Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT(1)
Living organisms establish
different living association with
others in order to obtain food or
protection
...

Each exhibits the quality of
tolerance and possesses certain
adaptive features for survival
...
Commensalism: It is an
association between two or more
organisms, and in which one
benefits, the other neither gains nor
loses
...
Remora picks the food
debris while shark does not gain or
lose anything
...
Epiphytism: The process involves
two plants, one lives on the stem or
branch of the other, where it seeks
support
...
Their
nutrients are got from dead leaves
or dead remains of some small

animals
...

3
...
The parasites either live in
their host (endoparasite); or on their
host (ectoparasite) for their food or
nourishment or food
...

Examples of endoparasites are
hookworm, tapeworms (feed on
blood and digested food), bacteria
like salmonella and jigger
...

4
...
It is equally called
mutualism
...
Examples of symbionths are
lichen (a dual organism - algae and
fungi; algae makes the food and

fungi protects the algae); cattle
egrets and cattle, hydra and tiny
cells of green algae (the hydra
habours and protects the algae
while produces food in return)
TOLERANCE AND ADAPTATION
TOLERANCE
Tolerance is the study of
reactions of organisms to physical
and chemical factors in the
environment
...

(ii) Maximum Range: It is the
highest range of factor at which
distribution of the organisms is
mostly affected in terms of survival
...
Animals' range of
tolerance is always difficult to study
since their mobile nature makes
them escape from unfavorable
conditions
...
g
...
while others hibernate,
especially during winter, e
...
rodents,
squirrels etc
...

Geographical Range: This is a given
location within which most
organisms can live
...

PLANTS ADAPTATION
(i) Xerophytes: Plants that survive
extremely dry places
...

(b) Special water storage tissues
...

(d) Possession of succulent leaves
...

(f)Leaves are waxy, hairy, spiny to
reduce transpiration
...

(ii) Mesophytes: They are plants
found where conditions are not
extreme
...

(b) Well developed root system
...

Examples are maize, cowpea,
hibiscus
...
They are
adapted in the following ways:
(a) Ability of the leaves to float e
...


mewater lettuce
...

(c) Well developed stomata and
cuticles on the upper surface only
...
g
...

(e) Presence of adventitious roots
e
...
water lily
...

ANIMAL ADAPTATION
(i) Terrestrial Animals:
(a) Possession of thick, tough skin
or hairs or furs, feathers as
protective measures, as well as
temperature regulation
...

(c) Kidneys for excreation
...

(e) Sweat gland for cooling and
excreation
...
g
...

(ii) Arboreal Animals:
(a) Possession of bright colours, as

well as camouflage e
...
chameleon
...

(c) Presence of hollow bones to
make room for lightness
...

(e) Possession of powerful limbs,
claws and tails for climbing and
piercing e
...
birds, monkeys and
baboons
...

(g) Possession of streamlined body
for easy flight
...

(b) Some have dark upper parts,
while their lower parts are lighter in
order to blend with the sky
(camouflage) when viewed from
below
...

(d) Possession of gills or respiratory
trumpets for respiration
...

(f) Possession of fins and webs for
easy movement
...

ADAPTATION IN PARASITES ENDOPARASITES
(i) Presence of suckers and hooks
for attachment
...

(iii) They possess very thin
membrane which enhances the
diffusion of already digested food
from their host into their own
system
...

(v) They lay numerous eggs to make

sure their new host is reached
...

Halophytes: These are salt resistant organisms
...
Examples of
plants are white mangrove and red
mangrove
...

POLLUTION
Pollution is the direct or indirect
alteration of the physical, thermal,
biological or radioactive properties
of any part of the environment in
such a way as to create hazard or
danger to health, safety or welfare of
any living species
...

Pollutants: Any subtance that
causes pollution is called a
Pollutant
...

(i) Biodegradable: Are organic
products that are broken down by
natural process
...
g
...

(iii) Poisons: Heavy metals and their
salts e
...
lead, mercury, uranium,
fertilizers, fungicides etc
...
Air pollution: It is mainly caused
by air-borne particles such as
smoke, carbondioxide,
sulphurdioxide, carbonmonoxide,
oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen
sulphide and dust
...

Sources of Air Pollutants
Sources
Main Pollutant
1
...

2
...

3
...

building
construction
sites
...
Domestic fire
Sulphur (iv)
and power
oxide and
stations
...

Effects of air pollution
(i) It can cause bronchitis
(ii) Can cause silicosis
(iii) Can cause eye and nose
irritation (e
...
smoke)
(iv) Can poison the blood forming

carboxyhemoglobin (i
...
CO)
(v) Can cause green house effect
(too much CO in atmosphere)
(vi) Dust and smoke can cause
asthma
...
Q
...

Control of air pollution
(i) Industries should be sited away
from residential areas
...

(iii) Passing of wastes through
filters and absorbers
(iv) The use of lead-fuels fuels
...

2
...

Marine pollution is mostly caused
by oil spillage, industrial wastes and
agricultural wastes
...

(ii) Aquatic life will be affected
...

(iv) People hardly use water for
recreational purposes
...

(vi) Epidemic diseases like cholera
diarrhoea are common
...

Control of water pollution
(i) Adequate oxygen should be
deposited alongside any sewage to
be dumbed (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand - B
...
D
...

(iii) Detergents may be used in
checking oil spillage
...

(v) Spillage should be avoided when

loading and unloading tankers
...

(vii) Sewage, industrial and
municipal waste disposal should be
developed
...

3
...
The moment the
plants are affected through
absorption; man invariably gets
affected after eating from the crops
...

Effects of land pollution
(i) Poor crop yield
...

(iii) Incessant dumping of refuse is
an eyesore
...

Control of land pollution

(i) Efforts should be made on
recycling wastes
...

(iii) Incessant dumping of refuse
should be discouraged
...

(v) Refuse should be incinerated

---