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The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
In India, the growth of modern nationalism is connected to the anti-colonial movement
...

The war created a new economic and political situation in the years after 1919
...
In 1918-19 crops failed in India, resulting in shortage of
food accompanied by an influenza epidemic
...


The Idea of Satyagraha
In January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa and started the
movement Satyagraha
...
According to Mahatma Gandhi, people can win a battle with non-violence which will unite
all Indians
...
In the same year, he organised satyagraha to support
the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat
...


The Rowlatt Act
In 1919, Mahatma Gandhi launched a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act
...
The British government decided to
clamp down on nationalists by witnessing the outrage of the people
...
Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command
...
A large crowd gathered in the
Jallianwala Bagh where a few people came to protest against the government’s new repressive
measures, while some came to attend the annual Baisakhi fair
...
After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre,
people became furious and went on strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government
buildings
...

Mahatma Gandhi then took up the Khilafat issue by bringing Hindus and Muslims together
...
In March 1919, a Khilafat Committee
was formed in Bombay
...


Why Non-cooperation?
According to Mahatma Gandhi, British rule was established in India with the cooperation of
Indians
...
It should begin with the surrender of
titles that the government awarded and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and
legislative councils, schools and foreign goods
...


Differing Strands within the Movement
In January 1921, the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began
...

From ...
In the
economic front, the effects of non-cooperation were more dramatic
...
However,
this movement slowed down due to a variety of reasons such as Khadi clothes are expensive,
less Indian institutions for students and teachers to choose from, so they went back to
government schools and lawyers joined back government courts
...
The peasant movement started against talukdars and
landlords who demanded high rents and a variety of other cesses
...

Jawaharlal Nehru in June 1920, started going around the villages in Awadh to understand their
grievances
...
In 1921, the peasant movement spread and the houses
of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain boards were taken
over
...
The government started closing down forest areas due to which their
livelihood was affected
...


Swaraj in the Plantations
For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant right to move freely in and out and retaining
a link with the village from which they had come
...
After they
heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers left the plantations and
headed home
...


Towards Civil Disobedience
In February 1922, the Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn because Mahatma Gandhi
felt that it was turning violent
...
Swaraj Party was formed by CR Das and Motilal Nehru
...
The first effect was the worldwide
economic depression and the second effect was the falling agricultural prices
...
In 1928, Simon Commission arrived in India and it was greeted by the
slogan ‘Go back Simon’
...
It
was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as Independence Day
...

Among the demands, the most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax which is
consumed by the rich and the poor
...
The famous salt march was started by
Mahatma Gandhi accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers
...
On 6 April he
reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling seawater
...


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The movement spread across the world and salt law was broken in different parts of the country
...
In April 1930, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was
arrested
...
By witnessing the horrific situation, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off
the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931
...
When the conference broke
down, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India disappointed and relaunched the Civil Disobedience
Movement
...


How Participants saw the Movement
The Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement
...
But they were deeply
disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931
...
The poorer peasants joined a variety of radical
movements, often led by Socialists and Communists
...
The
industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil
Disobedience Movement when it was first launched
...
In 1930 and 1932 railway workers and dock
workers were on strike
...
But, for a long time, Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of
authority within the organisation
...
Mahatma Gandhi
used to call them harijans or the children of God, without whom swaraj could not be achieved
...
They demanded reserved seats in educational institutions and a
separate electorate
...
R
...
The Poona Pact of September 1932, gave the Depressed Classes (later to
be known as the Scheduled Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils
...

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates if Muslims
were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to
population in the Muslim-dominated provinces
...
R
...


The Sense of Collective Belonging
Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation
...
Finally, in the twentieth century, the identity of India came to be visually
associated with the image of Bharat Mata
...


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Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata portrayed as an ascetic figure;
she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual
...

During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed
which had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon,
representing Hindus and Muslims
...


Conclusion
In the first half of the twentieth century, various groups and classes of Indians came together for
the struggle of independence
...
In other
words, what was emerging was a nation with many voices wanting freedom from colonial rule

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Title: NCERT Class 10 History Ch-2
Description: Best notes for clear concepts

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