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Life processes Notes
31 May 2022
21:23
Life Process Class 10 Science Notes
Nutrition in Plants and Animals – Life Processes Class 10
Notes
• Nutrition: The process by which an organism takes food and utilizes it, is called
nutrition
...
The
energy is supplied by the nutrients
...
These raw materials are provided by nutrients
...
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are the main nutrients and are called
macronutrients
...
• Modes of Nutrition
1
...
2
...
Autotrophic Nutrition – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is called autotrophic
nutrition
...
• The organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition are called autotrophs (green
plants)
...
• Equation
Nutrition in Plants: Green plants prepare their own food
...
Sunlight provides energy’, carbon dioxide and water are the raw
materials and chloroplast is the site where food is made
...
• During this process, the solar energy is converted into chemical energy and
carbohydrates are formed
...
• The green portion of the plant contains a pigment chloroplast, chlorophyll (green
pigment)
...
• Water: Water + dissolved minerals like nitrogen, phosphorous etc
...
How do raw materials for photosynthesis become available to the plant?
• Water comes from the soil, through the xylem tissue in roots and stems
...
Site of Photosynthesis: Chloroplast in the leaf
...
• Conversion of light energy into chemical energy + splitting (breaking) of water into
hydrogen and oxygen
...
• Sunlight activates chlorophyll, which leads to splitting of the water molecule
...
• Oxygen is the by-product of photosynthesis
...
• The splitting of water molecules is a part of the light reaction
...
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Stomata – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
• Stomata: These are tiny pores present in the epidermis of leaf or stem through
which gaseous exchange and transpiration occur
...
• Loses a large amount of water (water vapour) during transpiration
...
• When guard cells uptake water from surrounding cells, they swell to become a
turgid body, which enlarges the pore in between (Stomatal Opening)
...
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Significance of Photosynthesis:
• Photosynthesis is the main way through which solar energy is made available for
different living beings
...
All other organisms
directly or indirectly depend on green plants for food
...
Heterotrophic Nutrition – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from another organism is called
heterotrophic nutrition
...
Heterotrophic nutrition can be further divided into
three types, viz
...
• Saprophytic Nutrition: In saprophytic nutrition, the organism secretes the
digestive juices on the food
...
The
digested food is then ingested by the organism
...
Some insects, like houseflies, also follow this mode of
nutrition
...
i
...
, after the food is ingested
...
• Parasitic Nutrition: The organism which lives inside or outside another organism
(host) and derives nutrition from it is known as parasites and this type of mode of
nutrition is called parasitic nutrition
...
Nutrition in Amoeba
• Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows the holozoic mode of nutrition
...
Thus,
digestion takes place inside the body of the organism
...
ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation and egestion
...
• Digestion: The process of breaking complex food substances into simple
molecules is called digestion
...
• Absorption: The process of absorption of digested food is called absorption
...
• Egestion: The process of removing undigested food from the body is called
egestion
...
The cell
membrane of amoeba keeps on protruding into pseudopodia
...
The food vacuole contains food
particle and water
...
After that, digested food is absorbed from the food vacuole
...
Nutrition in Human Beings – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
Human beings are complex animals, which have a complex digestive system
...
The alimentary canal is divided into several parts, like oesophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
...
Structure of the Human Digestive System:
The human digestive system comprises of the alimentary canal and associated
digestive glands
...
• Associated Glands: Main associated glands are
○ Salivary gland
○ Gastric Glands
○ Liver
○ Pancreas
Mouth or Buccal Cavity:
• The mouth has teeth and tongue
...
• The tongue has gustatory receptors which perceive the sense of taste
...
• The tongue helps in turning over the food so that saliva can be properly mixed in it
...
• There are four types of teeth in human beings
...
• The canine teeth are used for tearing the food and for cracking hard substances
...
The molars are used for
fine grinding of food
...
Saliva also contains the enzyme salivary amylase or ptyalin
...
Oesophagus: Taking food from mouth to stomach by Peristaltic movement
...
Stomach
• Stomach is a bag-like organ
...
New Section 4 Page 6
the food
...
Hydrochloric acid kills the
germs which may be present in food
...
The acidic medium is
necessary for gastric enzymes to work
...
• The mucus, secreted by the walls of the stomach saves the inner lining of the
stomach from getting damaged from hydrochloric acid
...
The small intestine is longer
than the large intestine but its lumen is smaller than that of the large intestine
...
Liver: Liver is the largest organ in the human body
...
From the gall bladder, bile is released as and when
required
...
It secretes pancreatic juice which
contains many digestive enzymes
...
Bile
breaks down fat into smaller particles
...
After
that, the enzyme lipase digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol
...
Complex
carbohydrates are digested into glucose
...
No digestion takes place in the jejunum: The inner wall in the ileum is projected into
numerous finger-like structures, called villi
...
Villi increase the surface area inside the
ileum so that optimum absorption can take place
...
Digested food is absorbed by villi
...
• Undigested food goes into the large intestine
...
After that, the
undigested food goes to the rectum, from where it is expelled out through the anus
...
The rest of the material is removed from
the body via the anus
...
Respiration – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
Types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, human respiratory system,
respiration in plants
...
Respiration is an oxidation reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized
to produce energy
...
ATP is stored in mitochondria and
is released as per need
...
Glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid
...
• Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in
mitochondria and the molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a
particular organism
...
aerobic respiration and
anaerobic respiration
...
○ Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the cell → Cellular
respiration
Types of Respiration – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
• Aerobic respiration: This type of respiration happens in the presence of oxygen
...
Energy is released and water
molecule is also formed at the end of this process
...
Pyruvic acid is either converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid
...
Lactic acid is formed in some microbes as well as in the muscle cells
...
This happens because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the
muscles
...
This is
compensated by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is formed in the process
...
The pain subsides
after taking rest for some time
...
• Different organisms use different methods for the intake of oxygen and expulsion
of carbon dioxide
...
• In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases
...
• Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes
...
• Since, availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment, so the breathing
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• Since, availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment, so the breathing
rate of aquatic organisms is faster
...
• Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of gases
...
Terrestrial organisms: Use atmospheric oxygen for respiration
...
Human respiratory system – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs
...
Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:
1
...
The inner
lining of the nostrils is lined by hair and remains wet due to mucus secretion
...
Further,
air is warmed up when it enters the nasal passage
...
Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues after the nasal passage
...
Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx
...
4
...
Cartilaginous rings prevent the
collapse of trachea in the absence of air
...
Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea, with one bronchus going to
each lung
...
Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches inside the lung
...
Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles
...
This is
alveolus, where the oxygen mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits from the
blood
...
Passage of air through the respiratory system in human beings:
New Section 4 Page 10
Breathing Mechanism
• The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and the
intercostalis muscles
...
• When the diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand and the air is inhaled
...
Transportation – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
New Section 4 Page 11
Transportation – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
Circulatory system of human being, transportation in plants
...
This function is
performed by a circulatory system or transport system
...
It is composed of the heart, arteries, veins and
blood capillaries
...
1
...
• It is so small that, it can fit inside an adult’s wrist
...
• The human heart is composed of four chambers, viz
...
• Systole: Contraction of cardiac muscles is called systole
...
2
...
• Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry deoxygenated blood from
the heart to lungs, where oxygenation of blood takes place
...
Veins:
• These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood from different
organs to the heart, pulmonary veins are exceptions because they carry
oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart
...
New Section 4 Page 12
4
...
Blood: Blood is a connective tissue which plays the role of the carrier for various
substances in the body
...
Plasma 2
...
Platelets
...
Blood plasma forms the matrix of blood
...
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
...
Haemoglobin readily combines with
oxygen and carbon dioxide
...
Some part of carbon dioxide is also transported through
haemoglobin
...
They play
important role in the immunity
...
Blood coagulation is a
defense mechanism which prevents excess loss of blood, in case of an injury
...
• Lymph is formed from the fluid which leaks from blood capillaries and goes to the
intercellular space in the tissues
...
• Lymph also plays an important role in the immune system
...
• Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and destroying
germs
...
This type of circulation is called double circulation
...
The heart beats about 72 times per minute in a normal adult
...
Double circulation ensures complete segregation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood which is necessary for optimum energy production in warmblooded animals
...
There are two types of vascular tissues in plants
...
It is
composed of trachids, xylem vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibre
...
The xylem makes a
continuous tube in plants which runs from roots to stem and right up to the veins of
leaves
...
• Phloem: Phloem is responsible for transportation of food
...
Sieve tubes are
the conducting elements in phloem
...
Transportation in plants
Ascent of sap: The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to different
plant parts is called ascent of sap
...
They are explained as follows :
• Root pressure: The walls of cells of root hairs are very thin
...
Root pressure is responsible for movement of
water up to the base of the stem
...
Water, in stem, rises up to some height because of capillaiy action
...
• Transpiration pull: Loss of water vapour through stomata and lenticels, in plants, is
called transpiration
...
The transpiration pull sucks the water column
from the xylem tubes and thus, water is able to rise to great heights in even the
tallest plants
...
Thus, unlike the transport through xylem, it is a form of active transport
...
e
...
Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the
plant
...
New Section 4 Page 14
• Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating pull
...
Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different parts of the plant is called
Translocation
...
Excretion in human beings:
• Removal of harmful waste from the body is called excretion
...
• These need to be removed in time because their accumulation in the body can be
harmful and even lethal for an organism
...
• A tube, called ureter, comes out of each kidney and goes to the urinary bladder
...
Excretory system of human beings includes :
A pair of kidneys
...
A pair of the ureter
...
Kidney:
•
•
•
•
• Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near the vertebral column in the
abdominal cavity
...
• Nephron is called the functional unit of kidney
...
• The glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries to which renal artery is attached
...
• The glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule like portion, called bowman’s capsule
...
• Tubes from various nephrons converge into collecting duct, which finally goes to
the ureter
...
Urine formation in the kidney: The urine formation involves three steps:
• Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose, water, amino acid filter from the
blood into bowman’s capsule of the nephron
...
• Secretion: Extra water, salts are secreted into the tubule which opens up into the
collecting duct and then into the ureter
...
The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood i
...
, urea which
is produced in the liver
...
It is meant for
kidney failure patient
...
which fall off from the plant
...
Gums, resin → In old xylem
Some metabolic wastes in the form of crystals of calcium oxalates in the leaves of
colocasia and stem of Zamikand