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Anatomy and Physiology
Human Anatomy is the study of body structure
...


Organelle level

Anatomy deals with the structure
(morphology) of the body and its parts;
in other words, what are things called?





Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Surface Anatomy

Physiology studies the functions of these parts or
asks the question, ―how do they work?‖
Parts




of physiology:
Organism involved
Organization level studied
Systemic function

Levels of Organization
The chemical level of organization is discussed in
Chapter 2:
Atoms



Inorganic Molecules (inorganic chemistry)
Organic Molecules (organic chemistry)

Chemical structures organized to form organelles
that perform individual functions
It is the functions of the organelles that allow the
cell to live
Dozens of organelles have been identified,
including the following:
1
...
Golgi apparatus
3
...

Cells are the basic structural and functional
units of an organism
...

While there are many different types of cells, they all
work to form 4 basic types of tissues:
1
...
Connective Tissue
3
...
Nerve

Levels of Organization
Organs are structures composed of two or more
different types of tissues (all but the simplest of
organs have all 4 basic tissues represented
...


frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses
blood-forming tissues
...


Levels of Organization
An organ system consists of related organs with a
common function
...

It includes all the organs of the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas
...


The integumentary system, including skin, hair,
nails, and various glands, covers the body
...


The skeletal system is made up of bones and
ligaments
...
It integrates
incoming information from receptors and sends
impulses to muscles and glands
...
It helps to
integrate metabolic functions
...
It distributes oxygen, nutrients,
and hormones throughout the body while removing
wastes from the cells
...
It drains excess
tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity
...

It receives, breaks down, and absorbs
nutrients
...

The urinary system, consists of the kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra
...


Six important life processes:
1
...
Responsiveness
3
...
Growth
5
...
Reproduction
In health, all parts of
functioning
together
in
homeostasis
...


The reproductive system produces new organisms
...

The female reproductive system consists of ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia
...


Levels of Organization
An organism consists of a collection of organ
systems
...

Leg muscles move the body from one place to
another
...

In bone growth, materials between cells increase
...
Cells have
specialized structures and functions that differ from
precursor cells
...


rise

to

cells

that

undergo

Reproduction is the formation of new cells (growth,
repair, or replacement) or the production of a new
individual
...

It is a dynamic condition
meant to keep body functions in the narrow range
compatible with maintaining life
...

Body fluids are defined as dilute, watery solutions
containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of
the cell
...

 Intracellular Fluid (ICF) is the fluid within cells
 Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is the fluid outside
cells
 Interstitial fluid is ECF between cells and
tissues
Some important body fluids:
1
...


2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

Cellular function depends on the regulation of the
composition of the interstitial fluid
...

Movement back and forth across capillary walls
provides nutrients (glucose, oxygen, ions) to tissue
cells and removes waste (carbon dioxide)
...

Intense disruptions are often prolonged and result in
disease (poisoning or severe infections) or death
...

Each monitored variable is termed
a controlled condition
...
Receptor
2
...
Effector

Feedback System
Negative Feedback systems:
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
e
...
g Normal child birth

Anatomical Terminology
Anatomists use a common language referring to
body structures and their functions
...

Other special vocabulary is used in
body part to another
...

All anatomical
descriptions are in
reference
to
this
position
...
There
are three major planes at right
angles to one another:
 Sagittal (midline)
 Transverse (horizontal)
 Frontal (coronal)
1
...

There is only one midsagittal plane, and it
divides the body into two equal, mirrorimage halves
...


-

A midsagittal
section of the
human brain

-

A frontal (or
coronal)
section of the
human brain

-

A transverse
(or
horizontal)
section of the
human brain
...
Frontal or coronal planes divide the body (or
an organ) into anterior (front) and posterior
(back) portions
...
Transverse planes (also called cross-sectional or
horizontal planes) divide the body intosuperior
(upper) and inferior (lower) portions
...

Sections are cuts of the body made along a plane
...

e
...



The
remaining body
organs are found
in the
ventral body
cavity
...



Vertebral canal is formed by bones of vertebral
column
...
g Contains the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity is formed by the sternum, ribs, and
the thoracic portion of the bony vertebral column
...
g Also called chest cavity
e
...
Mediastinal cavity
Located in the central part of the thoracic cavity
2
...

3
...

e
...


The pericardial cavity is shown here nestled in the
middle mediastinum:

-

-

-

Abdominopelvic
Cavity
extends
from
the
diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the
abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis
...
Abdominal cavity contains the stomach,
spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large
intestines
...
Pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder,
internal organs of reproductive system, and
portions of the large intestine
...

Nasal cavity is part of the upper airways
Orbital cavities contain the eyeballs and
various nerves and blood vessels
...

Synovial cavities are found in freely moveable
joints like the large joints of the shoulder and
hip
...

These membranes adhere to the outer surface
of the organs or ―viscera‖, and then doubleback on themselves to line the body cavity
wall
...

These membranes adhere to the outer surface of
the organs or ―viscera‖, and then double-back on
themselves to line the body cavity wall
...
The right and left pleural membranes are the
serous membranes that covers the lungs
(visceral pleura) and the walls of the pleural
cavity (parietal pleura)
...
The pericardial membrane is the serous
membrane that covers the heart (visceral
pericardium) and the pericardial cavity walls
(parietal pericardium)
...
The peritoneal membrane is the serous
membrane that covers the abdominal organs
(visceral peritoneum) and the abdominal cavity
walls (parietal peritoneum)
...

 Protects body, regulates temperature,
and eliminates wastes through sweat and
other secretions
Skeletal System (Chapters 6-9) consists of the
bones and joints
...

 Participates with the skeletal system
to facilitate movement and maintain
posture
 Generates the heat necessary for
warm-blooded organisms to maintain
a constant body temp
...

 Senses and responds to body conditions
through nerve impulses

Endocrine System (Chapter 18) consists of
hormone- producing cells and glands scattered
throughout the body
...

 Involved in the collection and excretion
of waste products in urine, and the
regulation
of
fluid,
electrolyte,
&
acid/base balance

Cardiovascular (Chapters 19-21) consists of the
heart, blood, and blood vessels
...

 Reproduction
of
an
individual
or
organism

Lymphatic System and Immunity (Chapter 22)
consists of the lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and
lymphocytes – and the other associated organs of
the immune system like the tonsils, spleen and
thymus gland
...

 Extracts O2 and eliminates CO2
 In
conjunction
with
the
kidneys,
regulates acid/base balance
Digestive System (Chapter 24) consists of the
esophagus, stomach and intestines, and the
accessory digestive glands like the salivary glands,
liver, and gallbladder
...




There are 4 abdominopelvic quadrants and 9
regions
...


Vertical and horizontal lines
umbilicus
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
-liver
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
-spleen and left kidney
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- appendix
Left lower quadrants (LLQ)
-left ovary

pass

through

the

Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions
Dividing the abdomen and pelvis into regions is done
using a Tic-Tac-Toe grid
...





Hollow structures appear black or gray
Do not pass easily through dense structure
(bone)

At low dose, useful for soft tissue
 Mammography (breast)
 Bone densitometry (bone density)
2
...
It is
a safe procedure but cannot be used on patients
containing metal
...


Techniques and procedures used to create images
of the human body




Allow visualization of structures inside
the body
Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological
disorders
Conventional radiography (X-rays) have
been in use since the late 1940’s

1
...

They are
inexpensive and quick
...
Computed Tomography or CT-Scans are done
using a computer to organize x-rays to form a 3D
image
...

 Tissue intensities show varying degrees of
gray
...


Here are 3 cross sectional images of a head from the
Visible Human Project
...

o Used to study physiology of body
structures (metabolism)
7
...

Colonoscopy is a study of the interior of the colon
...

 Arthroscopy is a study of the interior of a
joint (knee)
...
Ultrasound Scanning (sonography) is done
using high frequency sound waves
...

Because of its safety profile, it is commonly
used to monitor the progress of fetal development
during pregnancy
...
Radionuclide Scanning is done by giving a
radioactive
substance
(radionuclide)
intravenously
...
The color intensity represents
the amount of uptake
...

6
...
The collision
between positrons and negatively charged

Clinical Connection
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...




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