises
Activity no 3: APA Format of References
The following are references based on APA 6th Edition format
...
If the format is incorrect, write your
suggestion to make it correct
...
(2008)
...
Retrieved on November 15, 2016 from Explorable
...
com/definition-of-research
1
...
, Nobbe, J
...
(2013)
...
Journal of Leadership Education, 12(1), 117139
...
Publication: _____________
Format: ____________ Suggestion:
___________________________________________________________
Basco, J
...
(2010)
...
The RCC
Research Journal, IX(1), 22-36
...
Publication: _____________
Format: ____________ Suggestion:
___________________________________________________________
Hinkle, D
...
, Wiersma, W
...
G
...
Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences
...
4
...
H
...
W
...
E
...
Evaluation: A systematic approach (7th ed
...
5
...
W
...
, Keeter, S
...
(2002)
...
Applied Developmental Science, 6(4), 189-195
...
Publication: _____________
Format: ____________ Suggestion:
___________________________________________________________
Sabato, N
...
Livelihood programs for low-income communities
...
com Website
http://www
...
com/marketing-articles/livelihood-programs-for-lowincome-communities-1035689
...
Publication: _____________
Format: ____________ Suggestion:
___________________________________________________________
Flournoy, C
...
Investigative Reporting and Service Learning
...
8
...
, & Degelman, D
...
Body language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault
...
Book
Paloutzian, R
...
(2008)
...
Boston: Allen and Bacon
...
, & Harris, M
...
(2008)
...
Retrieved May 18, 2015, from Vanguard University,
Department of Psychology Website: http://vanguard
...
cfm?doc_id=796
Stand-alone Web document (no date)
Nielsen, M
...
(n
...
Notable people in psychology of religion
...
psywww
...
html
Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date)
Gender and Society
...
d
...
trinity
...
html
Journal article from database
Hien, D
...
(2000)
...
Journal of interpersonal
Violence, 15, 503-522
...
Abstract from secondary database
Garrity, K
...
(2009)
...
Journal of Applied Social
Psychology, 20, 168-172
...
Manual
American Psychiatric Association
...
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed
...
Washington, DC: John Lennon
...
M
...
Performance of productivity of the education graduates of the University of the Assumption
...
References
Argosino, Michael V
...
(2000)
...
Second Edition
...
and Clark, V
...
Using thematic analysis in Psychology
...
S
...
A workbook in practical research 1
...
Tinajeros Malabon City
Flick, U
...
An introduction to qualitative research, London: Sage Publications
...
et al
...
Paradigms and characteristics of good qualitative research
...
, and Calmorin M
...
(2007)
...
Rex Bookstore Inc
...
, Naval, Victoria C
...
(2017) Practical research 1 qualitative
...
Quezon City, Metro Manila
Unpublished Thesis
Yambao, S
...
(2018) Work immersion of grade 12 electronics students: A phenomenological exploration
...
M
...
Performance of productivity of the education graduates of the University of the
Assumption
...
Internet References
https://gradcoach
...
kspjournals
...
php/JSAS/article/view/1313
https://www
...
com/apa/citing-six-authors-or-more-in-apa/
https://slideplayer
...
snhu
...
https://libanswers
...
edu/faq/147511
Answer Key
Activity no 1: Answers of students may vary
Activity no 2: Answers of students may vary
Activity no 3:
Prepared by
Floreann A
Title: Practical Research 1
Description: Grade 11 practical research notes and guides for everyone. with activities as well.
Description: Grade 11 practical research notes and guides for everyone. with activities as well.