Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

CITRIC ACID CYCLE
MS C
...

• The acetyl groups are fed into the citric acid cycle, which enzymatically
oxidizes them to CO2
...

• It is the final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrate,
lipid, and protein because glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids are
metabolized to acetyl-CoA or intermediates of the cycle
...


Catabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the
three stages of cellular respiration
...

• This transport uses some of the energy stored in the mitochondrial inner
membrane electrical potential gradient
...


• The overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is
an oxidative decarboxylation, an irreversible oxidation process in which
the carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate as a molecule of CO2 and the
two remaining carbons become the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA
...


The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Consists of Three
Distinct Enzymes
• The PDH complex contains three enzymes—pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1),
dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
(E3)—each present in multiple copies
...

• The active site of E1 has bound TPP, E2 is the point of connection for the
prosthetic group lipoate, and that of E3 has bound FAD
...

• Thiamine-deficient animals are unable to oxidize pyruvate normally
...

• Beriberi, a disease that results from thiamine deficiency, is characterized
by loss of neural function
• Alcoholics can also develop thiamine deficiency, because much of their
dietary intake consists of the vitamin-free “empty calories” of distilled
spirits and impaired absorption
...


Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle

The Citric Acid Cycle Has Eight Steps
1
...


2
...


• Aconitase can promote the reversible addition of H2O to the double bond
of enzyme-bound cis-aconitate leading to isocitrate:

• Aconitase contains an i

---