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Title: Notes on Circulation and Homeostasis
Description: This is totally hand made notes in a word file. An authentic material and very useful. In the end, I also added multiple choice questions related to the topics.
Description: This is totally hand made notes in a word file. An authentic material and very useful. In the end, I also added multiple choice questions related to the topics.
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Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
CIRCULATION
An orderly movement of blood through the vessels of the body that is induced by the pumping action of
the heart and serves to distribute nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste products from all parts of
the body
...
All animal
cells require nutrients and oxygen from the environment and given off carbon dioxide and other waste
to the environment
...
Hence, large active animal have special organs for exchange of substances with the
external environment
...
1
...
Their bodies are so small, they can use
their specialized cells to spread
nutrients, excrete waste products
...
Arteries
2
...
Capillaries
4
...
Veins
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
MEDIUM OF CIRCULATION IN
vERTEBRATES
The main characteristic of vertebrate transport system is blood, which transport oxygen, carbon dioxide
and nutrients
...
If homeostasis is successful, life continues; if
unsuccessful, disaster or death ensues
...
MECHANISM
There are number of mechanism operating in the body of an organism to maintain homeostasis
...
It consists of
Negative feedback loops that counteract changes of various properties from their target values
i-e set points
...
HOMEOSTASIS PROCESSES
Homeostasis concerned with three major processes:
1
...
Excretion
3
...
OSMOREGULATION
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected
by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains
the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented
by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated
...
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
OSMOREGULATION IN AQUATIC ANIMALS
OSMOREGULATION
IN TERRESTERIAL ANIMALS
EXCRETION
Excretion is a process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism
...
This is in contrast with secretion, where the
substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell
...
For example, in mammals urine is expelled through the urethra, which is part of the excretory
system
...
PLANARIA
EARTHWORM
HUMAN
INSECT
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
THERMOREGULATION
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature
...
This is a state of
equilibrium
...
THERMOREGULATION IN ANIMALS
ECTOTHERM
Ectotherms are those animals whose body temperature changes in accordance with the fluctuations of the
environmental temperature
...
ENDOTHERM
Endotherms are those animals who have constant body temperature which is independent of the environment
...
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (CIRCULATION)
Qno-01:
The system which moves the substance from one part of the body to another is called
1
...
Circulatory
3
...
Both 1 & 2
...
Gastro vascular cavity
3
...
2
...
None of above
Qno-03:
The organism in which food is taken by body surface is __
1
...
Amoeba
...
Fluke
4
...
1
...
Heart
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
3
...
Lungs
Qno-05:
The vertebrates have both nonspecific and specific mechanism for defending themselves against
...
Microorganism
3
...
Fluid feeders
4
...
1
...
Open type
3
...
None of above
Qno-07:
The system in which a pumping heart moves a fluid into blood vessels are called
1
...
Both open & close
...
Open type
4
...
One
2
...
Three
4
...
Hemolymph
...
Hemocoel
2
...
Blood
Qno-10:
Hemocoel is the body cavity found in
...
Amoeba
3
...
Flat worms
4
...
Open type
...
Both
2
...
N
...
T
Qno-12:
A circulatory system in which blood flows only once through the heart for every complete circuit is
called
...
Single circuit
3
...
Double circuit
4
...
O
...
1
...
Diffusion
2
...
Permeability
Qno-14:
The active movement of air into and out of a respiratory surface, increase
1
...
Gas exchange
3
...
Digestion
...
1
...
Grasshopper
3
...
Planaria
Qno-16:
How many types of blood vessels found in animals?
1
...
Two
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
3
...
Four
Qno-17:
The heart is cone shaped muscular organ and its major portion called
...
Pericardium
2
...
Both
4
...
O
...
Pericardial fluid
3
...
2
...
Plasma
Qno-19:
Blood is composed of plasma and
...
Water
2
...
Blood
4
...
1
...
70%
3
...
90%
Qno-21
Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen are the major constituent of
...
Blood
2
...
Lymph
4
...
1
...
Tricuspid valve
3
...
N
...
T
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
Qno-23
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the
1
...
3
...
Body
4
...
One atrium, two ventricles
2
...
Four atria
4
...
Heart
3
...
2
...
Kidneys
Qno-26
The left atrium send blood through an atrioventricular valve or
1
...
Both
2
...
N
...
T
Qno-27
The heart contracts, or beats about
times a minute
...
Forty
3
...
Sixty
4
...
0
...
0
...
0
...
0
...
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
The diastole refers to the
of the chambers
...
Contraction
2
...
Breathing
4
...
O
...
1
...
AV node
3
...
Sympathetic nervous system
Qno-31
Normal blood pressure of an individual is
...
140/80
2
...
120/80
4
...
1
...
Portal system
3
...
A
...
T
Qno-33
The instrument used to measure blood pressure is called
1
...
Stethoscope
...
Glucometer
4
...
1
...
Heart block
3
...
A
...
T
Qno-35
Blood has two major portions; the plasma and
...
Water
2
...
Ions
4
...
1
...
Three
3
...
Five
Qno-37
Hemoglobin contains four globin chains, associated with iron-containing group called
1
...
Chloride
...
Fluoride
4
...
WBCs
2
...
Platelets
4
...
O
...
WBCs
3
...
2
...
A
...
T
Qno-40
Aganulocytes are ;
1
...
Basophils
3
...
Both 1 & 3
Qno-41
Ganulocytes are;
1
...
Basophils
3
...
A
...
T
Qno-42
Blood is
in nature
...
Acidic
3
...
Neutral
4
...
O
...
1
...
Kidneys
3
...
Lymph
Qno-44
The blood cell involve in blood clotting is
_
...
WBCs
3
...
RBCs
4
...
O
...
Thrombin
3
...
2
...
N
...
T
Qno-46
Which has the thickest wall?
1
...
Left auricle
3
...
Left ventricle
Qno-47
For reaching left side of the heart, blood must pass through
1
...
Lungs
...
Kidneys
4
...
Heart
2
...
Aorta
4
...
15 million
3
...
50,000
4
...
Pulmonary artery
3
...
Right ventricle
4
...
Osmoregulation
2
...
Urination
4
...
O
...
Dieting
3
...
Over eating
4
...
O
...
1
...
Poikilotherms
3
...
Both 1& 2
Qno-04
Which organism maintain their thermoregulation by postural adjustment?
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
1
...
Crustaceans
2
...
Amphibians
Qno-05
Which class closely resemble to mammals regarding thermoregulation?
1
...
Reptiles
3
...
Amphibians
Qno-06
In reptiles, birds and mammals
are important osmoregulatory structures
...
Intestines
2
...
Stomach
4
...
Thalamus
2
...
Stomach
4
...
Hag fishes
3
...
2
...
Lung fishes
Qno-09
The protection of internal environment from the harms of fluctuations to external environment is called
as;
1
...
Homeostasis
2
...
N
...
T
Qno-10
Cartilaginous fishes retain tri methylamine oxide for protection against
1
...
Cholesterol
3
...
Urea
...
Uric acid
2
...
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
3
...
A
...
T
Qno-12
In insects, ions and water are recovered by
1
...
3
...
Protonephridia
4
...
O
...
Endocrine and exocrine glands
2
...
Receptors and effectors
4
...
Produce dilute urine
2
...
Produce concentrated urine
4
...
Protonephridia
2
...
Metanephridia
4
...
Kidneys
3
...
Intestines
4
...
Sebum
2
...
Sweat
4
...
7
...
8
...
3
...
5
...
Nephrostome
3
...
Nephridiopore
4
...
O
...
1
...
Metabolism
3
...
Sweating
Qno-21
The most abundant component of urine is:
1
...
Urea
2
...
Uric acid
Qno-22
The osmoregulation of body fluids is dependent upon the concentration of
1
...
Mineral ions
...
Blood
4
...
O
...
1
...
Osmoconformer
3
...
Osmosis
Qno-24
The hormone involve in the reabsorption of water from kidneys is
1
...
ADH
3
...
N
...
T
Qno-25
...
1
...
Flame cells
2
...
Kidneys
Qno-26
Each kidney is composed of billions of
...
Neurons
2
...
RBCs
4
...
Two
2
...
Four
4
...
Qno-28
Coxal glands are present in:
1
...
Flat worms
3
...
A
...
T
Qno-29
The functioning embryonic kidney of many vertebrates is
...
Pronephrons
2
...
Glomerulus
4
...
O
...
1
...
Endotherms
2
...
Both 1 & 2
Qno-31
Mammals lacking sweat glands to promote heat loss through
...
Aestivation
2
...
Hibernation
4
...
O
...
37 degrees C
...
30 degrees C
2
...
6 degrees C
4
...
Convection
3
...
2
...
Osmosis
Qno-34
Many invertebrates have relatively low metabolic rate and have no thermoregulatory mechanism are
called
...
Osmoconformer
2
...
Thermoregulant
4
...
O
...
1
...
Endotherm
3
...
Heterotherm
Qno-36
The excretory product of mammals is
1
...
3
...
Urea
4
...
Skin
2
...
White fat
4
...
...
Nervous
3
...
Connective
4
...
O
...
Sodium
2
...
Sulphur
4
...
Qno-40
is the important in osmoregulation and excretion
...
Lungs
3
...
Liver
4
...
Maxillary glands
3
...
2
...
N
...
T
Qno-42
The excretory organ in some crustaceans are called
color
...
Salivary glands
2
...
Adrenal glands
4
...
Water potential
3
...
2
...
N
...
T
Qno-44
Maliphigian tubules absorb waste material and salts from
...
Blood
2
...
Gut
4
...
Protonephridia
2
...
Maliphigian tubules
4
...
Cortical
3
...
Medullary
4
...
O
...
Nephridiopore
Qno-47
Which of the following have cilia?
1
...
Both 1 & 2
4
...
O
...
1
...
Ammonia
3
...
A
...
T
Qno-49
Function of glomerulus in the nephron is to
_
...
Reabsorb salts
2
...
Secrete hormones
4
...
O
...
Assignment of Physiology | Fatima khan
1
...
Overlapping thermogenesis
2
...
N
...
T
Title: Notes on Circulation and Homeostasis
Description: This is totally hand made notes in a word file. An authentic material and very useful. In the end, I also added multiple choice questions related to the topics.
Description: This is totally hand made notes in a word file. An authentic material and very useful. In the end, I also added multiple choice questions related to the topics.