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Title: History Book 3
Description: The notes are well summarized and easy to understand as it has been prepared by the best History teacher
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UNI
TONE
EUROPEANI
NVASI
ONANDTHEPROCESSOFCOLONI
ZATI
ONOFAFRI
CA
Thescr
ambl
eandpar
t
i
t
i
on
...

 Li
ber
i
aandEt
hi
opi
awasnotoccupi
ed
...

Scr
ambl
e
...

 I
nt
heAf
r
i
cansi
t
uat
i
on,i
tmeantt
her
ushf
orandst
r
uggl
ebyEur
opeanpower
st
o
acqui
r
ev
ar
i
ouspar
t
sofAf
r
i
cadur
i
ngt
he19t
hcent
ur
y

...

t
h
 I
nt
he19 cent
ur
y
,Eur
opeanpower
sdi
v
i
dedAf
r
i
canamongt
hemsel
v
esf
ol
l
owi
ng
Ber
l
i
nconf
er
enceofNov
ember1884t
oFebr
uar
y1885
...

 Tr
eat
ysi
gn
 Tr
eacher
y
 Di
v
i
deandr
ul
e
 Mi
l
i
t
ar
yconquest

...

e
...

 Tr
eat
i
esbet
weenEur
opeanpower
st
hemsel
v
es
...

Tr
eat
ysi
gni
ngwi
t
hAf
r
i
canl
eader
s
...

Exampl
esofsucht
r
eat
i
es
...

 Ki
ngLobengul
aofMat
ebel
andandBr
i
t
i
shSout
hAf
r
i
canCompany

...

Tr
eat
i
essi
gnedamongstEur
opeanpower
s
...

Forexampl
e
 TheAngl
oGer
manyAgr
eement
sof1886
 Hel
i
gol
andof1890bet
weent
heBr
i
t
i
shandt
heGer
mansov
ert
heshar
i
ngof
EastAf
r
i
ca
...

 Thet
r
eat
ybet
weent
heBr
i
t
i
shandPor
t
ugalandFr
ancei
n1890ont
heshar
i
ng
ofMadagascar(
Fr
ance)Mozambi
queandAngol
a(
Por
t
ugal
)

...

Mi
l
i
t
ar
yconquest
/Useoff
or
ce
...

Exampl
es
...

 TheI
t
al
i
answer
edef
eat
eddur
i
ngt
hei
rEt
hi
opi
ancampai
gn,byMenel
i
kI
Ii
n
t
hebat
t
l
eofAdowai
n1896
...

3)Tr
eacher
y
 SomeEur
opeansoccupi
edsomepar
t
sofAf
r
i
cabyl
ur
i
ngAf
r
i
canchi
ef
sby
gi
v
i
ngt
hem pr
esentl
i
kecl
ot
hs,beads,t
ool
s,weaponsandev
eni
nt
oxi
cat
i
ng
dr
i
nks
...

 Ki
ngofBugandaandLoziwer
echeat
edt
hr
oughgi
f
t
sandendedl
osi
ngt
hei
r
i
ndependence
...

Di
v
i
deandr
ul
e
...

 Af
t
ersuchcommuni
t
i
eshadf
oughtandwer
eweakenedt
heEur
opeansst
epped
i
nandoccupi
edt
hei
rl
and
...

Useofcompanyr
ul
e
...

Forexampl
e
 Br
i
t
i
shSout
hAf
r
i
canCompanyofCeci
l
Rhodes

 I
mper
i
al
Br
i
t
i
shEastAf
r
i
canCompanyofSi
rWi
l
l
i
am Macki
nnon
 TheGer
manEastAf
r
i
caCompanyofCar
l
Pet
er
s
...


FACTORSTHATLEDTOTHESCRAMBLEFORCOLONI
ESI
NAFRI
CA
...

Pol
i
t
i
cal
r
easons
i

...

 By1870,
Br
i
t
ai
nandFr
ancewer
et
hemostpower
f
ul
nat
i
onsi
nEur
ope
...

 Fr
enchl
ostt
wocol
oni
esofAl
saceandLor
r
ai
neduet
ot
hewarandasar
esul
t
t
heysoughtcol
oni
esi
nAf
r
i
cat
ocompensat
ef
orhercol
oni
es
...

Nat
i
onal
i
sm
 I
nt
hel
at
e19thcent
ur
yspi
r
i
tofnat
i
onal
pr
i
deemer
gedamongEur
opeannat
i
ons
...

 Ci
t
i
zensencour
agedt
hei
rgov
er
nment
st
oacqui
r
ecol
oni
esi
nAf
r
i
caf
ornat
i
onal
pr
i
de
...

 Fr
ench assembl
yr
at
i
f
i
ed debr
azza t
r
eat
y wi
t
h chi
efmakoko because of
pr
essur
ef
r
om t
hepubl
i
c
...

Mi
l
i
t
ar
i
sm
...
Thi
sf
r
ust
r
at
es
mi
l
i
t
ar
yof
f
i
cer
sast
heywer
ef
eweroppor
t
uni
t
i
esf
orpr
omot
i
on
...

Economi
cr
easons
...

Tr
ade
...
Thedesi
r
et
ocont
r
ol
l
edt
oscr
ambl
eandpar
t
i
t
i
onofAf
r
i
ca
...

Mi
ner
al
weal
t
h
...
Thi
sspecul
at
i
onf
uel
edt
hescr
ambl
ef
orcol
oni
esi
nAf
r
i
ca
...

I
nv
est
mentofsur
pl
uscapi
t
al

...

i
i
i

...

 I
ndust
r
i
alr
ev
ol
ut
i
oncr
eat
edmanyi
ndust
r
i
eshenceneedr
awmat
er
i
al

...


i
v

...

 AsEur
opeanscount
r
i
esbecomei
ndust
r
i
al
i
zed,t
her
ewer
eal
otofcompet
i
t
i
on
f
ormar
ket
sf
ori
ndust
r
i
al
goods
...

Soci
al
r
easons
...

Ther
i
ser
aci
al
i
sm
 Eur
opeanv
i
ewst
hei
rcul
t
ur
eassuper
i
or

...

 Theyl
ookedAf
r
i
caasDar
kCont
i
nent
,t
her
ef
or
econsi
der
edi
tast
hei
rdut
yt
o
ci
v
i
l
i
z
eAf
r
i
cans
...

Set
t
l
ementofsur
pl
uspopul
at
i
on
...

i
i
i

...

 Humani
t
ar
i
angr
oupemer
gedi
nEur
opeandcampai
gnedagai
nstsl
av
er
yand
sl
av
et
r
ade
...

 Theact
i
v
i
t
i
esofhumani
t
ar
i
angr
oupmadeEur
opeanst
ocol
oni
zeAf
r
i
canst
o
st
opsl
av
et
r
ade
...

Mi
ssi
onar
yact
i
v
i
t
i
es
 Mi
ssi
onar
yact
i
v
i
t
i
es l
ed t
ot
he scr
ambl
e and par
t
i
t
i
on ofAf
r
i
ca,when t
he
mi
ssi
onar
yf
aced at
t
acksand host
i
l
i
t
yf
r
om Af
r
i
can communi
t
i
esand sl
av
e
t
r
ader
s,
t
heyaskedpr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om t
hei
rmot
hercount
r
i
es
...

i

...

 Egy
ptwasi
mpor
t
antt
ot
heEur
opeanpower
sbecauseofSuezCanal

...
I
tshor
t
enedr
out
et
oI
ndi
a
...

i
i

...
Cont
r
olofi
tsour
cewas
i
mpor
t
ant

...

i
i
i

...

 Af
r
i
cahadf
ewnav
i
gabl
er
i
v
er
soneoft
hem bei
ngCongoRi
v
er
,t
her
ef
or
ei
twas
ofst
r
at
egi
ci
mpor
t
ance
...

 Theycl
ai
medt
er
r
i
t
or
i
esi
nt
heCongobasi
nwhi
chl
edt
oscr
ambl
eandpar
t
i
t
i
on
i
v

...

 ThecoastofNor
t
hAf
r
i
cawasi
mpor
t
anti
nt
hecont
r
ol
oft
heMedi
t
er
r
anean
...

v

...

 Af
t
erl
osi
ngEgy
ptt
ot
heBr
i
t
i
sh,
Fr
encht
ur
nedt
oWestAf
r
i
ca
 Theyest
abl
i
shedpr
ot
ect
or
at
eov
erPor
t
onov
oandpl
annedt
oacqui
r
emor
e
t
er
r
i
t
or
i
esi
nt
heEgy
pt

...

 Ger
mansoccupi
edTogo,
Camer
oon,
Sout
hWestAf
r
i
caandTangany
i
ka
...

 I
nat
t
emptt
opr
ev
entamaj
orwari
nEur
ope,t
heGer
manchancel
l
orOt
t
ov
on
Bi
smar
ckconv
enedaconf
er
encei
nBer
l
i
n,
t
heGer
mancapi
t
al
i
n1884
...

 I
twasat
t
endedbymaj
orEur
opeanspower
swhi
chi
ncl
ude:
 Br
i
t
ai
n
 Ger
many
 Fr
ance,
Bel
gi
um
 Por
t
ugal
 I
t
al
y

...

 AnyEur
opeanpowercl
ai
mi
nganyr
egi
oni
nAf
r
i
cawast
oi
nf
or
m ot
herEur
opean
power
si
nt
er
est
ed
...
Thi
sl
eddr
awi
ngofboundar
i
es
...

 Al
l
Eur
opeanspower
sacqui
r
i
ngt
er
r
i
t
or
i
esi
nAf
r
i
cawer
et
oabol
i
shsl
av
et
r
ade
...

 Eur
opeanspower
sr
ecogni
zedt
hedemandsofki
ngLeopol
dI
Iov
ert
heCongo
Fr
eeSt
at
e
...

 TheBer
l
i
nconf
er
encel
ai
dt
hef
oundat
i
onoft
hepr
ocessofpar
t
i
t
i
onasi
tended
t
heot
her
wi
sedi
sor
gani
zedandhaphazar
dscr
ambl
ef
ort
er
r
i
t
or
i
esi
nAf
r
i
ca
...

Br
i
t
ai
n
I
nEastAf
r
i
ca
 Keny
a
 Uganda
Cent
r
al
Af
r
i
ca
 Ny
asal
and
 Nor
t
her
nRhodesi
a
 Sout
her
nRhodesi
a
Sout
her
nAf
r
i
ca
 Bechuanal
and
 Swazi
l
and
 Basut
ol
and
 Uni
onofSout
hAf
r
i
ca
Nor
t
hAf
r
i
ca
 Egy
pt
 Sudan
WestAf
r
i
ca
 Gol
dcoast
 Ni
ger
i
a
 Gambi
a
 Si
er
al
eone
Fr
ance
Cent
r
al
Af
r
i
ca
 Fr
enchCongo
 Chad
 Fr
enchcent
r
al
Af
r
i
ca
WestAf
r
i
ca
 Senegal
 I
v
or
yCoast

...

Nor
t
hAf
r
i
ca
 Tuni
si
a
 Al
ger
i
a
 Mor
occo
 Nor
t
heast
er
nAf
r
i
ca
 Fr
enchSomal
i
l
and
 Er
i
t
r
ea
Ger
many
EastAf
r
i
ca
 Tangany
i
ka
 Cent
r
al
Af
r
i
ca
 Rwanda
 Bur
undi
WestAf
r
i
ca
 Togo
 Sout
hWestAf
r
i
ca
 Camer
oon
...

I
mpactofpar
t
i
t
i
onofAf
r
i
ca
...

g
...

 Af
r
i
cansl
ostt
hei
ri
ndependencesascol
oni
al
r
ul
ewasest
abl
i
shed
...

 SomeAf
r
i
cansr
esi
st
edt
hecomi
ngoft
heEur
opeans
...

g
...

 I
tl
edt
or
i
seofAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
sm
...

 Boundar
ycr
eat
i
on spl
i
tapar
tmanyAf
r
i
can communi
t
i
es
...

e
...

nabongo
mumi
aofwanga,
kabakamwangaandsamor
i
t
our
eofmandi
nka
...

Economi
ci
mpact

...

 Af
r
i
canl
abour
swer
eexpl
oi
t
edf
orEur
opeaneconomi
cgai
ns
...

 Ledt
oal
i
enat
i
onofAf
r
i
canl
andt
ocr
eat
er
oom f
orEur
opeanset
t
l
ement

...

g
...

 I
tl
edt
oi
nt
r
oduct
i
onofwagel
abouri
nAf
r
i
ca
...

 I
tl
edt
oest
abl
i
shmentofEur
opeanset
t
l
ement
si
nAf
r
i
ca
...

 I
tl
edt
ounder
mi
ni
ngofAf
r
i
cancul
t
ur
easAf
r
i
canadopt
edwest
er
nci
v
i
l
i
zat
i
on
...

 I
tl
edt
ot
hespr
eadofwest
er
neducat
i
onandmor
eAf
r
i
canswer
eabl
et
or
ead
andwr
i
t
e
...

 I
tl
ed t
o dev
el
opmentofur
ban cent
er
s
...

g
...
Ot
her
sgr
ewasr
ai
l
wayt
er
mi
nuse
...

Ki
sumu
...

 I
tl
edt
oemer
genceofr
aci
alsegr
egat
i
onasar
esul
toft
heEur
opeansuper
i
or
i
t
y
compl
ex
...

Af
r
i
canr
eact
i
onst
oEur
opeancol
oni
zat
i
on
...

 Af
r
i
cansr
eact
edi
nt
woway
s:
 Resi
st
ances
...

Resi
st
ances
...

 Themandi
nka
...

TheMaj
i
Maj
i
r
ebel
l
i
on
...

 TheUpr
i
si
ngst
ar
t
edi
n1905andendi
n1907
 Tanzani
ahadbeenacqui
r
edl
ar
gel
ybyDr

...

TheRebel
l
i
oni
nv
ol
v
ed:
 Zar
amo
 Mat
umbi
 Bena,
Ngi
ndo
 Pogor
o,
Bunga
 Ngoni
 Lugur
u
 Wamwer
a
 Ndendeul
e
 Ther
ev
ol
tgoti
t
snamemaj
imaj
ibecausebef
or
et
heupr
i
si
ngt
her
er
osea
medi
ci
nemancal
l
edki
nj
i
ki
t
i
l
engwal
ewhoi
nt
r
oducedanddi
st
r
i
but
edsome
magi
cwat
er
(
maj
i
)t
ot
hepeopl
e,cl
ai
mi
ngt
hati
twoul
dmakeAf
r
i
canf
i
ght
er
s
i
mmunet
ot
heGer
manbul
l
et
s
 I
twasbel
i
ev
edt
hedeadancest
or
swoul
dpr
ot
ectt
hepeopl
e
 Ngwal
ebel
ongedt
ot
hekol
el
or
el
i
gi
ouscul
tandhi
st
i
t
l
ewasboker
o
...

Thecausesoft
heMaj
i
Maj
i
r
ebel
l
i
on
...

Thef
or
cedcot
t
ongr
owi
ngpr
ogr
amme
...

 Thepeopl
ewer
et
opl
antcot
t
ononcommunalpl
ot
sandshar
epr
of
i
t
swi
t
h
mar
ket
i
ngor
gani
zat
i
on
...

 When r
ev
ol
tbr
oke peopl
e st
ar
t
ed upr
oot
i
ng cot
t
on shoot
s because i
twas
r
egar
dedassy
mbol
ofGer
mancol
oni
al
i
sm
...

Taxat
i
on
...

Thet
axeswer
e
col
l
ect
edwi
t
hal
otoff
or
ceandt
hosewhof
ai
lt
opaywer
ehumi
l
i
at
edbypubl
i
c
f
l
oggi
ng
...

i
i
i

...

 Af
r
i
canswer
eexpect
edt
opr
ov
i
del
abouronset
t
l
er
s’
f
ar
msandpubl
i
cpr
oj
ect
s
...

 Thi
scr
eat
edr
esent
mentamongt
heAf
r
i
cans
...

Empl
oy
mentofaki
dasandj
umbes
...

 TheAf
r
i
cansdi
sl
kedt
her
ul
ebyaki
dasandj
umbeswhower
ef
or
ei
gner
s
...

Har
shGer
manr
ul
e
...

 Theywer
emi
st
r
eat
edandt
or
t
ur
eandsomet
i
meswhi
ppedf
ort
hi
ngst
heydi
dnot
mer
i
t

...

Rol
eofr
el
i
gi
on
...

 Hecal
l
edAf
r
i
canst
ouni
t
eandf
i
ghtwi
t
hcour
ageagai
nstt
heGer
manybecause
t
heywoul
dbei
mmunet
obul
l
et
s
...

Landal
i
enat
i
on
...

v
i
i
i

...

 Ngoni
want
edt
or
ev
enget
he1898massacr
ebyt
heGer
mans
...

i
x
...

 Af
r
i
canswant
edt
or
egai
nt
hei
rl
osti
ndependence
...

Di
sr
espectofAf
r
i
cancul
t
ur
e
...
Theyconsi
der
ed t
hem t
o be
cent
er
sofwi
t
chcr
af
t

...

Sexual
abuse
...
Accor
di
ngt
oNgi
docust
omst
hi
sof
f
encewaspuni
shabl
ebydeat
h
...


 Upr
i
si
ngwasl
edbyt
heki
nj
eki
t
i
l
engwal
eaKol
el
opr
i
estwhol
i
v
edatNgar
ambe
...
Thi
swast
hemi
xt
ur
eofwat
erandmi
l
l
et

...

 Peopl
et
r
av
el
l
i
ngt
ohi
shomet
ogetmagi
cwat
er

...

 Useofmagi
cpl
ayav
er
yi
mpor
t
antr
ol
ewhi
chi
ncl
ude:
 Theygav
et
hem cour
aget
of
acet
heGer
mans
...

 Thr
oughhi
si
deas,
ki
nj
eki
t
i
l
engwal
emobol
i
zedt
heZar
amo,
Mat
umbi
,
Ngi
ndo,
Ngoni
,
Lugur
u,
Ndendeul
e,
Pogor
o,
MpungaandBenat
or
ebel
agai
nstt
he
Ger
mansbet
weenJul
y1905andAugust1907
...

Pogor
of
ol
l
owedsui
twhent
heyupr
oot
edcot
t
onf
r
om aki
dasf
ar
ms
atnandet
e and at
t
acked gov
er
nmentpost
s and of
f
i
ci
al
s
...

 Ki
nj
eki
t
i
l
ei
deasspr
eadwi
del
yt
hr
oughawhi
sper
i
ngcampai
gncal
l
ednj
wi
y
wi
aby
t
hemat
umbi

...

 Ast
hewarpr
ogr
esssomegov
er
nmentadmi
ni
st
r
at
or
sj
oi
nedt
hewaront
hesi
de
ofr
ebel

...

 Ger
manadmi
ni
st
r
at
or
swer
eov
er
whel
medanddeci
det
ohi
r
eZul
u,Somal
iand
Sudanesemer
cenar
i
est
ohel
pi
tdef
eatt
her
ebel
s
...

They
usedscor
chedear
t
hpol
i
cy

...

 Af
r
i
cansl
at
erempl
oyguer
i
l
l
awar
f
ar
e;
howev
ert
heywer
edef
eat
edi
n1907
...

ReasonswhyAf
r
i
canswasdef
eat
edbyt
heGer
mans
...

Lackor
gani
zat
i
ons
...
Eachcommuni
t
yf
i
ght
son
i
t
sownasr
esul
tsomet
r
i
bessur
r
ender
edl
eav
i
ngot
her
st
ocont
i
nue
...

Fai
l
ur
eoft
hemagi
cwat
er

...
Thi
sr
esul
t
edi
n
t
hedeat
hofmanyAf
r
i
cansf
r
om t
hebat
t
l
e
...

Di
suni
t
yamongt
heAf
r
i
cans
...

g
...


i
v

...

 Ger
mansr
ecei
v
edr
ei
nf
or
cementf
r
om Ger
mansandot
herpar
t
sofaf
r
i
ca
...

v

...

 Af
r
i
cansdi
dnothav
ewel
lt
r
ai
nedmi
l
i
t
ar
yar
myasar
esul
tt
heywer
eeasi
l
y
def
eat
ed
...

Rut
hl
essnessoft
heGer
mans
...

g
...

v
i
i

...

 Af
r
i
canswhowascapt
ur
ewer
eexecut
edi
npubl
i
c
...

Resul
t
sofMaj
i
Maj
i
r
ebel
l
i
on
...
Housesandcr
opswer
ebur
ntdownasar
esul
t
oft
hescor
chedear
t
hpol
i
cywhi
chwasempl
oy
edbyGer
mans
...
ManyAf
r
i
cansl
ostt
hei
rl
i
v
esdur
i
ngt
hewar

...

 I
tl
edt
odi
spl
acementofpeopl
edur
i
ngt
hewar

...

 Thewarcausesi
l
l
f
eel
i
ngsamongt
hepeopl
eandcr
eat
edt
r
i
baldi
f
f
er
encest
hat
t
h
cont
i
nuedt
hr
oughoutt
hef
i
r
sthal
foft
he20 cent
ur
y

...

 I
tl
edt
owi
despr
eadf
ami
nei
nt
angany
i
ka
...

 Fai
l
ur
eofmagi
cwat
ermadepeopl
et
ol
oseconf
i
dencei
nt
r
adi
t
i
onalr
el
i
gi
on
...

 Theupr
i
si
ngser
v
edasani
nspi
r
at
i
ont
oAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
stwhol
at
erf
i
ghtagai
nst
col
oni
al
r
ul
e
...

Mandi
nka(
Samor
i
Tour
e)r
esi
st
ance18911898
 Samor
i
i
bnl
af
i
y
at
our
ewast
hef
ounderoft
heMandi
nkaEmpi
r
e
...
Hebel
ongedt
ot
he
Dy
ul
acl
an,
cl
anofl
ongdi
st
ancet
r
ader
s
...

Samor
iwasenl
i
st
edi
nsor
ibi
r
amaar
mywher
eheser
v
edf
orsev
eny
ear
st
o
secur
et
her
el
easeofhi
smot
her

...

 Hecr
eat
edi
n1860’
sbycapt
ur
i
ngKamandugu
...

 Hecont
i
nuedt
oconqueranumberofpr
i
nci
pal
i
t
i
esandcr
eat
edal
ar
geempi
r
ei
n
t
heupperNi
ger

...

 Hewant
edt
osaf
eguar
di
ndependenceofhi
sempi
r
e
...

 Hewant
edt
osaf
eguar
dhi
smi
l
i
t
ar
yandeconomi
cpr
osper
i
t
yi
nt
her
egi
on
...

 Mandi
nkawer
eMusl
i
msandconsi
der
edFr
encht
obei
nf
i
del
swhower
et
obe
expel
l
edf
r
om t
hei
rt
er
r
i
t
or
y

...

 Hewant
edt
opr
ot
ecthi
saut
hor
i
t
ywhi
chhef
el
twoul
dbeunder
mi
nedby
Fr
enchoccupat
i
on
...

 Bet
ween1882and1886t
heFr
enchandsamor
iwer
ebusyr
eor
gani
zi
ngt
hei
r
f
or
ces
...

 I
nt
het
r
eat
ysamor
i
gav
et
heFr
enchal
l
hi
st
er
r
i
t
or
ynor
t
hofr
i
v
erNi
ger

...

 Samor
ihadal
ar
gear
myofabout35000menar
medwi
t
hgunbutnotheav
y
ar
t
i
l
l
er
yl
i
ket
heFr
enchhad
...

 Secondgr
oupor
gani
zedpeopl
e,
ev
acuat
edt
hem andl
eadt
hem east
war
d
...

 Ast
heymov
esamor
iar
mycar
r
i
edoutscor
chear
t
hpol
i
cywher
ebyt
heybur
nt
v
i
l
l
ages,cr
opsandev
er
y
t
hi
ngel
seaf
t
ert
aki
ngwhatt
heywant
edneeded
...

 By1896samor
ihadmov
edhi
sempi
r
eabout600mi
l
est
ot
heeast

...

 Locat
i
onofhi
sdi
sadv
ant
agebecause:
 Ki
ngdom wasopent
oat
t
ackbyt
heFr
enchI
v
or
yCoast

...


 Hewascutf
r
om t
hegol
df
i
el
dsofwangar
ewher
eheusedt
oobt
ai
nhi
s
gol
d
 Consequent
l
yhehadt
or
el
yent
i
r
el
yonhi
smi
l
i
t
ar
ywor
kshopsf
orweaponsuppl
y

...

Reasonwhyt
her
esi
st
ancest
akel
ong
...

 Themandi
nkahadav
er
yl
ar
gest
andi
ngar
myofabout35000menwhower
ewel
l
t
r
ai
neddi
sci
pl
i
nedandequi
ppedwi
t
hmoder
nweapons
...

 Theusedofguer
i
l
l
awar
f
ar
edel
ay
edt
heconquest

...

 Di
pl
omacy

...

 Samor
iandhi
speopl
ehadal
otofr
esour
cesacqui
r
edf
r
om agr
i
cul
t
ur
eandt
r
ade
hencet
hi
ssuppor
t
edal
ongr
esi
st
ances
...

He had ear
l
i
erengaged i
n war
s ofexpansi
on and
consol
i
dat
i
onbef
or
e
...

ReasonswhySamor
i
wasdef
eat
ed
...

 Lackofuni
t
yamongAf
r
i
cansoci
et
i
esdeal
tSamor
iaheav
ybl
ow e
...
Seku
ahmaduofTi
kol
arEmpi
r
eandTi
ebaofSi
kassochoser
at
hert
oassi
stt
heFr
ench
t
hansamor
i

...

 Theabondi
ngoft
her
i
chbur
egol
dr
eser
v
esasr
et
r
eat
edmeanthehadl
ostan
i
mpor
t
antsour
ceofr
ev
enuet
hatwasi
ni
t
i
al
l
yusedt
osust
ai
nt
hear
my

...

 Thenewempi
r
ewasdi
f
f
i
cul
tt
odef
endasi
twasopent
oat
t
acksonal
l
si
des
...

 Thenonmandi
nkacommuni
t
i
esandnonMusl
i
m di
dnotsuppor
tSamor
i

...

Ef
f
ect
sofMandi
nkar
esi
st
ances
...

Manypeopl
ewer
eki
l
l
edi
nt
hecour
seoft
her
esi
st
anceswhi
l
e

ot
her
sdi
eduet
of
ami
ne
...

Muchpr
oper
t
i
esi
ncl
udi
nghouses,f
oodst
or
esand
l
i
v
est
ockwer
edest
r
oy
edi
nt
hecour
seoft
hewarespeci
al
l
yduet
ot
heusedof
scor
chear
t
hpol
i
cy

...

Resi
st
ancesf
or
medt
hebackgr
oundofmi
d20th cent
ur
yAf
r
i
can
i
ndependencecampai
gnsagai
nstt
heFr
enchi
nWestAf
r
i
ca
...

Mandi
nkapeopl
el
ostt
hei
ri
ndependenceandbecome
subj
ect
soft
heFr
enchcol
oni
al
r
ul
e
...

Mandi
nka l
ostcont
r
olov
eral
lt
hei
rt
r
adi
ng
act
i
v
i
t
i
esandgol
dmi
nes
 Samor
icapt
ur
e
...

 Di
spl
acementofpeopl
e
...

 I
tl
edt
of
ami
neandst
ar
v
at
i
oni
nmandi
nkal
andduet
ot
heusedofscor
chedear
t
hpol
i
cy
 Thewarl
edt
omi
ser
yandsuf
f
er
i
ngamongt
hepeopl
e
...

 Di
sr
upt
i
onoft
r
adi
t
i
onali
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons
...

 I
tl
edt
ot
hecol
l
apseoft
heki
ngdoms
 Themandi
nkal
ostmuchoft
hei
rl
andt
ot
heFr
enche
...
t
hef
i
r
stempi
r
e
...

 By1870sEur
opeanshadst
ar
t
edv
i
si
t
i
ngmat
ebel
andandaski
ngLobengul
af
or
hunt
i
ngandmi
ni
ngr
i
ght
showev
erLobengul
adel
ay
edgr
ant
i
ngofconcessi
ons
f
orsomet
i
me
...
Thi
s
t
r
eat
ypav
edwayf
ort
heBr
i
t
i
shoccupat
i
onofMat
abel
el
and
...
Thi
sl
edRuddconcessi
onof
1888
...

 Af
t
erget
t
i
ngchar
t
erRhodesmadepl
anf
orBr
i
t
i
shoccupat
i
oni
nMashonal
and
andby1890hebr
oughtagr
oupofset
t
l
er
sf
r
om Sout
hAf
r
i
cat
oMashonal
and
...

Causesoft
her
esi
st
ances
...

Br
i
t
i
shoccupat
i
onofmashonal
and
...

i
i

...

 Ndebel
ewasagai
nstf
or
cedl
abouri
nmi
nes,
Eur
opeanshomesandf
ar
ms
i
i
i

...

 Ndebel
el
andwast
akenawayf
orEur
opeanset
t
l
ementandot
herpr
oj
ect
shence
cr
eat
edbi
t
t
er
ness
...

Br
i
t
i
shi
nci
t
ementoft
heShona
...
Thi
s
wasmeantt
opr
ov
oket
heNdebel
et
oat
t
ackt
heshona
...

Ki
l
l
i
ngofEur
opeanser
v
ant
s
...

 I
ndunaspuni
shsomeShonaf
ordi
sobey
i
ngLobengul
af
ori
nst
ancest
heyr
ai
ded
whi
t
ef
ar
mst
or
ecov
ert
hei
rst
ol
encat
t
l
e
...

 Warbr
okei
nOct
ober1893whenNdebel
eki
l
l
edt
heshonaser
v
ant
sbel
ongi
ng
whi
t
es
...

 Whenl
obengul
ar
eal
i
zed hewi
l
lbedef
eat
ed heev
acuat
ed f
r
om hi
scapi
t
al
Bul
away
oandf
l
ednor
t
hwar
dwi
t
hhi
speopl
e
...

Resul
t
soft
hewar

...

 I
tl
ed t
o di
st
r
upt
i
on ofNdebel
e economi
cact
i
v
i
t
i
esf
ori
nst
ance t
heywer
e
pr
ohi
bi
t
edf
r
om car
r
y
i
ngoutagr
i
cul
t
ur
al
act
i
v
i
t
i
esbef
or
et
heysur
r
ender
ed
...

 I
tl
ed t
o dest
r
uct
i
on of pr
oper
t
i
es dur
i
ng t
he war e
...
f
ar
ms and
gr
anar
i
es
...

 Thewarcr
eat
edwi
despr
eadf
earandi
nsecur
i
t
yamongt
heNdebel
e
...

 Thewarweakenedt
heNdebel
emi
l
i
t
ar
ypower

...

 I
tl
edt
oi
mposi
t
i
onofhutt
axonNdebel
e
...

 Ndebel
el
ostt
hei
ri
ndependenceandbecomesubj
ectofBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 Br
i
t
i
shhadsuper
i
orweaponse
...
gunsascompar
edt
oNdebel
e
...

 Lobengul
aandhi
ssol
di
er
swer
eweakenedbyanout
br
eakofsmal
l
pox
...

g
...

 Thesubj
ecti
nt
hel
owercast
es,
t
heEnhl
aandHol
i
di
dnott
akepar
ti
nt
hewar

...

TheShonaNdebel
ewar(
Chi
mur
engawar
)18961898
...

 WarwasknownasShonaNdebel
ewarorChi
mur
engawar

...

Causesoft
hewar

...

Lossofi
ndependence
...

i
i

...

 Bot
ht
heShonaandt
heNdebel
el
ostt
hei
rl
andf
orEur
opeanoccupat
i
on
...

i
i
i

...

 TheNdebel
eani
mal
swer
et
akenawaybyt
hewhi
t
esaf
t
er1893war

...

i
v

...

 Bot
ht
heshonawer
esubj
ect
edt
oheav
yt
axat
i
onbyt
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...


v

...

 TheShonawasf
or
cedt
opr
ov
i
del
abouri
nt
heset
t
l
erpl
ant
at
i
on,Eur
opeans
mi
nesandhomest
her
ef
or
et
heyr
esi
st
ed
...

Mi
st
r
eat
mentbyt
heShonapol
i
ce
...

v
i
i

...

 Br
i
t
i
sht
ot
al
l
ydi
sr
egar
dedt
heShonat
r
adi
t
i
onalr
el
i
gi
on
...

v
i
i
i

...

 I
n1895t
heywer
enat
ur
alcal
ami
t
i
esi
nt
heMat
ebel
andandMashonal
ande
...

dr
ought
,
f
ami
ne,
l
ocusti
nv
asi
on,
out
br
eakofr
i
nder
pestet
c
...

i
x
...

 Ther
i
seofl
eader
ssuchasMkwat
ii
nmat
ebel
andandKakubiandNehandai
n
Mashonaencour
agedpeopl
et
or
ebelagai
nstBr
i
t
i
shSout
hAf
r
i
canCompany

...

x
...

 TheShonar
esi
st
edbecauset
heyhat
edt
hei
nt
er
f
er
enceswi
t
ht
hei
rt
r
adi
ngr
i
ght
s
byt
heBr
i
t
i
shSout
hAf
r
i
canCompany

...

Cour
seoft
hewar

...

j
ames,
howev
ert
her
ai
df
ai
l
ed
...

 Af
r
i
cansused al
lt
heweaponst
heycoul
d acqui
r
eand i
nsomecasest
hey
empl
oy
edguer
r
i
l
l
awar
f
ar
e
...

 Mkwat
i
andsi
gi
ngamat
i
shawer
ev
er
yact
i
v
ei
nMat
abel
el
andwi
t
ht
he
encour
agementofLobengul
a’
sson,
Ny
amandaandt
heNdebel
echi
efpr
i
est
,
Ungul
a
...

 Rei
nf
or
cement
shadt
obebr
oughtf
r
om ot
herpar
t
sofSout
her
nAf
r
i
cat
o
suppr
esst
her
ev
ol
t

...

Ndebel
er
ev
ol
tendedi
nDecember
,
1896
...


Resul
t
sofChi
mur
engawar

...

 ManyAf
r
i
cansespeci
al
l
yAf
r
i
cansl
osst
hei
rl
i
v
esdur
i
ngt
hewar

...

 Af
r
i
cansl
ostt
hei
ri
ndependencesandbecomet
hesubj
ectofBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 I
tl
edt
oal
i
enat
i
onofAf
r
i
canl
andandAf
r
i
canswer
epushedt
ogoandl
i
v
edi
n
r
eser
v
es
...

 Fami
neandst
ar
v
at
i
onr
esul
t
edi
nMat
ebel
andandMashonal
andandasar
esul
t
Ceci
l
Rhodessent1000000bagsofmai
zet
osol
v
et
hepr
obl
ems
...

e
...

 Af
r
i
cansl
ostf
ai
t
hi
nt
hei
rr
el
i
gi
onast
hemagi
cpr
ot
ect
i
onf
ai
l
edt
owor
kandasa
r
esul
tt
ur
nedt
oChr
i
st
i
ani
t
y

...

 Thecol
oni
al
of
f
i
cei
nLondonbl
amedt
heBSACO
...

Reasonswhyt
heChi
mur
engawasdef
eat
ed
...
Theyl
acked
coor
di
nat
i
onwhi
chmadeeasyf
ort
heBr
i
t
i
sht
odeal
wi
t
heachoneatat
i
me
...

 Thebr
ut
al
i
t
yoft
heBr
i
t
i
shSout
hAf
r
i
cancompanydemor
al
i
zedt
hef
i
ght
er
s
...

 Thei
ndunasandmi
l
i
t
ar
yr
egi
ment
soft
heNdebel
ewer
ebr
okendur
i
ngt
hef
i
r
st
r
ev
ol
t

...

 Nat
ur
al
cal
ami
t
i
esandf
ami
newhi
choccuri
nMat
ebel
andandMashonal
and
weakenedt
hepeopl
ehencecoul
dnotputuppr
ol
ongedwaragai
nstt
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 TheAf
r
i
canf
i
ght
er
swer
edemor
al
i
zedbyt
hear
r
estandexecut
i
onoft
hei
r
l
eader
sl
i
keNehandaandKakubi

...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shSout
hAf
r
i
cancompanywasdet
er
mi
nedt
ocr
usht
her
ebel
l
i
on
...
Theydi
dt
hi
st
osaf
eguar
dt
hei
rposi
t
i
onsagai
nsti
nt
er
nal
powerst
r
uggl
esorasapr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om st
r
ongerext
er
nal
ornei
ghbour
i
ng
soci
et
i
es
...

THEBAGANDA
...

 I
twasr
ul
edbyKabaka
...

 Thef
i
r
stEur
opeant
or
eachBugandawasJohnSpeke,
at
r
av
el
eri
n1862and
f
ol
l
owedbyJamesGr
ant

...

 Hef
i
r
stv
i
si
t
edEastAf
r
i
cai
n1871whom hewassentt
ol
ookf
orDr

...

 I
twasHM St
anl
eywhoconv
i
ncedKabakaMut
esat
oacceptChr
i
st
i
an
mi
ssi
onar
i
esi
nhi
ski
ngdom
...

 Hewant
edt
oacqui
r
ewest
er
neducat
i
on,
medi
ci
neandt
echnol
ogyf
ort
he
benef
i
tofhi
ski
ngdom
...

 Hewant
edt
oest
abl
i
sht
r
adi
ngl
i
nkswi
t
ht
heEur
opeanssoast
ogetgoods
l
i
kef
i
r
ear
ms
...

 Hewant
edhel
pagai
nstKhedi
v
eI
smai
l
t
hr
eat
si
nhi
sNor
t
her
nDi
st
r
i
ct
s
...

 Thef
i
r
stmi
ssi
onar
i
est
oar
r
i
v
ewer
ePr
ot
est
ant
soft
heChur
chMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
et
y
(
EMS)f
r
om Br
i
t
ai
ni
n1877f
ol
l
owedbyt
heRomanCat
hol
i
cwhi
l
ef
at
her
si
n1897
KabakaMut
esaconf
i
nedt
hemi
ssi
onar
i
esi
nhi
scapi
t
al
Rubaga
...

 Whenmut
esadi
ed,
f
ourr
el
i
gi
ousf
act
i
onshademer
gedt
hesei
ncl
ude
...

KabakaMwanga
...

att
hebegi
nni
ng
Mwangaassoci
at
edhi
msel
fwi
t
hy
oungChr
i
st
i
ansbutt
ur
nedagai
nstt
hem and
ki
l
l
ed30i
nMay1886f
orr
ef
usi
ngt
ogi
v
eupt
hei
rf
ai
t
h
...

 Mwangawasov
er
t
hr
ownandexi
l
edt
oSeseI
sl
andonl
akeVi
ct
or
i
abuthewas
hel
pbyChr
i
st
i
an(
cat
hol
i
candpr
ot
est
ant
s)t
or
ecapt
ur
ehi
st
hr
onei
n1890
...

 Hewant
edassi
st
ancest
oconsol
i
dat
ehi
sposi
t
i
onaski
ngofBuganda
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shwer
et
oassi
sthi
m checkont
hei
nf
l
uenceofr
el
i
gi
ousgr
oupswi
t
hi
n
t
heki
ngdom
...

Pr
ocessofcol
l
abor
at
i
on
...

 I
n1891,
Fr
edr
i
ckLugar
dsi
gnedat
r
eat
yofpr
ot
ect
i
onwi
t
hKabakaMwanga
whi
chgav
et
heI
mper
i
al
Br
i
t
i
shEastAf
r
i
cancompanycont
r
ol
ov
erBuganda
...

t
heonl
y
al
t
er
nat
i
v
ewast
oabandonUgandai
ft
heBr
i
t
i
shgov
er
nmentwaswi
l
l
i
ng
...

 Fol
l
owi
nghi
sr
ecommendat
i
on,
Ugandawasdecl
ar
edaBr
i
t
i
shpr
ot
ect
or
at
ei
n
1894
...

 KabakaMwangar
ev
ol
tagai
nstt
heBr
i
t
i
shi
n1897
...

 Hewasar
r
est
edandexi
l
edt
oKi
smay
ui
n1899andl
at
ert
ot
heSey
chel
l
es,
wher
e
hedi
edi
n1903
...
Si
ncehe
wast
ooy
oungt
or
ul
e,
t
hr
eeseni
ormi
ni
st
er
st
hekat
i
ki
r
o(
P
...
Theywer
eApol
l
oKgSt
arMugoany
aand
Zachar
yKi
si
ngi
r
i
r
espect
i
v
el
y

...

 Theagr
eementconsi
der
edf
ourf
act
or
snamel
y
:
 Boundar
i
es
...

 Landowner
shi
p
...

Ter
msoft
heBugandaagr
eement

...

 Bugandawasr
ecogni
zedbyt
heBr
i
t
i
shaski
ngdom wi
t
hi
nt
heUganda
pr
ot
ect
or
at
e
...

Gov
er
nment

...

 Thegov
er
nmentcoul
dnotmakel
awst
odoany
t
hi
ngcont
r
ar
yt
ot
hewi
shesof
t
hepr
ot
ect
or
at
egov
er
nment

...

 Hi
st
hr
eemi
ni
st
er
s,
t
heKat
i
ki
r
o,
Tr
easur
yandChi
efJust
i
cewer
er
ecogni
zed
...

Land
...

 Theot
herhal
fwasdi
v
i
dedonf
r
eehol
dbasi
samongt
heKabaka,
ot
hermember
s
ofr
oy
al
f
ami
l
y
,
mi
ni
st
er
s,
sazachi
ef
sandabout1000mi
norchi
ef
s
...


 Ahutt
axoft
hr
eer
upeesandagunt
axwer
ei
mposed
...

 Nof
ur
t
hert
axat
i
onwast
obei
mposedwi
t
houtt
heconsentoft
hekabakaandt
he
l
uki
i
ko
 TheKabaka,
t
hemi
ni
st
er
sandt
hechi
ef
swer
et
obepai
df
ort
hei
rser
v
i
ces
...

 Kabakaspower
swer
econsi
der
abl
yr
educed
...
Thenew
l
andt
enur
egav
et
hem l
andandt
her
i
ghtt
oi
mposel
andr
ent

...

 Chr
i
st
i
anmi
ssi
onar
i
esi
nt
r
oducednewt
echnol
ogi
esandski
l
l
si
nBuganda
 I
tl
edt
odecl
i
nedofI
sl
ami
ci
nf
l
uencei
nt
heki
ngdom asChr
i
st
i
ani
t
ygr
ewst
r
ong
...

 TheBugandawer
egi
v
enpr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om t
hei
rt
r
adi
t
i
onal
enemi
est
heBuny
or
o
...

 kabakagai
nedr
ecogni
t
i
onashewasgi
v
ent
het
i
t
t
l
eofHi
sHi
ghnessbyt
he
Br
i
t
i
sh
 TheBugandaki
ngdom usedt
hei
rChr
i
st
i
ansf
r
i
endst
ocheckandcount
ert
he
omukamaofBuny
or
o
...

 TheBugandawasgi
v
enanadv
ant
ageandposi
t
i
oni
nt
hecol
oni
al
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
on
...

 Theywer
er
ul
edbyLewani
ka
...

 Lewani
kar
espondedt
ot
heEur
opeanadv
ancebyaski
ngf
orBr
i
t
i
shpr
ot
ect
i
on
t
hr
oughSi
rSy
dneyShi
ppar
d,
t
heBr
i
t
i
shadmi
ni
st
r
at
orofBuchuanal
and
...

g
...

 Lewani
kawant
edt
heBr
i
t
i
sht
opr
ot
ecthi
ski
ngdom f
r
om at
t
acksbyot
herAf
r
i
can
communi
t
i
essuchast
heNdebel
eandShonapr
ot
ect
i
onagai
nstAf
r
i
canenemi
es
...







Her
eal
i
zedt
hef
ut
i
l
i
t
yofr
esi
st
i
ngagai
nstt
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

Hewant
edt
osaf
eguar
dt
hei
ndependenceofLozi
ki
ngdom
...

Thepr
ocessofcol
l
abor
at
i
on
 Lewani
kacol
l
abor
at
edwi
t
hBr
i
t
i
shbySi
gni
ngoft
r
eat
i
es
 Exampl
esoft
r
eat
i
esl
ewani
kasi
gni
ncl
ude:
 War
et
r
eat
y

...

 Thecor
y
ndont
r
eat
y

...

Lewani
kawar
et
r
eat
y

...

Ter
m oft
het
r
eat
y

...
Butmi
ner
al
pr
ospect
i
ngwasnotal
l
owedi
n
Bar
ot
sel
and,
wher
et
heLozi
l
i
v
ed
...

 Lewani
kabecamef
r
i
endl
yt
oBr
i
t
i
shagent
sl
i
keFr
ankLochnerandt
hemi
ssi
onar
y
,
Fr
ançoi
sCoi
l
l
ar
d,
whom heal
l
owedt
oest
abl
i
shaper
manentmi
ssi
onst
at
i
onwi
t
hi
n
hi
st
er
r
i
t
or
y

...

LochnerTr
eat
yof1890
...

 Thet
r
eat
yputLewani
ka’
sKi
ngdom undert
hepr
ot
ect
i
onoft
heBr
i
t
i
shSout
h
Af
r
i
canCompany

...

 BSACompanywasgr
ant
edal
l
mi
ni
ngr
i
ght
si
nLozi
l
and
...

 Lewani
kawast
obepai
dt2000st
er
l
i
ngpoundsay
earand4%r
oy
al
t
i
esofal
l
mi
ner
al
smi
nedi
nt
heki
ngdom
...

Wast
obui
l
dschool
s,
t
el
egr
aphser
v
i
cesandpr
omot
et
r
ade
...

 I
n1897,
Rober
tT
...

 Uponhi
sar
r
i
v
al
,
hemadear
r
angement
sf
ort
hesi
gni
ngoft
heLawl
eyt
r
eat
yof
1898whi
chf
ur
t
herr
educedt
hesi
zeoft
hear
eagov
er
nedbyLewani
ka
...

 TheBSACO
...

 BSACO
...

 Thet
r
eat
ygav
eadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
eandj
udi
ci
al
r
i
ght
sofwhi
t
emeni
nBar
ot
sel
and
t
ot
heBSACO
...
wast
odev
el
opeducat
i
on,
t
el
egr
aphandpost
al
ser
v
i
cesi
nt
he
ki
ngdom
...

 I
nOct
ober1900,
hesi
gnedanot
hert
r
eat
y
,
t
heCor
y
ndonTr
eat
ywi
t
hLewani
ka
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shgov
er
nmentwoul
dber
esponsi
bl
ef
oradmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofBul
ozi

...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shSout
hAf
r
i
caCompanywoul
dappoi
ntof
f
i
ci
al
sandpayf
ort
he
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
onoft
hear
ea
...

 Lewani
kawoul
dr
ecei
v
eonl
y850st
er
l
i
ngpoundsay
earashi
ssal
ar
y

...

 Thecompanymai
nt
ai
nedmi
ni
ngr
i
ght
si
nBar
ot
sel
and
...

 Lewani
kawasmadepar
amountchi
efofBar
ot
sel
and
...

RESULTSOFHOZICOLLABORATI
ON
 I
tl
edt
oest
abl
i
shmentofBr
i
t
i
shcol
oni
al
r
ul
ei
nNor
t
her
nRhodesi
awi
t
houtany
bl
oodshed
...

 Bar
ot
sel
and’
sr
i
ght
sov
eri
v
or
yandel
ephant
st
r
adewer
er
eser
v
ed
...

 Br
i
t
i
shdev
el
opedschool
s,
heal
t
hcent
r
es,
andt
r
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
i
on
net
wor
ksi
nBar
ot
sel
and
...

 Lozi
peopl
el
ostt
hei
ri
ndependences
...

 Lewani
kar
ecei
v
edpay
mentof£2000y
ear
l
y
 TheBr
i
t
i
shSout
hAf
r
i
caCompanyt
ookov
ert
hecont
r
ol
oft
hemi
ner
al
s
 TheLozi
l
andwasal
i
enat
edandgi
v
ent
oBr
i
t
i
shset
t
l
er
s
 TheLozi
wer
el
at
erf
or
cedt
opayt
axesi
nor
dert
omai
nt
ai
nt
headmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on
...

 TheLozi
peopl
ewer
eempl
oy
edi
nt
hecol
oni
al
ci
v
i
l
ser
v
i
ce
 TheBr
i
t
i
shusedBar
ot
sel
andasabaset
oconquert
henei
ghbour
i
ng
communi
t
i
es
...

ESTABLI
SHMENTOFCOLONI
ALRULEI
NKENYA
Backgr
oundt
ot
heScr
ambl
eandpar
t
i
t
i
onofeastAf
r
i
ca
...
Howev
ert
hei
rpr
esencewasl
i
mi
t
edt
ot
hecoast

...

 Fr
om mi
d19thcent
ur
ysomest
ar
t
edt
r
av
el
l
i
ngi
nt
ot
hei
nt
er
i
orofEastAf
r
i
ca
...

Br
i
t
i
shoccupat
i
onofKeny
a
...

Fact
or
st
hatl
edt
oBr
i
t
i
shoccupat
i
onofKeny
a
...

Want
edt
ocont
r
ol
t
heSour
ceoft
heNi
l
e
...

i
i

...

 EastAf
r
i
cawasofst
r
at
egi
ci
mpor
t
ancet
ot
heBr
i
t
i
shi
nsaf
eguar
di
ngt
hei
r
i
nt
er
est
si
nI
ndi
a
...

Want
edr
awmat
er
i
al
s
...

i
v

...

 I
ndust
r
i
al
r
ev
ol
ut
i
oni
nEur
opel
edt
oest
abl
i
shmentofmanyi
ndust
r
i
eshence
t
her
ewer
ecompet
i
t
i
onf
ormar
ketofmanuf
act
ur
edgoods
...

v

...

 Ther
ewer
eanumberofBr
i
t
i
sht
r
ader
sandmi
ssi
onar
i
eswhower
eoper
at
i
ngi
n
t
her
egi
on
...

v
i

...

 Br
i
t
i
shoccupi
edKeny
ai
nor
dert
ohel
pst
opsl
av
er
yandsl
av
et
r
ade
...

Want
edt
opr
omot
eofl
egi
t
i
mat
et
r
ade
...

Thi
swasat
r
adei
nAf
r
i
canpr
oduct
ssuchascot
t
on,
r
ubber
,
cocoaandmi
ner
al
s
...

Want
edt
oi
nv
estt
hei
rsur
pl
uscapi
t
al

...

i
x
...

 I
nt
he19thcent
ur
y
,
t
heacqui
si
t
i
onofcol
oni
eswasv
i
ewedasapr
est
i
gei
n

Eur
opeansasr
esul
tBr
i
t
ai
noccupi
edKeny
af
ornat
i
onal
pr
est
i
ge
...

Want
edt
oset
t
l
et
hei
rsur
pl
uspopul
at
i
on
...

xi

...

 WhenUSAbecomei
ndependenti
n1776Br
i
t
ai
nl
osti
mpor
t
antcol
onyhencel
ook
f
oral
t
er
nat
i
v
ecol
oni
est
ocompensat
ef
ort
hel
ost

...

 Bef
or
e1884,
Eur
opeanpower
swhower
ei
nv
ol
v
edi
nEastAf
r
i
casought
cl
ear
ancef
r
om t
heSul
t
anofZanzi
barbef
or
epr
oceedi
ngt
ot
hei
nt
er
i
orbutaf
t
er
t
heBer
l
i
nconf
er
enceabi
t
t
erst
r
uggl
eoccurbet
weent
heBr
i
t
i
shandt
he
Ger
mansov
ert
hecont
r
ol
ofEastAf
r
i
ca
...
Hedi
dt
hi
sonbehal
foft
he
Br
i
t
i
shcommer
ci
al
gr
oupswhi
chi
nt
endedt
ot
r
adet
her
eandconst
r
uctar
ai
l
way

...
The
Sul
t
anpr
ot
est
edwi
t
houtmuchsuccess
...

 I
t
’
sast
r
uggl
ebet
weent
heGer
mansandt
heSul
t
anofZanzi
baroccur
sov
ert
he
Ger
mancont
r
ol

...

 Tosett
hi
ngsst
r
ai
ghtGer
manydemandedacommi
ssi
ont
ol
ooki
nt
ot
heact
ual
ext
entoft
heSul
t
an’
scont
r
ol

...

TheAngl
oGer
managr
eement/
1886
Ter
ms
 Thesul
t
anofZanzi
barwasgi
v
ena16km (
10mi
l
es)coast
al
st
r
i
pandt
heof
f
shar
eI
sl
andsofPat
e,
Maf
i
a,
Pemba,
Zanzi
barandLamu
...

 Coast
l
i
neofWi
t
uwasgi
v
ent
oBr
i
t
i
sh
...

WeaknessofAngl
oGer
manyagr
eementof1886
...

 Tor
educeadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
ecostanumberofcompani
eswer
eent
r
ust
edwi
t
h
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
ononbehav
esoft
hei
rhomegov
er
nment

...

 Ger
manEastAf
r
i
canCompany

...
I
twasgr
ant
edchar
t
eri
n1888whi
ch

gav
et
hem powert
oadmi
ni
st
erar
easonbehal
foft
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

Conf
l
i
ct
sbet
weenGer
manandBr
i
t
i
shcompani
es
...

TheI

...

E
...

COwasf
av
or
edbySul
t
anBar
gui
shofZanzi
bar

...
Soont
heI
BEACwascl
ai
mi
ngov
eranext
ensi
onar
eaofabout300km
i
nt
ot
hei
nt
er
i
orf
r
om t
hecoast
l
i
ne
...

 Att
hesamet
i
me,
I
t
al
yhadj
oi
nedt
hecol
oni
al
r
aceandwasdi
sput
i
ngwi
t
ht
he
Br
i
t
i
shcompanyov
ert
hepar
t
sownedbyt
heSul
t
ani
nt
heNor
t
her
ncoast

...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shwer
e,
howev
er
,
det
er
mi
nednott
oal
l
owt
heSul
t
an’
snor
t
her
npor
t
st
o
f
al
l
i
nt
oGer
manhands
...
Theot
hernor
t
her
npar
t
swer
eendedt
oI
t
al
yand
l
i
ket
heSul
t
angav
et
hem backt
oBr
i
t
ai
n
...
Butbef
or
ehegott
her
e,
Kar
l
Pet
er
shadal
r
eadysecur
edat
r
eat
ywi
t
hMwanga
...
Thi
s
mar
kedt
hebegi
nni
ngofanot
herst
r
uggl
ebet
weent
het
wocompani
esov
er
anot
herEastAf
r
i
canTer
r
i
t
or
y

...
Thenegot
i
at
i
onswer
econcl
uded
byt
heSecondAngl
oGer
man
...

TheSecondAngl
oGer
mant
r
eat
yof1890
Ter
ms
...

 Ger
manyabandonshercl
ai
m ov
erhert
er
r
i
t
or
yofwi
t
u
...

 TheGer
manpossessi
onsi
ncl
udeast
r
i
ponLakeTangany
i
kaacqui
r
edf
r
om
Br
i
t
ai
nandt
hecoast
al
r
egi
onofTangany
i
kaf
r
om t
heSul
t
anf
oraf
ee
...

 TheSul
t
anwasl
ef
twi
t
ht
he16km st
r
i
pal
ongt
hecoast

...

Angl
oGer
managr
eementof1890br
oughtt
heper
i
odofscr
ambl
eandpar
t
i
t
i
onofEast
Af
r
i
cat
oanend
...

 Af
t
ert
hecompl
et
i
onoft
hepar
t
i
t
i
onofEastAf
r
i
caadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onwasl
ef
ti
nt
he
handsofcompani
est
hati
sI
BEAcoandGEAco
...
Theai
m wast
ocount
erGer
man,
Fr
enchandI
t
al
i
an

i
nf
l
uencedi
nt
hear
ea
Ai
msordut
i
esofI
mper
i
al
Br
i
t
i
shEastAf
r
i
caCompany

...

 Tomai
nt
ai
nl
awandor
der

...

 Tocont
r
ol
anddev
el
opt
r
adei
nt
hear
eabyf
aci
l
i
t
at
i
ngmov
ement
sofgoodsand
peopl
ebet
weent
hecoastandt
hei
nt
er
i
or

...

 Tosuppor
tt
hecampai
gnt
oendsl
av
er
yandt
hesl
av
et
r
adei
nt
her
egi
on
...

 I
tsuppr
essest
her
ebel
l
i
onagai
nstt
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 I
tst
ar
t
edt
heconst
r
uct
i
onofr
oads
...

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbyI
BEACO
...

 Resi
st
i
ngAf
r
i
cacommuni
t
i
esmeantt
hatt
hecompanyr
equi
r
edaf
or
cet
o
mai
nt
ai
nl
awandor
dery
ett
heyhadf
i
nanci
al
l
yconst
r
ai
ned
...

 Scar
ci
t
yofnat
ur
al
r
esour
cesandpr
of
i
t
abl
ecommodi
t
i
esf
orexpor
thi
nder
edt
he
wor
koft
hecompani
es
...

 Companyof
f
i
ci
al
swer
ei
nexper
i
encedi
nadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
emat
t
er
s
...

g
...

React
i
onofI
BEACO
...

 Thecompanyhandedov
eri
t
sl
easest
ot
heBr
i
t
i
shgov
er
nment

...

 Thecompanyal
sopassedov
ert
hei
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
esuchaspost
sandasmal
l
pol
i
cef
or
cet
ot
heBr
i
t
i
shgov
er
nment

...

i

...

 Usedwher
eAf
r
i
canswer
epeacef
ul
andhadaccept
edBr
i
t
i
shcol
oni
al
pr
ot
ect
i
on
andpay
mentoft
axes
...

i
i

...

 Mi
l
i
t
ar
yexpedi
t
i
onswer
esentt
oar
easwher
epeopl
ehadr
ef
usedt
ocooper
at
e
wi
t
hBr
i
t
i
sh
...

i
i
i

...

 Atf
i
r
stBr
i
t
i
shof
f
i
ci
al
susedt
hepost
swhi
chwer
econst
r
uct
edbyt
heI
BEACo
...

i
v

...
I
nr
et
ur
n,
t
heser
ul
er
sassi
st
ed
t
hecol
oni
al
i
st
st
of
i
ghtot
herpeopl
e
...

Tr
eacher
y

...

Exampl
e
 Lenanaoft
heMaasai

...

Useofmi
ssi
onar
i
es
...


Responseoft
hepeopl
esofKeny
at
oBr
i
t
i
shI
nv
asi
onandoccupat
i
on
...
Ot
her
st
houghti
t
asagoodoppor
t
uni
t
yt
obui
l
dupper
sonal
powerandaccumul
at
eweal
t
h
...

 Theywer
ev
ar
i
ousr
esponsest
ot
heBr
i
t
i
shi
nv
asi
onandoccupat
i
onofKeny
a
...

Resi
st
ances
...

i
i

...

Somecommuni
t
i
escooper
at
edwi
t
hf
or
ei
gner
s
Theyi
ncl
ude:
 Maasai

...

i
i
i

...

Somecommuni
t
i
esexhi
bi
t
edmi
xedr
eact
i
ons
...


 Agi
kuy
u
...

Reasonf
ort
hei
rr
esi
st
ances
...

 Theywant
edt
opr
ot
ectt
hei
rcul
t
ur
e
...

 Lossofl
i
v
es
 Dest
r
uct
i
onofpr
oper
t
ysuchashomesandf
ar
ms
...

 Fami
ne
 ManyAf
r
i
cansespeci
al
l
yt
hosei
nt
hehi
ghl
ands,
l
ostt
hei
rl
and
...

 Local
r
i
v
al
r
i
est
hatal
l
owedt
heBr
i
t
i
sht
opl
at
hecommuni
t
i
esagai
nsteachot
her

...

 Lackedpr
of
essi
onal
l
yt
r
ai
nedsol
di
er
s
Resi
st
ance
Nandi
 Theywer
edomi
nantcommuni
t
yi
nRi
f
tVal
l
eyhav
i
ngr
epl
acedt
hedr
eaded
Maasai
whosepowerhaddecl
i
nedbecauseofepi
demi
csdr
oughtandi
nt
er
nal
st
r
i
f
e
...

Causesoft
henandi
r
esi
st
ance
...

Nandi
pr
i
de
...

e
...

g
...

t
hei
rpr
i
de
t
her
ef
or
emadet
hem t
or
esi
st

...

Ki
pny
ol
epr
ophecy

...
Asar
esul
tt
hei
rr
esi
stasanat
t
emptt
oav
er
t
t
hef
ul
f
i
l
l
mentofapr
ophecymadebyadi
scr
i
mi
nat
edpr
ophet

...

i
v

...

 Nandi
hat
edt
hephy
si
cal
appear
anceoft
hewhi
t
eman
...

v

...

 Nandi
want
edt
opr
ot
ectt
hei
rl
andf
r
om bei
ngt
akenawaybyt
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

Desi
r
et
omai
nt
ai
nt
hei
ri
ndependence
...

v
i
i

...

 Br
i
t
ai
ni
mposedhutt
axont
heNandi

...

v
i
i
i

...

 Nandi
wasf
or
cedt
opr
ov
i
del
abouri
nset
t
l
erf
ar
msandonpubl
i
cpr
oj
ect
s
...

i
x
...

 Nandi
r
esi
st
edbecauset
heydi
dnotwantst
r
anger
st
opasst
hr
ought
hei
r
t
er
r
i
t
or
i
es
...

Nandi
mi
l
i
t
ar
yst
r
engt
h
...

Thei
rmi
l
i
t
ar
y
super
i
or
i
t
yov
ert
hei
rnei
ghbor
s’
gav
et
hem conf
i
dencet
oat
t
ackt
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 TheNandi
r
et
al
i
at
edbyki
l
l
i
ngAndr
ewdi
ckf
r
i
endPet
erWestandhi
st
hi
r
t
y
wor
ker
s
...

 I
nt
hecour
seoft
her
esi
st
ancesNandi
empl
oy
edguer
i
l
l
awar
f
ar
ewher
et
hey
ambusht
hecar
av
ant
r
ader
sandmai
l
car
r
i
er
swhopassedt
hr
ought
hei
rl
and
...

 Theykeptst
eal
i
ngbui
l
di
ngmat
er
i
al
st
omakeweaponsandor
nament
s
...

 I
n1900,
t
heBr
i
t
i
shsentt
hr
eepuni
t
i
v
eexpedi
t
i
onsunderCol
onel
Ev
at
t
,
t
he
commanderoft
heUgandaRi
f
l
es
...

 I
n1901t
heywer
eat
empor
ar
yt
r
ucewor
kedoutbyt
heBr
i
t
i
shadmi
ni
st
r
at
or
,
Wal
t
erMay
es(
19011905)
,
af
t
err
eal
i
zi
ngt
heheav
ycausal
i
t
i
esbot
hsi
deswer
e
exper
i
enci
ng
...
Theydest
r
oy
edt
her
ai
l
wayi
n
pr
ot
est

...

 TheNandi
warofr
esi
st
anceonl
yendedwhent
heBr
i
t
i
shof
f
i
ceri
nNandi
,
Capt
ai
n
Mei
ner
t
zhagen,
hat
chedapl
ant
ohav
eKoi
t
al
el
,
t
hechi
efcoor
di
nat
oroft
he
r
esi
st
ance,
ki
l
l
ed
...

Thi
smadet
heNandi
t
oseekf
orpeacei
nDecember
1905endi
ngt
het
eny
earl
ongr
esi
st
ance
...

 Tr
opi
cal
di
seasesr
educedt
heef
f
i
ci
encyoft
heBr
i
t
i
shar
my

...

 TheNandi
mi
xedeconomyensur
edt
hei
rgoodandr
el
i
abl
ef
oodsuppl
yf
ort
he
war
r
i
or
s
...


 Nandi
usedt
omanuf
act
ur
et
hei
rweapons
...

 Theyhadabl
el
eader
sunderor
koi
y
otwhopr
ov
i
dedt
her
i
ghtl
eader
shi
p
...

g
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shhadsuper
i
orweaponse
...
r
i
f
l
eswhi
l
et
heNandi
usedspear
sand
ar
r
ows
...

g
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shusedscor
chear
t
hpol
i
cyi

...
bur
ni
ng,
l
oot
i
nganddest
r
oy
i
ng
ev
er
y
t
hi
ng
...

 Nandi
war
r
i
or
swer
edemor
al
i
zedbyt
hedeat
hofKoi
t
al
el
Samoei

...

 TheNandi
l
ostt
hei
ri
ndependenceandbecomet
hesubj
ectoft
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 Muchpr
oper
t
i
eswer
edest
r
oy
edi
nt
hecour
seoft
her
esi
st
ancese
...
cr
ops
...

 TheNandi
war
r
i
or
swer
er
ecr
ui
t
edi
nt
ocol
oni
al
secur
i
t
yf
or
ces
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shconf
i
scat
edl
i
v
est
ockbel
ongi
ngt
ot
heNandi
andgav
et
ot
hei
r
enemi
esl
i
ket
heMaasai

...

Causedoft
heAgi
r
y
amaResi
st
ance
 Theyl
ostt
hei
rl
andst
hatwer
epr
oduct
i
v
ef
orcot
t
onandr
ubberpl
ant
at
i
on
...

e
...

 For
cet
axat
i
on
...

 Di
sr
espectofagi
r
y
amacul
t
ur
e
...

Cour
seoft
hewar
 Theyr
esi
st
edbyr
ef
usi
ngt
opr
esentt
hemsel
v
esf
orwor
kont
hewhi
t
e

pl
ant
at
i
ons
...

 Ot
hermi
gr
at
edoutofhi
sj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
nt
ot
heTar
udeser
t
,
pr
ompt
i
ngHobl
ey
,
t
he
t
henpr
ov
i
nci
al
commi
ssi
onert
ov
i
si
tt
hear
ea
...

Thi
sv
i
si
tt
oget
herwi
t
ht
heSki
r
mi
shesatChakama,
whent
heBr
i
t
i
sh
sol
di
er
sopenedf
i
r
eonsomeAgi
r
y
amawar
r
i
or
sser
v
edast
hei
mpet
usf
ort
he
f
or
mat
i
onoft
her
esi
st
ancemov
ement
 Agi
r
y
amar
esi
st
anceswascent
r
edonMekat
i
l
i
l
i
WaMenzaachar
i
smat
i
c
Agi
r
y
amawomanwhot
oget
herwi
t
hWanj
ewasMador
i
kar
al
l
i
edt
heGi
r
y
amat
o
r
et
ur
nt
ot
hei
rt
r
adi
t
i
onsandmor
especi
f
i
cal
l
yt
oameet
i
ngatKay
af
ungo
...

g
...

 Theagi
r
y
amar
eaf
f
i
r
medt
hei
rl
oy
al
t
yt
ot
heancest
or
sandt
hei
rt
r
adi
t
i
onal
way
s
denounci
ngt
hemi
ssi
onar
i
esandev
er
y
t
hi
ngt
odowi
t
hBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shr
esponset
oGi
r
y
amabyar
r
est
i
ngMekat
i
l
i
l
i
andWanj
eanddepor
t
ed
t
hem t
oKi
si
i

...

 Thi
sout
r
agedt
heAgi
r
y
amawhospeedi
l
yt
ookupar
msandf
oughtgal
l
ant
r
yf
r
om
t
hef
or
estf
ormor
et
hanoney
ear

...
Si
nce
t
heBr
i
t
i
shhadmor
epower
f
ul
weapons,
t
hewar
r
i
or
schangedt
act
i
cspur
sui
ng
guer
i
l
l
aat
t
acksi
nst
ead
...

 Agi
r
i
amawer
et
oof
f
erl
abour
er
sf
orEur
opeanset
t
l
er
sandpubl
i
cwor
ks
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shwoul
doccupyal
l
t
hel
andt
ot
heNor
t
hofR
...

Rol
esofMekat
i
l
i
l
i
waMenza
 Encour
agedt
heAgi
r
i
amat
of
i
ghtt
heBr
i
t
i
shbyadmi
ni
st
er
i
ngoat
hsf
oruni
t
y

...

 Sher
al
l
i
edt
heAgi
r
i
amat
oget
heragai
nstacommonenemy

...

Ef
f
ect
sofagi
r
y
amar
esi
st
ances
...

 Ledt
ocl
osur
eofAgi
r
i
amashr
i
neatKay
aFungoandopeni
ngofanewoneat
Mangea
...

 Manypeopl
el
ostt
hei
rl
i
v
esespeci
al
l
yagi
r
y
ama
...

 Agi
r
i
amawer
edi
sal
l
owedt
obr
ewt
hei
rt
r
adi
t
i
onal
l
i
quor

...

g
...

TheBukusu
 Theyar
easubsect
i
onoft
hel
uhy
amayoccupypr
esentdayBungomacount
y
andpar
t
sofTr
ansNzoi
acount
yi
nt
heRi
f
tVal
l
eypr
ov
i
nce
...

Causesoft
heBukusur
esi
st
ance
...

 Theyhat
edcul
t
ur
al
i
nt
er
f
er
encebyt
heEur
opeanswhi
chwaswi
t
nessedbyt
he
act
i
v
i
t
i
esoft
hemi
ssi
onar
i
es
...

Thet
axeswer
e
col
l
ect
edwi
t
hf
or
ceandbr
ut
al
i
t
y

...

Cour
sesoft
her
esi
st
ance
...
Hami
si
,
aWangaagent
,
wast
hei
mmedi
at
ecauseoft
hewar

...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shsentapuni
t
i
v
eexpedi
t
i
onagai
nstt
heBukusut
or
ecov
ert
heguns
Hami
si
had
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shpur
suedt
hem andwi
t
ht
heuseoft
hemachi
negunski
l
l
edmany
Bukusu
...

Resul
t
soft
heBukusur
esi
st
ances
...

 I
tl
edt
oani
mosi
t
ybet
weenBukusuandTachoni
ast
heBukusuf
el
tt
hatt
heyhad
beenbet
r
ay
edbyTachoni

...

 TheBukusul
ostt
hei
rsheepandcat
t
l
e
...

 TheBukusul
ostt
hei
ri
ndependenceasmumi
a’
sr
ul
ewasext
endedt
ot
hei
rl
and
...

TheSomal
i

...

 Somal
i
r
esi
st
ancesagai
nstcol
oni
al
r
ul
ebegani
n1893
...

 Theydi
dnotwantt
obedomi
nat
edbyt
heChr
i
st
i
anBr
i
t
i
shandy
ett
heywer
e
Musl
i
m
...


 TheBr
i
t
i
shst
oppedt
heSomal
i
f
r
om r
ai
di
ngt
hei
rnei
ghbour
s
...

 Di
v
i
si
onofSomal
i
l
andi
nt
oI
t
al
i
anandBr
i
t
i
shspher
esofi
nf
l
uencesdi
v
i
ded
i
nf
l
uenceDar
odandHawi
y
ecl
ani
n1890
...

 Theywer
eagai
nstpuni
t
i
v
eexpedi
t
i
onssentbyt
heBr
i
t
i
shont
hei
rl
and
...

 TheOgadenSomal
i
r
ev
ol
t
edi
n1897andi
n1900,
t
heymur
der
edt
heBr
i
t
i
shsubcommi
ssi
onerf
orj
ubal
and–Jenner

...

 Ther
ewasat
act
i
cal
r
et
r
eatbyt
heSomal
i
especi
al
l
yt
heGar
ee,
mar
ehanand
Aul
i
hancl
answhobegant
ost
ockpi
l
ear
mswhi
chwer
eusedt
oat
t
ackBr
i
t
i
sh
post
sf
oraboutt
wodecadesf
r
om 1905
...

Resul
t
soft
her
esi
st
ance
...

 Somal
i
cat
t
l
ewer
econf
i
scat
ed
...

 TheSomal
i
l
ostt
hei
ri
ndependenceandbecomesubj
ectofcol
oni
al
r
ul
e
...

 Communi
t
i
eswer
enotcohesi
v
ebutkeptf
i
ght
i
ngoneanot
her

...

 Af
r
i
canl
ackedsophi
st
i
cat
edweapons
...

 TheAf
r
i
canwar
r
i
or
swer
ei
l
l
–t
r
ai
ned
 Epi
der
mi
csandnat
ur
al
cal
ami
t
i
eshadr
educedt
hepopul
at
i
onofsomeoft
he
communi
t
i
es
...

 Thesol
di
er
swer
edemor
al
i
zedwhenmanywar
r
i
or
swer
ecapt
ur
edandki
l
l
ed
...

 Keny
aUgandaRai
l
way
sf
aci
l
i
t
at
edswi
f
tmov
ementofBr
i
t
i
shmi
l
i
t
ar
yf
orswi
f
t
def
eatofunr
est

...

Col
l
abor
at
i
on
 Thecommuni
t
i
eswhocol
l
abor
at
ei
nKeny
ai
ncl
ude:
 Maasai
 Wanga
...

 Pr
ov
i
si
onoff
oodst
uf
f
s
...

 Theycol
l
abor
at
edbecause
...

 Theyneededout
si
dehel
pt
oov
er
comet
hei
rl
ocal
nei
ghbour
i
ngenemi
es
...

 Theybel
i
ev
edt
heBr
i
t
i
shwer
eonl
yt
empor
ar
yv
i
si
t
or
st
obeusedandl
at
er
di
scar
ded
...

 Theyhadacent
r
al
l
eader
,
t
heLai
bon,
whocombi
nedbot
hr
el
i
gi
onsandpol
i
t
i
cal
r
ul
es
...

 Theyal
sohadt
hebestmi
l
i
t
ar
yor
gani
zat
i
onwi
t
ht
heagest
et
sensur
i
nga
const
antsuppl
yofwar
r
i
or
s
...

 Theyhadbeenweakenedbynumer
ousani
mal
andhumandi
seasese
...

pneumoni
a,
chol
er
a,
smal
l
poxandRi
nder
pest

...

g
...

 Sev
er
ef
ami
necausedbynat
ur
al
cal
ami
t
i
ese
...
dr
oughtl
eadi
ngt
odeat
hs
...

 Ci
v
i
l
war
sbet
weent
hePur
ko&Kwav
i
weakenedt
heMaasai

...

 Lenananeededf
oodt
osav
ehi
speopl
ef
r
om st
ar
v
at
i
on
...

 Maasai
want
edhel
pt
ogetbackt
hei
rwomenandchi
l
dr
ent
akenbyt
heAgi
kuy
u
...

Thecour
seoft
heMaasai
col
l
abor
at
i
on
...

 Thef
i
r
stMaasai
Agr
eementwer
esi
gnedbet
weenLenanaandSt
ewar
ti
n1904

...
Theywer
epr
omi
sedt
hatt
hi
sl
andwoul
dal
way
sbet
her
easl
ongas
t
heyexi
st
edasar
ace
...

 TheMaasai
mor
answer
eusedbyt
heBr
i
t
i
shi
nr
ai
di
ngr
esi
st
i
ngcommuni
t
i
esl
i
ke
t
heNandi
,
LuoandBukusu
...

TheMaasai
nomadi
cgr
azi
nghabi
t
swer
ecur
t
ai
l
ed
...

Maasai
l
andwasal
i
enat
edasandwer
edi
spl
acedt
ol
i
v
ei
nunpr
oduct
i
v
er
eser
v
e
...

 Maasai
economywasdi
sr
upt
edast
hei
rl
i
v
est
ockwasr
educed
...

g
...

 Thei
rcust
om ofcr
ossbr
eedi
ngl
i
v
est
ockwi
t
ht
heSambur
uwasst
opped,
whi
ch
weakenedt
hei
rst
ock
...

 I
tl
edt
oev
i
ct
i
onanddi
spl
acementofMaasai
f
r
om t
hei
rl
and
...

 TheMaasai
wasempl
oy
edbyt
heBr
i
t
i
shasauxi
l
i
ar
i
es,
mer
cenar
i
esandgui
des
...

 Theyl
i
v
edi
nar
eabor
der
i
ngUganda
...

 NabangoMumi
ar
ul
edbet
ween1882–1949ashewel
comedt
heI
BEA
Reasonsf
orWangacol
l
abor
at
i
onwi
t
hBr
i
t
i
sh
 Hewant
edmi
l
i
t
ar
yassi
st
anceagai
nsthi
senemi
esl
i
ket
heLuoofUgeny
aand
Bukusu
...

 Hewant
edBr
i
t
i
shmi
l
i
t
ar
ysuppor
ti
nhi
swar
sofexpansi
onoft
heWanga
ki
ngdom
...

 Mumi
ahopedt
ogai
nmat
er
i
al
l
yf
r
om t
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 Mumi
ahadpr
ev
i
ousl
ywel
comedt
heAr
absandSwahi
l
i

...

Thecour
seofcol
l
abor
at
i
on
...
Mi
l
i
t
ar
yexpedi
t
i
onswer
esentoutf
r
om her
ebet
ween1894and
1906
...

 Al
t
hought
heBr
i
t
i
shhadst
at
i
onedbagandaandSudanesesol
di
er
si
nwanga,
t
heywer
eof
t
enj
oi
nedbymumi
a’
sownf
i
ght
er
swhent
heywentouton
expedi
t
i
ons
...
Mumi
a
pr
ov
i
dedwangaagent
swhower
esentoutaschi
ef
sandheadmeani
not
her
communi
t
i
es
...

 Mumi
awasmadet
hepar
amountchi
efoft
heWanga1909
 Wangar
el
at
i
v
eswer
eusedasagent
sbyt
heBr
i
t
i
sht
or
ul
eot
herpar
t
sofwest
er
n
keny
a
...

 Mumi
aenj
oy
edt
r
adi
ngact
i
v
i
t
i
eswi
t
hBr
i
t
i
sh,
wi
t
hMumi
asbei
ngamaj
or
t
er
mi
nusf
ort
r
adecar
av
anst
oUganda
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shassi
st
edhi
mt
oexpandhi
st
er
r
i
t
or
yt
oSami
a,
Buny
al
aandBusoga
...

 TheWangal
ostt
hei
ri
ndependence
...

 Hewasassi
st
edbyt
heBr
i
t
i
sht
osubduehi
senemi
esl
i
ket
heLuoofUgeny
aand
ot
herAbal
uhy
acl
ans
...

 Ther
ewer
eot
hercommuni
t
i
est
hatexhi
bi
t
edbot
hr
esponsest
ot
hear
r
i
v
al
oft
he
Br
i
t
i
shandt
hei
rat
t
empt
satest
abl
i
shi
ngt
hei
rr
ul
eov
erKeny
a
...

 Akamba
...

 Luo
...

i

...

 Dur
i
ngt
heconst
r
uct
i
onoft
heI
BEACf
or
ti
nMachakosGeor
geHei
t
hcutdown
t
hesacr
edi
t
hembot
r
eef
oruseasaf
l
agpol
e
...

i
i

...

 I
n1894t
heBr
i
t
i
shpr
ev
ent
edt
heAkambawar
r
i
or
si
nKy
ev
al
uki
andKangundo
f
r
om r
ai
di
ngt
heAgi
kuy
u
...

i
i
i

...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shst
at
i
onedt
r
oopi
ngar
r
i
sonsi
nUkambani
i
nanef
f
or
tt
opr
ev
ent
Ski
r
mi
shesbet
weent
heAkambaandt
hei
rnei
ghbour
s
...

Mi
sconductofcompanyof
f
i
ci
al
s
...
Theyt
ooksanct
uar
yi
nt
hei
rf
or
tandt
hef
i
r
e–ar
mst
hatt
hey
car
r
i
ed
...

Di
sr
upt
i
onoft
r
ade
...

v
i

...

TheCour
seoft
heResi
st
ance
...
Theyal
soat
t
ackedt
hehomesofcol
l
abor
at
or
s
...

 Fol
l
owi
ngt
hedev
ast
at
i
ngpuni
t
i
v
er
ai
dt
hatf
ol
l
owed,
compr
i
si
ng140askar
i
s,
300agi
kuy
usand900Maasai
’
s,
mwanamukaappeal
f
orpeace
...

t
heyur
gedpeopl
et
owi
t
hdr
awf
r
om al
l
Eur
opeanact
i
v
i
t
i
esi

...
l
abour
andt
axes
...

 Sy
ot
uneandki
ambaawer
ear
r
est
edanddepor
t
edt
oki
smay
u
...
Thosewhopar
t
i
ci
pat
ewer
et
hr
eat
enedandsomet
i
mes
at
t
acked
...

 Theseact
i
onsl
edbr
i
t
ai
nt
omountext
r
apat
r
ol
si
nt
hear
eaandt
odepor
tsi
ot
une
andki
ambuandsev
er
al
ot
herl
eader
satt
hecoast

...

 Theakambal
osti
ndependencesascol
oni
al
r
ul
ewasest
abl
i
shed
...

 Manypeopl
el
ostt
hei
rl
i
v
es
...

 Theakambal
ostt
hei
rl
i
v
est
ockwhi
chwasconf
i
scat
edbyt
hecol
oni
al
i
st
s
...

 I
tl
edt
oi
mposi
t
i
onoft
axes
...
Theyseei
tasanoppor
t
uni
t
yt
oenr
i
ch
t
hemsel
v
esandi
ncr
easedt
hei
rpr
est
i
ge
...

 Somechi
ef
swant
edpr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om t
hei
renemi
es
...


 I
tl
edt
oest
abl
i
shmentofweal
t
hycl
assoft
r
ader
s,
whousest
hei
rconnect
i
ons
wi
t
ht
heBr
i
t
i
sht
oi
ncr
easet
hei
rweal
t
h
...

 Akambamenwer
econscr
i
pt
edi
nt
oki
ng’
sAf
r
i
canr
i
f
l
es
...

 Akambal
andwasal
i
enat
edf
orEur
opeanset
t
l
ement

...

AGI
KUYU
 Si
ncet
heyl
i
v
edondi
f
f
er
entr
i
dges,
t
heagi
kuy
uwer
eal
oosel
yconf
eder
at
ed
communi
t
y

...

 Chi
ef
swhor
esi
sti
sWai
y
aki
waHi
nga
Reasonsf
orr
esi
st
ance
 TheAgi
kuy
uf
ear
edl
ossofi
ndependence
...

 Theywer
ef
or
cedt
osuppl
ygr
ai
nst
ot
r
ader
s
...

 I
BEACr
ai
dedAgi
kuy
uf
orcat
t
l
eandgr
ai
ns
 Massi
v
el
andal
i
enat
i
onbyt
heBr
i
t
i
sh
 Har
assmentandr
ut
hl
essnessoft
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 Theydef
i
eddi
r
ect
i
v
est
osuppl
ypor
t
er
st
oBr
i
t
i
shcar
av
ans
...

 Phy
si
cal
conf
r
ont
at
i
on
...

Resul
t
soft
her
esi
st
ances
...

 Agi
kuy
ul
ostt
hei
ri
ndependencesasBr
i
t
i
shest
abl
i
shedcol
oni
al
r
ul
e
...
Manyv
i
l
l
agesandf
ar
mswer
edest
r
oy
ed
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shwer
ef
or
cedt
omov
et
hei
rbasesf
r
om For
tSmi
t
ht
of
or
thal
l

...

Col
l
abor
at
i
on
...

 Col
l
abor
at
or
si
ncl
ude:
 Ki
ny
anj
ui
waGat
hi
r
i
mu
 Wang’
ombewaI
hur
a
 Kar
ur
i
waGakur
e
...

Thecour
seoft
hecol
l
abor
at
i
on
 Thecol
l
abor
at
i
onputt
hemsel
v
esatt
heser
v
i
ceoft
heBr
i
t
i
shi
nhopeofget
t
i
ng
r
ewar
ds
...

Resul
t
soft
hecol
l
abor
at
i
on
 I
tl
edt
oemer
gencesofcl
assesbasedonweal
t
h
...

 Agi
kuy
ul
ostt
hei
rl
andwhi
chwasal
i
enat
edf
orset
t
l
erf
ar
mi
ng
...

 Agi
kuy
ul
ostt
hei
ri
ndependencesandbecomesubj
ectoft
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 Wer
eagai
nstf
or
cedl
abour
 Wer
eagai
nstf
or
cedt
axat
i
on
...

Thecour
seoft
her
esi
st
ance
...

 I
nr
et
al
i
at
i
ont
heBr
i
t
i
shmountpuni
t
i
v
er
ai
dsagai
nstt
hem
...

Resul
t
soft
hei
rr
esi
st
ances
...

 I
tl
edt
odest
r
uct
i
onofpr
oper
t
yt
hr
oughl
oot
i
ngandbur
ni
ng
...

 I
tl
edt
ohat
r
edbet
weencol
l
abor
at
or
sandr
esi
st
er
s
...

Reasonsf
ort
hecol
l
abor
at
i
on
...

 Theyr
eal
i
zedt
hef
ut
i
l
i
t
yofr
esi
st
i
ngt
heBr
i
t
i
shf
r
om t
heexper
i
encewi
t
ht
he
nei
ghbor
s
Consequencesoft
heLuocol
l
abor
at
i
on
...

 Theyhel
pedt
heBr
i
t
i
sht
ocont
ai
nt
heNandi

...

 Theyl
osti
ndependenceascol
oni
al
r
ul
ewasest
abl
i
shedov
ert
hem
...

 Theyest
abl
i
shedacent
r
al
andl
ocal
gov
er
nmentf
oref
f
ect
i
v
eadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on
...

 Keny
awasadmi
ni
st
er
edbyt
hecent
r
al
gov
er
nmenti
nor
dert
ohar
moni
zet
he
pol
i
t
i
cal
,
economi
candsoci
al
or
gani
zat
i
onofdi
f
f
er
entcommuni
t
i
es
...
Amongt
hef
unct
i
onof
col
oni
al
secr
et
ar
yi
ncl
ude:
 Pol
i
t
i
cal
headofBr
i
t
i
shadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on
...

 I
nKeny
at
heBr
i
t
i
shgov
er
nmentwasr
epr
esent
edbyagov
er
nori
nchar
geoft
he
col
ony

...

 Heassent
edl
awbef
or
ei
mpl
ement
at
i
on
...

 Hesuper
v
i
sedt
hepr
ov
i
nci
al
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
on
...

 Thecol
onywasdi
v
i
dedi
nt
opr
ov
i
ncesandi
twasheadedbypr
ov
i
nci
al
commi
ssi
oner

...

 Hei
mpl
ement
edgov
er
nmentpol
i
ci
esi
nt
hepr
ov
i
nce
...

 Thecol
onywasf
ur
t
herdi
v
i
dedi
nt
odi
v
i
si
onheadedbydi
st
r
i
ct
commi
si
oner

...

 Hemai
nt
ai
nedl
awandor
derandsecur
i
t
yi
nt
hedi
st
r
i
ct

...

 Hecoor
di
nat
edwor
kofDi
st
r
i
ctOf
f
i
cer
sandChi
ef
s
...

 Hecocoor
di
nat
edwor
koft
hechi
ef
s
 Hemai
nt
ai
nedl
awandor
deri
ndi
v
i
si
ons
...
Amongt
hef
unct
i
ons
oft
hechi
efi
ncl
ude:
 Theymai
nt
ai
npubl
i
cl
awandor
der

...

 Theyal
soor
gani
zedf
orcl
ear
i
ngofr
oadsandf
oot
pat
hs
...

g
...


 Theyassi
st
edt
heEur
opeanDO’
si
ncol
l
ect
i
onoft
axes
...

 Theymobi
l
i
zedAf
r
i
canl
abourf
orpubl
i
cwor
k
...

 Theycommuni
cat
eddi
r
ect
i
v
esf
r
om t
hegov
er
nment

...

 Theyconnect
edt
hegov
er
nmentandt
hepeopl
eatgr
assr
oot
s
 Theymobi
l
i
zedpeopl
ef
ordev
el
opmentwi
t
hi
nv
i
l
l
ages
...

Col
oni
al
secr
et
ar
y

...

↓
Pr
ov
i
nci
al
commi
ssi
oner
↓
Di
st
r
i
ctcommi
ssi
oner
↓
Di
st
r
i
ctof
f
i
cer

...

↓
Headmen
...

Funct
i
ons
 Topr
ov
i
del
egal
f
or
um f
orl
ocal
st
omakedeci
si
onst
hr
oughcommi
t
t
eesf
ort
hei
r
af
f
ai
r
s
...

 Tol
i
nkpeopl
ewi
t
hcent
r
al
gov
er
nment

...

 Topr
ov
i
deawayf
ort
heeducat
edAf
r
i
canst
oai
rt
hei
rv
i
ewatdi
st
r
i
ctl
ev
el

...

 Toenabl
et
hegov
er
nmentt
ocont
ai
nt
heAf
r
i
canspr
oper
l
y

...

 By1948nomi
nat
edmember
swer
et
hemaj
or
i
t
yi
nal
l
t
hecounci
l
s
 I
twast
hesecounci
l
st
hatpr
ov
i
dedapol
i
t
i
cal
meanst
r
oughwhi
chAf
r
i
canscoul
d
ai
rt
hei
rgr
i
ev
ances
 ADCconsi
stofDCandAf
r
i
cansmember
sappoi
nt
edbyPC
Funct
i
onsofADC
...

 Pr
omot
eagr
i
cul
t
ur
eatt
hel
ocal
l
ev
el

Local
gov
er
nmenti
nEur
opeanar
eas
...

Achi
ev
ement
sofl
ocal
gov
er
nment
 I
tr
est
r
i
ct
edAf
r
i
canpol
i
t
i
cal
act
i
v
i
t
i
es
...

 I
tmai
nt
ai
nedbasi
ci
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
e
...

I
mpactoft
heest
abl
i
shmentofl
ocal
gov
er
nment
 I
texpl
oi
t
edl
ocal
r
esour
cesandi
ni
t
i
at
i
v
esi
ndev
el
opment

...

 I
tpr
omot
eddev
el
opmentofi
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
eandAf
r
i
canwel
f
ar
e
...

Chal
l
engesf
acedl
ocal
gov
er
nment
s
...

 Poort
r
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
i
on,
hencepoorcoor
di
nat
i
on
...

 Ri
v
al
r
ybet
weenl
ocal
sandset
t
l
er
s
...


COLONI
ALADMI
NI
STRATI
ON
 Di
f
f
er
entcol
oni
al
power
suseddi
f
f
er
entmet
hodst
oadmni
st
ert
hei
rcol
oni
es
...

Thesear
e
 I
ndi
r
ectr
ul
e
...

 Assi
mi
l
at
i
onpol
i
cy

...

 TheFr
enchpr
act
i
cedassi
mi
l
at
i
onandassoci
at
i
oni
nt
hei
rcol
oni
es
...

TheAf
r
i
canswer
eusef
ul
asl
ongast
heyencour
agedandsuppor
t
edcol
oni
al
i
nt
er
est
s
...

 I
npl
aceswher
ecommuni
t
i
eshadel
abor
at
eadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
est
r
uct
ur
esasi
n
nor
t
her
nNi
ger
i
a,
t
hel
ocal
chi
ef
swer
eused
...

a)THEBRI
TI
SHI
NKENYA
...

ReasonswhyBr
i
t
i
shusedi
ndi
r
ectr
ul
ei
nKeny
a
...

 I
nadequat
eper
sonnel

...

 Themet
hodhadsuccededi
nI
ndi
aandUganda
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shf
oundmostKeny
ansoci
et
i
esundernoel
abor
at
egov
er
nment
,
sav
e
f
ort
hecoast
al
Ar
abset
t
l
ementandt
hewangaofwest
er
nKeny
a
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shappl
i
edbot
hdi
r
ectandi
ndi
r
ectr
ul
ei
nKeny
a
...
Br
i
t
i
shmadeuseoft
he
Af
r
i
cancust
omar
yl
awsandcr
eat
edchi
ef
samongt
heagi
kuy
u
...

Thi
shel
pedr
educedcostofadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on
...

 Excepti
nwhi
t
ehi
ghl
andswher
eEur
opeanswer
el
i
v
i
ng,
t
heBr
i
t
i
shappl
i
ed
t
hr
ought
hei
ndi
r
ectr
ul
ei
nAf
r
i
canr
eser
v
es
...
Thi
sr
edef
i
nedt
hesoci
et
i
esi
nt
osepar
at
el
anguageswi
t
h
di
st
i
nctcust
omar
ydi
f
f
er
encesi
ndr
essandcul
t
ur
al
t
r
ai
t
s
...

t
heyr
ecogni
zedchi
efMumi
aast
heov
er
al
l
r
ul
er
soft
heAbal
uhy
a
...
Thei
ndi
r
ectr
ul
ewasconsi
der
edcheapand
ef
f
ect
i
v
e
...

 Mai
nt
ai
nl
awandor
der

...

 Cl
earr
oadsandf
oot
pat
hs
...

 Recr
ui
tl
abourf
orpubl
i
cwor
ks
...

 Rest
r
i
ct
scar
r
y
i
ngofweapons
...

Ef
f
ect
sofi
ndi
r
ectr
ul
ei
nKeny
a
 I
tmadet
heAf
r
i
cancommuni
t
i
est
or
emai
ndi
v
i
ded
...

 Af
r
i
canswer
er
ul
edusi
ngunpopul
arcol
oni
al
l
awsasi
mpl
ement
edbyappoi
nt
ed
chi
ef
s
...

 Thecol
oni
al
chi
ef
smi
susedt
hei
rposi
t
i
ont
oamassper
sonal
weal
t
h
...

 I
tboost
edt
hepol
i
cyofdi
v
i
dedandr
ul
et
hr
oughcr
eat
i
onoft
r
i
bal
r
eser
v
es
...

 Pr
ot
ect
or
at
eofsout
her
nNi
ger
i
a
...

 Accor
di
ngt
ohi
mi
ndi
r
ectr
ul
ei
mpl
i
edasi
ngl
egov
er
nmenti
nwhi
cht
henat
i
v
e
chi
ef
shav
ecl
ear
l
ydef
i
neddut
i
esandanacknowl
edgest
at
us,
equal
wi
t
hBr
i
t
i
sh
of
f
i
ci
al
s
...

 I
twast
het
askoft
heBr
i
t
i
shof
f
i
ci
al
st
oconser
v
ewhatwasgoodi
ni
ndi
genous

i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsandassi
stt
hem t
odev
el
opont
hei
rownl
i
nes
...

 Exi
st
enceofanel
abor
at
el
ocal
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
esy
st
em ev
enbef
or
et
hecomi
ngof
t
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 Poort
r
anspor
tmadei
tdi
f
f
i
cul
tt
or
eachal
l
par
t
soft
hecount
r
y

...

 Lackedofadequat
ef
unds
...

I
ndi
r
ectr
ul
ei
nt
heNor
t
her
nNi
ger
i
a
 Bef
or
et
hecomi
ngoft
heBr
i
t
i
sh,
mostofnor
t
her
nNi
ger
i
awaspar
toft
hesokot
o
cal
i
phat
e
...

Appl
i
cat
i
onofi
ndi
r
ectr
ul
e
...

 Undert
heBr
i
t
i
shr
ul
eSl
av
er
ywasabol
i
shedandt
hepeopl
eofnor
t
her
nNi
ger
i
a
cont
i
nuest
obesubj
ectt
oMusl
i
ml
awadmi
ni
st
er
edbyt
heEmi
r
at
ecour
t
s
...

Thesechangesi
ncl
ude:
 Ful
ani
sy
st
em oft
axat
i
onwhi
chwascompl
i
cat
edandl
i
abl
et
oabusewas
r
epl
acedbyasi
ngl
et
axl
ev
i
edoneachv
i
l
l
age
...

 Af
i
xedpr
opor
t
i
onoft
heEmi
r
’
sr
esi
st
anceaswast
r
ansf
er
r
edt
ot
hecent
r
al
Br
i
t
i
shadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onandusedt
of
i
nancespeci
al
i
zedser
v
i
cessuchasheal
t
h,
agr
i
cul
t
ur
eandr
ai
l
way
s,
whi
chcoul
dbestbepr
ov
i
dedbyt
heBr
i
t
i
shexper
t
s
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shbel
i
ev
edt
hatAf
r
i
canaut
hor
i
t
i
escoul
dsucceedi
ft
heyacqui
r
ed
r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yf
ort
hecol
l
ect
i
onanduseofl
ar
gesumsofmoney

...

 Theycol
l
ect
edt
axes
...

 Theyheadl
ocal
gov
er
nment
s
...

 Mai
nt
ai
nedl
awandor
der

...

 Theycommuni
cat
ecol
oni
al
pol
i
ci
est
ot
hepeopl
e
...

St
r
uct
ur
eofBr
i
t
i
shcol
oni
al
r
ul
ei
nnor
t
her
nNi
ger
i
a
...

 Undert
hecol
oni
al
secr
et
ar
ywast
hegov
er
norwhowasi
nchar
geoft
he

admi
ni
st
r
at
i
onoft
hecol
ony

...

 Thepr
ov
i
nceswer
ef
ur
t
hersubdi
v
i
dedi
nt
oDi
st
r
i
ct
sheadedbyDi
st
r
i
ct
sOf
f
i
cer
answer
abl
et
oPr
ov
i
nci
al
Commi
ssi
oner
s
...

 Al
l
posi
t
i
onsexceptt
hatofEmi
r
sandheadmenwer
ehel
dbyEur
opeans
...

Sout
her
nNi
ger
i
a
Ni
ger
i
ahadbeendi
v
i
dedi
nt
ot
hr
eeadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
euni
t
s:
 Lagos
 Thepr
ot
ect
or
at
eofSout
hNi
ger
i
a
...

Reasonswhyi
ndi
r
ectr
ul
edi
dnotsuccedi
nt
heSout
her
nNi
ger
i
a
...

 Sout
her
nNi
ger
i
ahadmanyet
hni
cgr
oupsunl
i
keNor
t
h
...

g
...

 Thef
ai
l
ur
eoft
heBr
i
t
i
shadmi
ni
st
r
at
or
st
ounder
st
andt
hesoci
oeconomi
cand
pol
i
t
i
cal
sy
st
em ofSout
her
nNi
ger
i
awhi
chwasbasedont
heof
f
i
ceoft
heOba
madet
hem gi
v
eupeasi
l
y

...

 Tr
adi
t
i
onal
l
eader
swer
egi
v
enmor
epower
st
hatt
heyhadundert
r
adi
t
i
onal
l
aw
madet
hem unpopul
ar

...

 Mi
suseofpowerbyt
hewar
r
antchi
ef
swhor
ai
sedt
axesf
ort
hei
rownbenef
i
t

...

 Useofexcessi
v
ef
or
cet
osuppr
essanyf
or
m ofr
esi
st
ancepr
ov
okedr
esent
ment
e
...
t
heshoot
i
ngofwomendur
i
ngdemonst
r
at
i
onagai
nstt
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

Shor
t
comi
ngsoft
hei
ndi
r
ectRol
ei
nNi
ger
i
a
 Thesy
st
em wasonl
ysui
t
abl
ef
orr
egi
onwi
t
hel
abor
at
esy
st
em ofgov
er
nment

...

Ver
yf
ewof
f
i
ci
al
sknewenoughoft
heAf
r
i
canl
anguage
...

 Lugar
d’
si
deaofeducat
i
onf
orchi
ef
sandcounci
l
or
si
nmoder
ni
deasneeded
l
ong,
pat
i
entandski
l
f
ul
ef
f
or
t
s
...

 Theeducat
edel
i
t
er
esent
edt
her
ul
ebyuneducat
edt
r
adi
t
i
onal
chi
ef
s
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shmodi
f
i
edt
hepr
ev
i
oussy
st
em ofadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on,
t
husmaki
ngt
he
Af
r
i
cant
r
adi
t
i
onal
r
ul
er
sl
oset
hei
ri
ndependence
...

 I
tl
edt
oabol
i
t
i
onofsl
av
er
yandsl
av
et
r
ade
...

 Ret
ent
i
onofMusl
i
ml
aw/Shar
i
amadet
her
egi
ont
ol
agbehi
nd
...

 Tr
adi
t
i
onal
r
ul
er
sbecameunpopul
aramongt
hepeopl
eduet
ot
hei
rnewr
ol
esof
col
l
ect
i
ngt
axes
...

Di
r
ectr
ul
e
 I
nt
hi
ssy
st
em ofadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on,
t
hecol
oni
al
powerr
ul
eddi
r
ect
l
yt
hr
oughi
t
s
appoi
nt
edper
sonnel

...

 Thepol
i
cywassuccessf
ul
l
yappl
i
edi
nt
hesear
easwher
et
het
r
adi
t
i
onal
l
eader
s
wer
euncooper
at
i
v
et
ocol
oni
al
aut
hor
i
t
y

...

 Zi
mbabweusedt
obeknownasSout
her
nRhodesi
a
...

 Count
r
i
est
hatf
or
medBr
i
t
i
shCent
r
al
Af
r
i
canFeder
at
i
oni
ncl
ude:
 Sout
her
nRhodesi
a(
Zi
mbabwe)

...

 Ny
asal
and(
Mal
awi
)

...

 Ceci
l
Rhodesusedhi
scol
ossal
f
i
nanci
al
r
esour
cest
oor
gani
zet
heset
t
l
ementof
200Eur
opeansi
nMashonal
andi
n1890
...

Whyt
heBr
i
t
i
shuseddi
r
ectr
ul
ei
nZi
mbabwe
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shSout
hAf
r
i
caCompanyhadenoughf
i
nancet
opayt
headmi
ni
st
r
at
or
s
...

 Theywant
edt
oensur
ecompl
et
econt
r
ol
oft
heAf
r
i
canst
oav
oi
dr
esi
st
ance
...

 Chi
mur
engawarhader
odedEur
opeanconf
i
dencei
nl
ocal
Af
r
i
canl
eader
shi
p
...

Appl
i
cat
i
onofdi
r
ectr
ul
ei
nZi
mbabwe
...

CompanywasheadedbyCeci
l
Rhodeswhoencour
agedset
t
l
er
sbygi
v
i
ngt
hem
f
r
eel
and
...

 For
ci
ngAf
r
i
canst
opr
ov
i
deal
bouri
nset
t
l
er
’
sf
ar
ms
...

Mat
ebel
eor
der–i
ncounci
l
of1894empower
edt
hecompanyt
oi
mposeahutt
ax
ont
heAf
r
i
cans
...

Legi
sl
at
i
v
ecounci
l
wasest
abl
i
shedi
n1898
...

Af
r
i
canswer
enot
r
epr
esent
edandhadnov
ot
i
ngr
i
ght
s
...

Theywer
ef
our
nomi
neeoft
heBSAco
...

Nat
i
v
edepar
t
mentunderEur
opeannat
i
v
ecommi
ssi
onerwascr
eat
edi
n1902
...

 Recr
ui
t
mentofl
abour

...

Thewhi
t
er
ul
ei
nSout
her
nRhodesi
awaschar
act
er
i
sedbyst
r
uggl
eofcont
r
ol
of
l
andbet
weent
heset
t
l
er
sandBSAco
...

Companyr
ul
eendi
n1923andRhodesi
awasdecl
ar
edacr
ownl
andorcr
own
col
ony

...

Agov
er
norwasappoi
nt
edt
or
epr
esentcr
own
...

Set
t
l
er
scr
eat
edt
wopy
r
ami
dpol
i
cy

...

Resul
t
soft
hepol
i
cy

...

Landappor
t
i
onmentactwaspassedi
n1930
...

 Nat
i
v
ePur
chaseAr
eaAl
sof
orAf
r
i
cancoul
dbuyl
andt
her
e
...

 Unassi
gnedAr
ea–setasi
def
orexpansi
onofgov
er
nmentbui
l
di
ngs
...

Af
r
i
canswer
eexpl
oi
t
edt
hr
oughr
egr
essi
v
epol
i
ci
essuchasf
or
cedl
abourand
t
axat
i
on
...

asr
esul
tZi
mbabwebecome
i
ndependent

...

 I
n1969newconst
i
t
ut
i
onwasi
nt
r
oducedi
nZi
mbabwewhi
chf
ur
t
hernar
r
ow
downt
her
i
ght
soft
heAf
r
i
cans
...

 Decl
ar
at
i
onofi
ndependenceofZi
mbabwebyI
ansmi
t
hanger
edAf
r
i
cansand
ar
medst
r
uggl
ebymaj
or
i
t
yAf
r
i
cansagai
nstwhi
t
emi
nor
i
t
ygov
er
nmentbegan
...

 Zi
mbabweAf
r
i
canPeopl
esUni
onunderJoshuaNkomo
...

Thest
r
uct
ur
eofdi
r
ectr
ul
ei
nZi
mbabwe
...

 I
twaschar
act
er
i
zedbyt
heuseofexecut
i
v
eor
der
s,
decr
eesandemer
gencyl
aws
t
ocont
r
ol
Af
r
i
canact
i
v
i
t
i
es
...

I
t
sst
r
uct
ur
ewasasf
ol
l
ows
...

 TheLegi
sl
at
i
v
ecounci
l
whi
chwasdomi
nat
edbymi
nor
i
t
ywhi
t
eswast
hemost
power
f
ul
ar
m oft
hegov
er
nment

...
Hi
scabi
net
wasmadeupofwhi
t
esonl
y

...
Thi
swasequi
v
al
entofadi
st
r
i
ct

...

 Di
st
r
i
ct
swer
edi
v
i
dedi
nt
ol
ocat
i
ons
...

 Dut
i
esoft
hechi
efwer
e:
 Col
l
ect
i
onoft
ax

...

 Recr
ui
t
mentofAf
r
i
canl
abourf
orEur
opeansf
ar
ms
...

Ef
f
ect
sofDi
r
ectr
ul
ei
nZi
mbabwe
 Af
r
i
canswer
edi
spl
acedf
r
om t
hei
rancest
r
al
l
andduet
ol
andal
i
enat
i
on
...

 Eur
opeant
ookmuchofpr
oduct
i
v
eAf
r
i
canandpushedt
hem i
nt
or
eser
v
es
...

 Theadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onoft
hecol
onywasi
nt
hehandsoft
heBr
i
t
i
shwhonev
er
r
ef
er
r
edt
oAf
r
i
cans,
ev
enwher
eAf
r
i
cani
nt
er
estwer
econcer
ned
...

 Theadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onoft
hecol
onywasgi
v
ent
ot
heBSACompany

...

 Thei
nt
r
oduct
i
onofChr
i
st
i
ani
t
yandWest
er
neducat
i
onunder
mi
nedAf
r
i
can

cul
t
ur
e
...

 Passl
awsandcr
eat
i
onofr
eser
v
esdeni
edAf
r
i
canst
hef
r
eedom ofmov
ement

...

 I
tl
edt
odev
el
opmentoft
r
anspor
tsy
st
emsandi
nf
r
ast
ur
ei
nset
t
l
eroccupi
ed
ar
eas
...

 I
tl
edt
ot
her
i
seofAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
sm whi
cht
ur
nedv
i
ol
entduet
ol
ackof
const
i
t
ut
i
onal
meanst
oar
t
i
cul
at
et
hei
rpr
obl
ems
...

 I
t
’
sder
i
v
edf
r
om t
heFr
enchv
er
bassi
mi
l
ewhi
chmeanst
ocauset
or
esembl
e
...

TheFr
enchi
nSenegal
 Fr
enchappl
i
edt
hi
spol
i
cyi
nAf
r
i
ca
...

 Fr
enchl
awswer
eappl
i
edi
nt
hecol
oni
esast
heywer
ei
nFr
ance
...

 I
nt
hi
si
deaofgr
ant
i
ngt
her
i
ght
sofFr
enchci
t
i
zenshi
pt
oal
l
menwher
ev
ert
hey
wer
ehadi
t
sor
i
gi
n
...

 Fr
enchappl
i
edt
hi
spol
i
cyi
nf
ourcommunesorur
bancent
r
e
...

Loui
s
 Gor
ee
 Dakar

...

Reasonswhyf
r
enchusedassi
mi
l
at
i
onpol
i
cy

...

Thi
smadet
hem f
ami
l
i
arwi
t
hsomeaspect
soff
r
enchcul
t
ur
e
...

 Peopl
eofWestAf
r
i
cancoastwer
ei
ncr
easi
ngl
ybecomi
ngur
bani
sed
...

gwest
er
n
educat
i
on
...

Theyassoci
at
edt
hemsel
v
eswi
t
ht
heFr
enchandspokef
r
ench
...

 Mostoft
heAf
r
i
canshadal
r
eadybeenconv
er
t
edt
oChr
i
st
i
ani
t
y

Thest
r
uct
ur
eofassi
mi
l
i
at
i
onasappl
i
edi
nSenegal

...

 Undert
hemi
ni
st
erwer
egov
er
nor
seachi
nchar
geofacol
ony

...

 Thegov
er
norofSenegal
whoseheadquar
t
er
swasatDar
karbecamet
he
Gov
er
nor–Gener
al
ofal
l
WestAf
r
i
cancol
oni
es
...

 Amongt
hef
unct
i
onsofGov
er
nor
Gener
al
basedi
nDakari
ncl
ude:
 Handl
eal
l
appoi
nt
ment

...

 I
nchar
geoft
echni
cal
mat
t
er
ssuchaspost
sandt
el
egr
aphs
...

 Eachcol
onywasdi
v
i
dedi
nt
opr
ov
i
ncer
ef
f
er
edt
ocer
cl
es
...

Eachcer
cl
ewasadmi
ni
st
er
edbyacommandant
decer
cl
e
...

 I
twast
hendi
v
i
dedi
nt
ocant
onsorl
ocat
i
onsr
ul
edbyachi
efdecant
on
...

 Cant
onsandv
i
l
l
ageswer
eheadedbyAf
r
i
cans
...

 Ther
ewaspol
i
t
i
cal
assi
mi
l
at
i
on
...

Senegal
esewer
econsi
der
edf
r
enchci
t
i
zensandal
l
owedt
oel
ect
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
est
ot
hef
r
enchchamberofdeput
i
es
...

 I
neducat
i
on,
Fr
enchwast
hel
anguageofi
nst
r
uct
i
oni
nal
l
spher
esofl
i
f
ei
n
Senegal

...

Condi
t
i
onsf
orassi
mi
l
at
i
on
...

 Beabl
et
ospeakf
r
ench
...

 Resi
dei
nt
hef
ourcommunesi
nSenegal

...

 Onehadt
opr
act
i
sedmonogamy

...

Benef
i
t
senj
oy
edbyAssi
mi
l
at
edAf
r
i
cans
...

 Theywer
eal
l
owedt
ov
ot
edur
i
ngel
ect
i
ons
...

 Theywer
eexempt
edf
r
om f
or
cedl
abour
,
t
axat
i
onandar
bi
t
r
ar
yar
r
est

...

 Theysubj
ect
edt
oFr
enchj
udi
ci
al
sy
st
em
...

Whyassi
mi
l
at
i
onpol
i
cyf
ai
l
ed
...

 Cul
t
ur
al
di
f
f
r
encesbet
weent
heFr
enchandAf
r
i
cans
...

 TheAf
r
i
canst
r
adi
t
i
onal
chi
ef
swhohadl
ostt
hei
raut
hor
i
t
ywer
eopposedt
ot
he
pol
i
cy

...

 TheFr
enchf
ear
edt
hatt
hepol
i
cywoul
dl
eadt
ol
ossofl
abouront
hei
rf
ar
ms
...

 Di
sr
egar
dofAf
r
i
canl
awsbasedonAf
r
i
cancul
t
ur
eandI
sl
am causedal
otof
r
esent
ment

...

 Thef
r
enchbusi
nessmenf
ear
edcompet
i
t
i
onf
r
om t
heassi
mi
l
at
edAf
r
i
cans
...

 Ther
i
seofAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
sm under
mi
nedt
hepol
i
cyofassi
mi
l
at
i
on
...

 I
nt
r
oduct
i
onofFr
enchsy
t
em ofeducat
i
ongav
et
hepeopl
eofSenegal
chancet
o
r
ecei
v
ewest
er
neducat
i
on
...

 St
r
uct
ur
esi
nt
r
oduceddur
i
ngt
hepol
i
cyofassi
mi
l
at
i
onwer
ecopi
edbyt
he
i
ndependentgov
er
nment
s
...

 Af
r
i
canswer
eal
l
owedt
ot
akepar
ti
nt
hepol
i
t
i
cal
af
f
ai
r
sofFr
anceasei
t
her
v
ot
er
sorcandi
dat
esdur
i
ngt
heel
ect
i
onsasmember
st
ot
hechamberof
deput
i
es
...

 Tr
adi
t
i
onal
r
ul
er
sl
ostt
hei
raut
hor
i
t
yov
ert
hei
rsubj
ect
s
...

 I
tcr
eat
eddi
v
i
si
onbet
weent
hosewhohadbeenassi
mi
l
at
edandt
her
estoft
he
peopl
e
...

 Thei
nf
l
uenceofI
sl
am wasgr
eat
l
yf
el
tasmanypeopl
ewer
econv
er
t
edt
o
Chr
i
st
i
ani
t
y

...

Di
f
f
r
ences
...

 Br
i
t
i
shr
ul
ev
ar
i
edf
r
om onecol
onyt
oanot
herdependi
ngonwhet
herdi
r
ector
i
ndi
r
ectr
ul
ewasused
...

 Br
i
t
i
shr
ul
edi
dn’
ti
nt
er
f
er
emuchwi
t
ht
heAf
r
i
cancul
t
ur
ewhi
l
eassi
mi
l
at
i
onwas
ai
medatr
epl
aci
ngAf
r
i
cancul
t
ur
ewi
t
hFr
enchcul
t
ur
e
...


...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shgr
ant
edAf
r
i
canchi
ef
sal
otofpowerwhi
l
et
heFr
enchunder
mi
ned
t
r
adi
t
i
onal
Af
r
i
canr
ul
er
s
...

 EachBr
i
t
i
shcol
onywasr
ul
edsepar
at
el
ybyagov
er
norwhi
l
et
heFr
enchcol
oni
es
wer
er
ul
edt
oget
herasaf
eder
at
i
onandwer
er
egar
dedasov
er
seaspr
ov
i
ncesof
Fr
ance
...

Si
mi
l
ar
i
t
es
...

 Bot
hBr
i
t
i
shandFr
enchadopt
edexcessi
v
eeconomi
cexpl
oi
t
at
i
oni
nt
hei
r






col
oni
ese
...

Bot
ht
heBr
i
t
i
shandFr
enchappoi
nt
edAf
r
i
canschi
ef
si
ncommuni
t
i
est
hatdi
dn’
t
hav
ecent
r
al
i
zedsy
st
em ofadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on
...

Bot
hBr
i
t
i
shandFr
enchhadagov
er
noraschi
efexecut
i
v
eoft
hecol
ony

...


SOCI
ALANDECONOMI
CDEVELOPMENTS
DURI
NGTHECOLONI
ALPERI
ODI
NKENYA
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
 TheBr
i
t
i
shr
eal
i
zedKeny
ahadf
er
t
i
l
esoi
l
whi
chcoul
dbeexpl
oi
t
edt
omaket
hem

pr
of
i
t

...

 Thebi
ggestpr
obl
em wast
hemeet
i
ngt
r
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
i
on
...

THEUGANDARAI
LWAY
 TheUgandar
ai
l
wayconnect
i
ngUgandat
oout
si
dewor
l
dr
ef
ert
or
ai
l
l
i
nef
r
om
Mombasat
oKi
sumu
...

 Theneedt
obui
l
dt
her
ai
l
wayst
ar
t
edwi
t
hv
i
ewsofbusi
nessmanl
i
keWi
l
l
i
am
MacKi
nnon
...

 TheBr
i
t
i
shgov
er
nmentpr
ov
i
dedt
hef
undsneededf
ort
heconst
r
uct
i
onoft
he
t
r
ack
...

 Tof
aci
l
i
t
at
eexl
oi
t
at
i
onoft
her
esour
cesi
nt
hei
nt
er
i
or

...

 Tof
aci
l
i
t
at
et
hemov
ementoft
r
oopsandgov
er
nmentadmi
ni
st
r
at
or
si
nt
ot
he
i
nt
er
i
orpar
t
soft
heBr
i
t
i
shpr
ot
ect
or
at
e
...

 Tocont
r
ol
l
Ugandaasi
twast
hesour
ceofr
i
v
erNi
l
e
...

 Tof
aci
l
i
t
at
et
hemov
ementofChr
i
st
i
anmi
ssi
onar
i
est
ot
hei
nt
er
i
ort
ospr
ead
Chr
i
st
i
ani
t
y

...

 Sur
v
eywor
kf
ort
her
ai
l
wayr
out
ewascar
r
i
edoutbyCapt
ai
nMacDonal
doft
he
Roy
al
engi
neer
scompany

...

 Headquar
t
eroft
heconst
r
uct
i
onwor
kswasatKi
l
i
ndi
ni
i
nMombasa
...

 Rai
l
wayst
ar
tf
r
om Mombasapassedt
hr
oughMar
i
akani
,
Voi
,
Tsav
oandr
eached
Nai
r
obi
i
n1899
...

 Rai
l
wayr
eachedKi
sumui
nf
i
r
stDecember1901
 Const
r
uct
i
onoft
her
ai
l
waywasdonebyI
ndi
ancool
i
es
...

ReasonswhyI
ndi
answasusedt
oconst
r
uctr
ai
l
way

...

 I
ndi
awasBr
i
t
i
shcol
ony

...

Pr
obl
emsEncount
er
eddur
i
ngconst
r
uct
i
onoft
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l
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r
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...

 Del
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r
om Mombasa
...

 Har
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...

 Tr
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...

 At
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...

 Thet
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 I
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 Chr
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...

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Keny
a
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act
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...

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...

 I
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eat
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...

SETTLERFARMI
NGI
NKENYA
 Char
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19001904)encour
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ghl
ands
...

 Far
mi
ngi
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ghl
andwashowev
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,
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t
l
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s
...

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mi
ngi
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l
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 Apar
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...

 Theset
t
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Br
i
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ai
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...

 Theset
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Asi
ani
mmi
gr
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nf
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...

i

...

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chi
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...

 Br
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i
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hel
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l
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...

Pr
ov
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 Set
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r
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del
abour

...

i
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...

 Theywer
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br
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ds
...

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anspor
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...

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chr
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om t
her
ai
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wayt
oset
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ar
ms
...

Secur
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 Thecol
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...

v
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...

Met
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gov
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nmentt
oobt
ai
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r
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canl
abour

...

Taxat
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on
...

i
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...

 Thi
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...

LowWages
...

i
v

...

v

...

v
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...
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...

v
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...

t
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om
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...

Nor
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...

i
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x
...

 Af
r
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...

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t
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...

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r
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...

 Theset
t
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l
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ef
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whenandwhatt
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...

 Theywer
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oducedur
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...

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and
...

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 Del
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ar
mer
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ewheat

...

Aust
i
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 I
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r
obi
i
n1899
...

 Lor
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at
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agi
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...

 I
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...
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ghl
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or
med
...

 Themai
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k,
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u,
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ang’
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man
...

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t
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ar
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anza
...

 Cot
t
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of
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cul
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i
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r
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or
s
...

 I
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owni
nNakur
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...

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n1925del
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...

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...

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...
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nmentt
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cat
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r
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nCounci
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1901
 I
tdef
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Al
l
Publ
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whi
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at
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4
...

5
...

 Fi
r
stagr
eementsi
gnedbet
weenl
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i
t
i
sh
...

 I
n1905f
ourmor
eAf
r
i
canr
eser
v
eswer
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eat
ed
...
2ndMaasai
agr
eement1911
...

 I
tpushedoutMaasai
f
r
om f
er
t
i
l
eLai
ki
pi
ar
eser
v
esf
orEur
opeanset
t
l
ement

...
Cr
ownl
andor
di
nance1915
 I
tpr
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v
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heWhi
t
ehi
ghl
andsexcl
usi
v
el
yf
ort
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t
eset
t
l
er
s
...

8Keny
aAnnexat
i
onOr
deri
nCounci
l
1920
...

9
...

10
...

11
...

12
...

Swy
nnet
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i
onandr
egi
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at
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onofAf
r
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caLandwi
t
hav
i
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bet
t
erl
andmanagement

...

 Mostl
andwasusedf
ort
heconst
r
uct
i
onr
ai
l
way
,
Eur
opeanset
t
l
ementand
mi
ssi
onar
ywor
k
...

 Tr
adi
t
i
onal
st
r
uct
ur
eswer
edi
sr
upt
edbyt
hesi
t
uat
i
onsi
nr
eser
v
es
...

 Taxat
i
onwasi
nt
r
oduced
...

 Nat
i
onal
i
sm r
oseandgr
ewi
nKeny
a
...

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ceofAf
r
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canr
esent
ment

...

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af
or
medt
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i
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cont
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...

 Thepr
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nor
,
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t
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m endedi
n1922,
hadmade
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onst
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t
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hem bui
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dagr
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nf
l
uent
i
al
posi
t
i
oni
n
t
hecol
ony

...

 I
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t
heBr
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Lego
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...

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...

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a
...

 TheAsi
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gov
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f
ai
r
s
...

 I
ncl
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oni
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anHi
ghl
ands
...

Af
r
i
cans
...

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...

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l
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...

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...

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...

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Af
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amount

...

Ef
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...

 I
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...

 I
tl
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Legi
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...

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...
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hel
i
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...

 TheAf
r
i
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edast
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ecogni
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mpor
t
anceasnat
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hel
and
...
Ar
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aEur
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ssi
onar
yt
o
r
epr
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r
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cansi
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hel
egcoi
n1924
...

 Thepaperdi
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tsol
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uat
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hedi
f
f
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entr
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col
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...

Thesecent
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i
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owns
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Thi
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Mumi
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...

 Act
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mer
sencour
agedgr
owt
hoft
ownsl
i
keEl
dor
et

...

 Agr
obasedi
ndust
r
i
essuchasf
l
ourmi
l
l
swheatpr
ocessi
ngpl
ant
sandsawmi
l
l
s
at
t
r
act
edl
abour
er
s
...

 Somet
ownsdev
el
opedar
oundmi
ssi
onent
r
essuchasRabai

...

WhyAf
r
i
cansmov
edt
our
bancent
r
esi
ncol
oni
al
Keny
a
 Theov
er
cr
owdedunpr
oduct
i
v
er
eser
v
escr
eat
edbyt
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nment
madel
i
v
i
ngcondi
t
i
onsdi
f
f
i
cul
tt
her
ebyr
esul
t
i
ngi
nt
omi
gr
at
i
onst
ot
owns
...

 Thet
axesi
mposedonAf
r
i
cansf
or
cedt
hem t
ot
ownsi
nsear
chf
orj
obs
...

 Wi
despr
eadpov
er
t
yi
nt
her
ur
al
ar
eascausedal
otofsuf
f
er
i
ng
...

 Landal
i
enat
i
onhadpushedAf
r
i
cansi
nt
or
eser
v
esf
or
ci
ngt
hem t
oseek
al
t
er
nat
i
v
el
i
v
el
i
hoodi
nt
own
...

 Ther
ewer
ej
obsi
nt
het
ownswi
t
hbet
t
erwagest
hani
nr
ur
al
ar
eas
...

 Ther
ewer
ei
nadequat
ehousi
ngf
aci
l
i
t
i
est
omeett
hedemandoft
heAf
r
i
can
peopl
e/i
tl
edt
ot
hedev
el
opmentofshant
i
es/
sl
ums
...

 Thesoci
al
ser
v
i
cespr
ov
i
dedt
ot
heAf
r
i
canswer
ei
nadequat
eandofpoorqual
i
t
y

...

 Est
abl
i
shmentofi
ndust
r
i
esi
nur
bancent
r
esl
edt
opol
l
ut
i
onoft
heenv
i
r
onment
whi
chaf
f
ect
edt
heheal
t
hoft
hei
nhabi
t
ant
s
...

 Ther
ewer
emanyunempl
oy
edpeopl
ewhogoti
nv
ol
v
edi
nsoci
al
v
i
ces/
cr
i
me
...

Way
st
hr
oughwhi
cht
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentcont
r
ol
l
edmi
gr
at
i
onsofAf
r
i
canst
our
ban
cent
r
es
...

 Enact
i
ngst
r
i
ctr
ul
esaboutmi
gr
at
i
onsi
nt
our
bancent
r
es
...

 I
nt
r
oduci
ngt
heKi
pandesy
st
em
...

 I
tl
edt
or
i
seofAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
sm
...

gmodeofdr
essi
ngand
eat
i
nghabi
t
s
...

 I
tcr
eat
ednewempl
oy
mentoppor
t
uni
t
i
esf
ort
hev
astmaj
or
i
t
yofunempl
oy
ed
Af
r
i
cans
...

 Popul
arspor
t
i
ng&cul
t
ur
al
act
i
v
i
t
i
eswhi
cht
ookpl
acei
nt
ownscement
ed
r
el
at
i
onshi
pbet
weendi
f
f
er
entet
hni
cgr
oupsandr
aces
...

Negat
i
v
ei
mpact
s
...

 I
tl
edt
omushr
oomi
ngofsl
umsast
her
ewer
enohousi
ngschemesf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 I
tl
edt
oi
ncr
easei
ncr
i
meandi
mmor
al
i
t
y

...

Educat
i
onandheal
t
h
 West
er
neducat
i
onandheal
t
hcar
ewer
ei
nt
r
oducedt
oourcount
r
ybyear
l
y
Chr
i
st
i
anmi
ssi
onar
i
es
...

Educat
i
on
West
er
neducat
i
oni
ncol
oni
al
per
i
odwaspr
ov
i
dedbyf
ourgr
oups
...

 Col
oni
al
gov
er
nment

...

 Asi
ans
...

 I
n1840,
t
hef
i
r
stmi
ssi
onschool
swer
est
ar
t
edatMombasaandRabai
bykr
apf
andr
ebmanwhower
ewor
ki
ngf
ort
hechur
chmi
ssi
onar
ysoci
et
y

...

 Mi
ssi
onar
i
esbui
l
tmanyschool
swi
t
houtanyhel
pf
r
om t
hegov
er
nment

...

 Tot
eachAf
r
i
cansbasi
cl
i
t
er
acyandnumer
acyski
l
l
s
...

 Tot
r
ai
nAf
r
i
cancat
echi
st
s
...


 Tot
eachAf
r
i
cansbet
t
ermet
hodsofhy
gi
ene
...

 I
tt
aughtel
ement
ar
ysubj
ect
ssuchasr
el
i
gi
on,
wr
i
t
i
ng,
r
eadi
ng,
hy
gi
eneand
ar
i
t
hmet
i
cs
...

 I
twasr
el
i
gi
ousandai
medatpr
oduci
ngf
ol
l
ower
sofaspeci
f
i
cdenomi
nat
i
onof
Chr
i
st
i
ani
t
y

...

 Desi
gni
ngacur
r
i
cul
um wi
t
hemphasi
sanagr
i
cul
t
ur
e,
t
ai
l
or
i
ng,
masonr
yand
capaci
t
y

...

gal
l
i
ancei
n1926,
Kabaai
n1927,
Yal
ai
n
1939
...

 Of
f
er
i
ngt
henecessar
yf
i
nanci
al
andmat
er
i
al
suppor
tt
omaket
heseschool
s
oper
at
i
onal

...

Col
oni
al
gov
er
nmentf
or
mededucat
i
oncommi
ssi
oncal
l
edFr
asercommi
si
onof1908
Fr
asercommi
ssi
onr
ecommendedt
hef
ol
l
owi
ng:
 Pr
ov
i
si
onoft
echni
cal
educat
i
onst
oAf
r
i
cans
...

 I
ncr
easedcol
l
abor
at
i
onsbet
weent
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentandt
hemi
ssi
onar
i
es
i
nt
hepr
ov
i
si
onofeducat
i
on
...

Resul
t
sofFr
asercommi
ssi
on
...

 I
tbui
l
tschool
si
nar
easnotef
f
ect
i
v
el
yser
v
edbymi
ssi
onar
i
es
...

Thi
swascal
l
edt
hePhel
psst
okeseducat
i
oncommi
ssi
on
...

 Auni
f
or
m sy
st
em ofeducat
i
oni
nmi
ssi
onandgov
er
nmentschool
s
...

 Const
r
uct
i
onofschool
si
nr
ur
al
ar
eas
...

 I
tl
edt
oset
t
i
ngupofaneducat
i
ondepar
t
menti
n1911whi
chpr
ov
i
dedgr
ant
st
o
mi
ssi
onschool
sandputupgov
er
nmentschool
s
...

 I
tl
edt
ot
hebui
l
di
ngoft
henat
i
v
ei
ndust
r
i
al
t
r
ai
ni
ngcent
r
eatKabet
ei
n1924and
t
heJeanesSchool
,
Kabet
e1925t
oof
f
ert
echni
cal
andi
ndust
r
i
al
t
r
ai
ni
ng
...

 Ther
ewast
hepr
ov
i
si
onofel
ement
ar
yeducat
i
onbyAf
r
i
cans
...

Char
act
er
i
st
i
cofCol
oni
al
Educat
i
on
 Col
oni
al
educat
i
onwasbasedandmanagedal
ongr
aci
al
l
i
neofEur
opean,
Asi
ans
andAf
r
i
cans
...

 Thef
aci
l
i
t
i
esandser
v
i
cesf
orEur
opeanschool
se
...

 Eachr
acewasoni
t
sownpubl
i
cexami
nat
i
on
...

Lev
el
ofeducat
i
on
Thedev
el
opmentofwest
er
neducat
i
onf
orAf
r
i
cansdur
i
ngt
hecol
oni
al
per
i
odt
ookt
hr
ee
l
ev
el
s
...

 Secondar
yeducat
i
on
...

Pr
i
mar
yeducat
i
on
 I
twasbegunbymi
ssi
onar
i
esandwasl
at
ert
r
ansf
or
medi
nt
oel
ement
ar
yschool
s
...

 Ar
i
t
hmet
i
c
...

 Hy
gi
ene
...
I
tai
medatpr
ov
i
di
ngsemi
ski
l
l
edmanpowerf
ort
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentandset
t
l
er
s
...

 Si
mi
l
arschool
swer
eal
sost
ar
t
edi
not
herpar
t
soft
hecount
r
y

...

 Subj
ect
sl
i
keagr
i
cul
t
ur
e,
Gheepr
oduci
on,
Tai
l
or
i
ng,
Masonr
yandcapent
r
y

...

t
heywant
edmor
eacademi
ceducat
i
onst
oenabl
et
hem
compet
ewi
t
hot
herr
acesonequal
f
oot
i
ng
...

Secondar
yEducat
i
on
...
Theai
m wast
oel
i
mi
nat
eAf
r
i
cansf
r
om
compet
i
ngf
orj
obswi
t
ht
heEur
opeans
...

 Themi
ssi
onar
i
est
ookupt
hechal
l
engei
n1926byf
or
mi
nganal
l
i
anceof
pr
ot
est
antmi
ssi
onsandputupt
hef
i
r
stAf
r
i
cansecondar
yschool
knownas
Al
l
i
anceatKi
kuy
uwhi
l
et
heCat
hol
i
csputuponeatMangui
nThi
ka
...

 Hospi
t
al
hi
l
l
becamet
hef
i
r
stmul
t
i
r
aci
al
school
i
n1953
...

WhyAf
r
i
canswer
enotgi
v
enacademi
ceducat
i
ondur
i
ngcol
oni
al
i
sm
 Theywer
econsi
der
edasl
acki
ngt
hement
al
capaci
t
yt
oacqui
r
eacademi
c
educat
i
on
...

 Touset
hem f
ormanual
j
obonl
y

...

Eur
opeaneducat
i
on
...

 Theset
t
l
erpr
esencel
edt
oest
abl
i
shmentofschool
sf
orEur
opeanchi
l
dr
en
 By1918t
her
ewer
et
hr
eeboar
di
ngpr
i
mar
yschool
sandonepr
i
mar
ydayschool
f
orEur
opeanchi
l
dr
eni
nKeny
a
...

t
hi
s
commi
t
t
eepr
essedf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentofasecondar
yschool
f
orEur
opean
chi
l
dr
en
 I
n1931Pr
i
nceofWal
esnowNai
r
obi
school
wassetup
...

Uni
v
er
si
t
yeducat
i
on
 I
ni
t
i
al
l
y
,
uni
v
er
si
t
yeducat
i
onwasonl
ygi
v
ent
oEur
opeanschi
l
dr
en
...

Maker
er
e
wasat
echni
cal
col
l
egesetupi
n1922of
f
er
i
ngdi
pl
omacer
t
i
f
i
cat
es
...

 ThoseAf
r
i
canswhof
ai
l
edt
ogett
oMaker
er
esoughteducat
i
onov
er
seas
...

 I
n1954t
heRoy
al
Techni
cal
Col
l
egeof
f
er
edhi
gherdi
pl
omaduet
opr
essur
eby
t
heAf
r
i
cans
...

 I
n1963Maker
er
e,
DaresSal
aam andRoy
al
Col
l
egeNai
r
obi
wer
ej
oi
nedt
of
or
m
t
heUni
v
er
si
t
yofEastAf
r
i
cawhi
chcol
l
apsedi
n1977wi
t
ht
hecol
l
apseoft
heEast
Af
r
i
cacommuni
t
y

...

 Theschool
swer
eest
abl
i
shedi
n
 Ny
anzaunderNomi
y
aLuochur
ch
...
Thi
swasf
or
medbyK
...

S
...

 By1938,
t
heKi
kuy
usetupGi
t
hungur
i
TeacherTr
ai
ni
ngCol
l
egeunder
Mbi
y
uKoi
nange
...

 West
er
nmedi
ci
newasi
nt
oducedbyChr
i
st
i
anmi
ssi
onar
i
es
...

St
at
i
onwasal
so
usedt
ot
r
ai
nAf
r
i
cansonhy
gi
ene
...

JohnAr
t
hursetupmedi
cal
mi
ssi
onatatThogot
o
...

 Mi
ssi
onar
i
esandot
herEur
opeansdev
el
opmentcompr
ehensi
v
emedi
cal
sy
st
em
e
...

 Whi
t
ePr
i
meAut
horopenedami
ssi
onatThogot
o
...

 Tr
ai
nmedi
cal
per
sonnel
t
ohandl
ewest
er
nmedi
ci
ne
...

 I
n1921Publ
i
cHeal
t
hor
di
nancewaspassed
...


POLI
TI
CALDEVELOPMENTSANDTHESTRUGGLEFORI
NDEPENDENCEI
NKENYA
(
1919-1963)

...

Fact
or
st
hatl
edt
ot
her
i
seofAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
sm i
ncol
oni
al
Keny
a
 I
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
axat
i
oni

...
pol
l
t
axandHutt
ax
 I
nt
r
oduct
i
onofKi
pandesy
st
em bycol
oni
al
gov
er
nment
 For
cedl
abourandpoorwagesf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 I
mposi
t
i
onofdest
ocki
ngpol
i
cy

...

 Emer
genceofmanypol
i
t
i
cal
associ
at
i
onsbet
ween1919and1939was
at
t
r
i
but
edt
ot
hepar
t
i
ci
pat
i
onofmanyAf
r
i
cani
nWor
l
dWar1
...

 Theyal
sor
eal
i
zedt
hatt
heWhi
t
emanwasnotdi
f
f
er
entf
r
om t
hem
...


 Thi
sencour
agedt
hem t
ost
r
i
v
ef
orequal
r
i
ght
swi
t
ht
heEur
opeans
...

Char
act
er
i
st
i
csofear
l
ypol
i
t
i
cal
or
gani
zat
i
on
 Theywer
el
edbymi
ssi
oneducat
edAf
r
i
cansl
i
keHar
r
yThukuandJonat
han
Okwi
r
i

...

 Theyhadsi
mi
l
argr
i
ev
ancese
...

gmat
er
i
al
andmor
al
suppor
t

...

Ear
l
yPol
i
t
i
cal
Par
t
i
es
 Ki
kuy
uAssoci
at
i
on
...

 EastAf
r
i
canAssoci
at
i
on(
EAA)
 Ki
kuy
uCent
r
al
Associ
at
i
on(
KCA)
 Kav
i
r
ondoTaxpay
er
sandWel
f
ar
eAssoci
at
i
on(
K
...

W
...

M
...

 Tai
t
aHi
l
l
Associ
at
i
on
...

1)Ki
kuy
uAssoci
at
i
on(
KA)
 I
twasf
or
med1920
 Chi
efKi
ny
anj
ui
WAGat
hi
r
i
mu&Chi
efKoi
nangeWAMbi
y
uwasapat
r
on
...

 I
tf
oughtf
oral
i
enat
edl
and
...

 1921,
i
twaschangedt
oYoungKi
kuy
uAssoci
at
i
on
YoungKi
kuy
uAssoci
at
i
on
 For
medi
nt
heJune1921
 Hadt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngf
ounder
s
 Har
r
yThuku
 Abdal
l
aTai
r
ar
a
 Mwal
i
muHami
si
 MohamedShei
kh
 Thukuwaseducat
edatt
heGospel
mi
ssi
onar
ySoci
et
yschool
atKambui

...

 Themai
nr
easonwhyt
heYoungki
kuy
uAssoci
at
i
onwasf
or
medwast
hatt
he
Ki
kuy
uAssoci
at
i
onwhi
chwasdomi
nat
edbyt
hecol
oni
al
chi
ef
shadf
ai
l
edt
o
pr
esst
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentf
orAf
r
i
candemands
...

K
...

 Thukuwi
t
ht
heY
...

Ademandedf
ort
hef
ol
l
owi
ng
 Al
l
al
i
enat
edl
andshoul
dber
et
ur
ned
 Bet
t
erwor
ki
ngcondi
t
i
onsf
orAf
r
i
cans

 Reduct
i
onoft
axesespeci
al
l
yt
hepol
l
t
ax
 Wi
t
hdr
awal
ofKi
pandesy
st
em
 ThewagesofAf
r
i
canwor
ker
sshoul
dnotber
educed,
buti
ncr
eased
...

 Thi
sor
gani
zat
i
onwasnott
r
i
bal

...
Theyt
henmadet
hem changet
henamet
ot
he
EastAf
r
i
canAssoci
at
i
on
...

I
twasf
or
medi
n1921byl
eader
soft
hey
oungki
kuy
uassoci
at
i
on
...

 Leader
schangedt
henamef
r
om YoungKi
kuy
uAssoci
at
i
ont
oEastAf
r
i
can
Associ
at
i
on
...

Member
si
ncl
ude
 Har
r
yThuku-Chai
r
man
 I
M
...

 Ki
bwanaBi
nKembo
 JesseKar
i
uki
 JosephKanget
he
...

 Theydemandedf
ort
her
et
ur
noft
heal
i
enat
edl
and
...

 Theydemandedf
ort
heabol
i
t
i
onofKi
pande
...

 Theydemandedt
hatt
heel
ect
i
onst
ot
hel
egi
sl
at
i
v
eCounci
l
bedoneona
commonr
ol
l

...

 Theydemandedf
ormor
eeducat
i
onf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 Theydemandedf
ort
her
ev
ocat
i
onoft
hecol
oni
al
st
at
us
...

A
...

 Heal
sogoti
nt
ouchwi
t
ht
hePan-Af
r
i
canmov
ementbywr
i
t
i
ngal
et
t
ert
oMar
cus
Gar
v
eyandW
...

BDuBoi
s
...

 Hewasnowabl
et
ot
r
av
el
t
hecount
r
ywi
del
yandpubl
i
ci
zehi
si
deas
...

 I
nt
he1920sThukubecamesopopul
ar

...
Thi
sat
t
r
act
edal
ar
gecr
owdofpeopl
ewho
demandedf
orhi
sr
el
ease
...

 Thukuwasdepor
t
edt
oKi
smay
u
...

A
...

 I
n1921t
heyhadapubl
i
cr
al
l
yi
nNgar
ar
oadandaddr
essedt
hef
ol
l
owi
ng
...

 Al
l
al
i
enat
edl
andi
sr
et
ur
nedt
ot
heAf
r
i
cans
...

 Ther
eshoul
dnotbecompul
sor
ydi
st
ocki
ngt
obedi
scour
aged
...

ACHI
EVEMENTSOFEastAf
r
i
caAssoci
at
i
on
 Theaut
hor
i
t
ar
i
angov
er
norSi
rEdwar
dNor
t
heywasr
ecal
l
ed
...

 I
tuni
t
edAf
r
i
cansi
nv
oi
ci
ngt
hei
rdemandsashar
r
yt
hukumadecont
act
swi
t
h
l
eader
sofot
herassoci
at
i
ons
...

 Dr

...

 I
test
abl
i
shedl
i
nkswi
t
hout
si
dewor
l
dt
osuppor
tAf
r
i
candemandst
hr
ough
cont
act
smadebyhar
r
yt
hukuwi
t
hy
oungUgandaassoci
at
i
oni
nKampal
a
...

C
...

A
...

 I
t
sheadquar
t
erwasKi
huhi
ai
nMur
anga
...

Theyhel
pedt
he
associ
at
i
ondr
awi
t
smemor
andum t
ot
hecol
oni
al
secr
et
ar
yandt
ot
heKeny
an
gov
er
nmentbef
or
et
heSecondWor
l
dWarst
ar
t
ed
...

 I
tadv
ocat
ef
orgr
owi
ngofcof
f
eebyAf
r
i
cans
 I
twor
kedt
owar
dsr
esol
ut
i
onofal
i
enat
edAf
r
i
canl
and
...

 Topr
essur
i
zecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentt
oabol
i
shki
pandesy
st
em
...

 Tor
espectAf
r
i
cancul
t
ur
eandcust
oms
...

Gr
i
ev
ancesofK
...

A
 Want
edr
et
ur
noft
heal
i
anat
edAf
r
i
canl
and
...

 Anendoff
or
cedl
abour

...

 Ther
el
easeofhar
r
yt
huku
...

 Want
edAf
r
i
canst
obeal
l
owedt
ogr
owcashcr
ops
...

 Want
edr
educt
i
onofcol
oni
al
t
axes
...

 Bet
t
erwor
ki
ngandl
i
v
i
ngcondi
t
i
onsf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 I
twant
edt
hel
i
f
t
i
ngoft
hebanonf
emal
eci
r
cumsi
on
...

 I
tpr
esent
edpet
i
t
i
onst
ot
hegov
er
nori
nwhi
chi
tar
t
i
cul
at
edAf
r
i
can
gr
i
ev
ances
...

 I
tpubl
i
shedanewspapercal
l
edmui
gwi
t
hani
a(
r
conci
l
er
)whi
char
t
i
cul
at
ed
Af
r
i
cangr
i
ev
ances
...

 I
thel
pedt
ost
ar
tot
herpol
i
t
i
cal
or
gani
sat
i
onswhi
chwer
eal
sopr
ot
est
i
ngagai
n
badcol
oni
al
pol
i
ci
es
...

Kav
i
r
ondoTaxpay
er
sandWel
f
ar
eAssoci
at
i
on(
KTWA)
 I
thasi
t
sr
oot
si
nt
hey
oungKav
i
r
ondoAssoci
at
i
on(
YKA)whi
chwasf
oundedi
n
1921byst
udentandt
eacher
sofMasenoSchool

...

Of
f
i
ci
al
s
...


 Abol
i
t
i
onoff
or
cedl
abour

...

 Bet
t
erWages
...

 Est
abl
i
shmentofsepar
at
eLegcof
orNy
anza
...

 I
nt
r
oduct
i
onofhi
ghereducat
i
onf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 Cr
eat
i
onofpar
amountchi
ef
sf
orcent
r
al
andsout
hny
anza
...

 Demandedabol
i
t
i
onofAf
r
i
canr
egi
st
r
at
i
on
...

 I
nJul
y1923,
mi
ssi
onar
yAr
chdeaconOwenoft
heChr
i
st
i
anmi
ssi
onar
ysoci
et
yi
n
Masenowasappoi
nt
edast
heof
f
i
ci
al
oft
heassoci
at
i
on
...

Gov
er
nmentaskedOwent
odosobecausei
twasbecomi
ngt
oo
pol
i
t
i
cal

...

 Execut
i
v
ecommi
t
t
eei
ncl
uded:
 Jonat
hanokwi
r
i

...

 Benj
ami
nAwuor

...

Undert
hel
eader
shi
pofOwen,
t
heassoci
at
i
onconcent
r
at
edonsoci
al
andwel
f
ar
e
mat
t
er
s
...

 Pl
ant
i
ngt
r
eest
oconser
v
et
heenv
i
r
onment

...

Achi
ev
ement
sofKTWA
...

 I
tdemandedt
hedemar
cat
i
onofAf
r
i
canr
eser
v
esandgr
ant
i
ngoft
i
t
l
edeedsf
or
t
hei
rl
and
...

 I
tsentr
epr
esent
at
i
v
est
ot
heHi
l
t
ony
oungwhohadbeensetupt
ol
i
st
ent
o
af
r
i
cangr
i
ev
ancesov
erl
andandot
heri
ssues
...

gt
heAbal
uhy
af
or
medt
hei
rwi
ngknownasNor
t
h
Kav
i
r
ondocent
r
al
associ
at
i
oni
n1934
...

Ukambani
Member
sAssoci
at
i
on(
UMA)

 I
twasf
or
medt
owar
dst
heendof1937
...

 Abol
i
t
i
onoff
or
cedl
abour

...

 Anendt
oheav
yt
axat
i
oni
mposedbyt
hecol
oni
al
i
st
s
...

akambacol
l
ect
edt
hei
rcat
t
l
eandmov
ed
wi
t
ht
hem t
onai
r
obi

...

t
heyst
ayi
n
Nai
r
obi
f
orsi
xweeks
...

 Mui
ndi
mbi
nguwasar
r
est
edanddepor
t
edt
ol
amuwher
ehewashel
df
orei
ght
y
ear
s
...

 I
twasf
or
medi
n1943atmember
s
 Member
swer
e:
 Nawanasel
e–Pr
esi
dent
 MohammendBi
nMwi
chandeVi
cePr
esi
dnet
 E
...
Cbanks
Honar
anr
yTr
easuer
e
 MohamnedBi
nOmar
 EnochBenj
ami
n
 H
...

 I
mpr
ov
ededucat
i
onf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 Abol
i
t
i
onoft
axat
i
on
...

 Appoi
nt
mentofAf
r
i
canadmi
ni
st
r
at
or
s
 For
mat
i
onofcooper
at
i
v
euni
onsf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 Landal
i
enat
i
onwhi
chaf
f
ect
edt
heMi
j
i
kenda
...

TheTai
t
aHi
l
l
sAssoci
at
i
on
 I
twasf
or
medi
n1939atv
oi

...

 Foundei
ngmember
swer
e:
 MangoWar
eshaKal
ondi Chai
r
man

 Paul
Chumbo
Tr
easur
er
 Ji
myMwambi
chi
Secr
et
ar
y
 Dani
el
mapi
nga
...

 Anendt
ol
andal
i
enat
i
on
...

 Anenddest
ocki
ngpol
i
cy

...

 Endt
ot
axat
i
on
...

 Member
sofAssoci
at
i
onusedt
owr
i
t
el
et
t
er
st
ot
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentasar
esul
t
t
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentshi
f
t
si
t
spl
anofmov
i
ngt
heWat
ai
t
af
r
om ancent
r
al
l
andi
n
t
hehi
l
l
st
ot
hepl
ai
ns
...

 Col
oni
al
gov
er
nmentst
opeddi
st
ocki
ngmeasur
eamongWat
ai
t
a
...

 TheyPr
omot
eduni
t
ybymobi
l
i
zi
ngAf
r
i
canst
odemandf
ort
hei
rr
i
ght
s
...

 TheyPr
omot
edAf
r
i
cancul
t
ur
ee
...

 TheyPr
omot
edpol
i
t
i
ci
al
consci
ousnessamongt
heAf
r
i
canbyr
ai
si
ngpol
i
t
i
cal
awar
eness
...

 Theypubl
i
ci
sedt
hegr
i
ev
ancesofAf
r
i
cancommuni
t
yt
heout
si
dewor
l
d
...

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbyear
l
ypol
i
t
i
cal
or
gani
zat
i
on
...

g
...

g
...

A
...

 Lackofski
l
l
si
nr
unni
ngpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
eswhi
chl
edt
omi
smanagementoft
he
of
f
i
ces
...

 Di
suni
t
yasmostassoci
at
i
onswer
eet
hni
cbased
...

 Poormeansoft
r
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
i
on
Met
hodsusedt
oai
rt
hei
rgr
i
ev
ances
 Theuseofmassmedi
asuchasnewspaper
sl
i
keCoastAf
r
i
canExpr
ess
...

g
...

g
...

 Theyemer
gedasar
esul
tofpr
ot
estagai
nstmi
ssi
onchur
chesandschool
s
est
abl
i
shedbydi
f
f
er
entmi
ssi
onar
ysoci
et
i
es
...

 ManyKeny
ansatf
i
r
str
ej
ect
edmi
ssi
onar
yat
t
empt
st
owar
dsconv
er
si
onand
educat
i
on
...

 I
n1919,
t
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmenthadagr
eedt
ogi
v
ef
i
nanci
al
suppor
twhi
l
et
he
mi
ssi
onar
i
espr
ov
i
dedt
hesuper
v
i
si
on,
managementandpar
t
i
al
f
i
nanci
ngof
school
s
...
Thi
swasi
n
r
esponset
ot
henegat
i
v
eat
t
i
t
udeandopendi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onagai
nstt
hem byt
he
mi
ssi
onar
i
esappl
i
edwi
t
ht
hegener
al
i
nj
ust
i
ceoft
hecol
oni
al
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
ont
hat
f
r
ust
r
at
edAf
r
i
cani
nt
er
est

...

Causesoft
her
i
seofi
ndependentchur
chesandschool
 Themi
ssi
onar
i
est
aughtagai
nstAf
r
i
cancust
omssuchasf
emal
eci
r
cumci
si
on
andpol
y
gamy

...

 Af
r
i
cansdi
sl
i
kedt
he3Rseducat
i
ont
hatpr
epar
edt
hem f
orl
owposi
t
i
onsi
n
gov
er
nment

...

 Theywer
ef
or
medt
or
esentagai
nstcol
oni
al
domi
nat
i
onandexpl
oi
t
at
i
on
expr
essedt
hought
heki
pandesy
st
em,
f
or
cedl
abourandr
aci
al
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on
...
Theyhadl
i
t
t
l
e
sayi
nt
hemi
ssi
onchur
chesandal
l
maj
ordeci
si
onswer
emadebyt
he
mi
ssi
onar
i
es
...

g
...

 Somewer
ef
or
medaf
t
ert
heyf
el
tdi
ssat
i
sf
i
edwi
t
ht
hei
nt
er
pr
et
at
i
onoft
he
Chr
i
st
i
anscr
i
pt
ur
ese
...
t
heHol
ySpi
r
i
tchur
chbr
okeawayf
r
om t
hemai
nst
r
eam
chur
chesonsuchaccount

...

g
...
Theywant
edt
opr
eser
v
et
hei
r
cul
t
ur
al
her
i
t
age
...

Exampl
esofi
ndependentchur
chesi
nKeny
a
...

 I
twasf
i
r
sti
ndependentr
el
i
gi
ousandeducat
i
onal
mov
ementi
nKeny
a
...

 Her
ecei
v
edwi
deeducat
i
onandexper
i
encef
r
om sev
er
al
mi
ssi
onschool
s
...

 I
n1907,
hecl
ai
medt
ohav
eav
i
si
oni
nwhi
chanddi
r
ect
edhi
mt
ost
ar
thi
sown
r
el
i
gi
onhebr
okeawayf
r
om t
heCMSandf
oundedhi
sownmi
ssi
on
...
Nomi
y
aLuomi
ssi
onmeans`
`
t
hemi
ssi
ont
hatIwasgi
v
en”
or“
t
hemi
ssi
ont
hatwasgi
v
ent
ome”
 JohnOwal
opr
ocl
ai
medhi
msel
fapr
ophetanddeni
edt
hedi
v
i
ni
t
yofJesusbut
accept
edt
hatJesuswasapr
ophetandSonGod
...

 I
twasf
oundedi
n1938byI
shmael
Noo,
af
or
mert
echerandpr
eacher

...

 Hel
i
v
edi
nsakwal
ocat
i
onofcent
r
al
ny
anza
...

 I
twasf
or
medbyEl
i
j
ahMasi
ndei
nt
he1940’
satmaeni
v
i
l
l
age,
BungomaCount
y

...

 Af
r
i
canI
ndependentPent
ecost
al
Chur
ch(
AI
PC)
 I
twasest
abl
i
shedatgi
t
uambai
nki
ambu
...

 I
thadbr
okenawayf
r
om t
hegospel
mi
ssi
onar
ysoci
et
y

...

 Thechur
chbr
okeawayf
r
om t
heai
pc
...

 Ar
t
hurgat
unguwasaf
or
merst
udentofal
l
i
ancehi
ghschool
andat
eacherat
gi
t
uamba
...

Theyweranumberofi
ndependentschool
swhi
chcameup
...

 I
twasopenedupi
nki
ambuandgat
hi
ekoi
n1913
...

 I
twasf
oundedi
n1925
...

 I
twasr
eopenedi
n1930qndbecomeaf
ul
l
el
i
ment
ar
yschool

...

Exampl
esofi
ndependentschool
associ
at
i
on
...

I
twas
l
at
eraf
f
i
l
i
at
edt
ot
heAf
r
i
cani
ndependentPent
ecost
al
Chur
ch
...

i
twas
l
i
nkedwi
t
ht
heaf
r
i
canor
t
hodoxchur
ch
...

g
...

 Theywer
enotagai
nsteducat
i
onandChr
i
st
i
ani
t
y
,
butagai
nstt
hewest
er
ni
zi
ng
i
nf
l
uenceoft
hemi
ssi
onar
i
esandt
y
peofeducat
i
onandl
i
t
er
at
ur
et
hatwasbei
ng
of
f
er
ed
...


 Theywer
esomehowconnect
edwi
t
hpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
eswi
chwer
ef
oundedt
o
opposecol
oni
al
r
ul
e
...

 Thei
ndependentschool
sandchur
cheswer
esomehowconnect
edwi
t
hpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
eswhi
chwer
ef
oundedt
oopposecol
oni
al
r
ul
e
...

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbyi
ndependence
 Wr
angl
i
ngbet
weent
hel
eader
s
...

 Cl
osur
eoft
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsbyt
hecol
oni
al
aut
hor
i
t
i
esdur
i
ngt
heemer
gency

...

g
...

 Shor
t
ageoff
undst
oi
mpl
ementt
hei
rpr
ogr
ammes
...

Pol
i
t
i
cal
or
gani
sat
i
onandmov
ement
saf
t
er1945
 Thepol
i
t
i
cal
andsoci
al
mov
ement
swhi
chwer
eact
i
v
ei
near
l
y1920sand1930’
s
wer
ebur
nedandt
hei
rl
eader
sputi
ndet
ent
i
onf
orf
earofcr
eat
i
ngi
nt
er
nal
unr
est

...

 Acqui
si
t
i
onofwest
er
neducat
i
onbymanyAf
r
i
cansenabl
edt
hem t
oar
t
i
cul
at
e
t
hei
rgr
i
ev
ancesmor
ef
or
cef
ul
l
yaswel
l
asunder
st
andpol
i
t
i
cal
dev
el
opment
s
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
l
y

...
Al
so,
t
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nment
f
ai
l
edt
of
ul
f
i
l
l
pr
omi
sesmadeatt
het
i
meofwar
,
i

...
gi
v
i
ngt
hem l
andand
empl
oy
ment

...

 Thegr
ant
i
ngofi
ndependencet
oI
ndi
aandPaki
st
ani
n1947gav
eKeny
anst
he
conf
i
dencet
hatt
heycoul
dal
soachi
ev
ei
ndependence
...

S
...

E
...
I
n1945Af
r
i
canl
eader
snamel
yJomoKeny
at
t
a,
Kwame
Nkur
umahandKamuzuBandat
ookpar
ti
nt
hecongr
essandr
esol
v
edt
opr
ess
f
orsel
f
det
er
mi
nat
i
on
...

 Theemer
genceoft
heUSAandUSSRassuperpower
swhowant
edt
hecol
oni
es
t
obegr
ant
edf
ul
l
i
ndependencesot
hatt
heycoul
dpr
oducer
awmat
er
i
al
sand
al
sopr
ov
i
demar
ketf
ort
heexpandi
ngi
ndust
r
i
es
...

 TheWor
l
dWarI
Idr
ai
nedt
het
r
easur
i
esofEur
opeancount
r
i
esi
ncl
udi
ngBr
i
t
ai
n
andFr
ance
...


 Theest
abl
i
shmentoft
heUni
t
edNat
i
onsaf
t
ert
heWor
l
dWarI
Ii
n1945cal
l
edf
or
t
hegr
ant
i
ngofi
ndependencet
oal
l
subj
ect
sast
hef
i
r
stst
ept
owar
dsachi
ev
i
ng
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
peaceandsecur
i
t
y

...

N
...

 Thel
i
ber
at
i
onofGhanai
n1957wasabi
gi
nf
l
uenceont
heot
hercol
oni
zedl
i
ke
Keny
a
...

TheKeny
aAf
r
i
canSt
udyUni
on
 On10thOct
ober1944El
i
udMat
hu,
agr
aduat
ef
r
om For
tHar
eUni
v
er
si
t
yandOxf
or
d
Uni
v
er
si
t
yandaf
or
mert
eacheratAl
l
i
anceSchool
wasnomi
nat
edt
ot
heLegcoby
t
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nor

...

A
...

O
...

M Ng’
ang’
a
 J
...

A
...

 Toadv
ocat
ef
ormor
econst
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
msf
orAf
r
i
cans
 Twoweeksaf
t
eri
t
sf
or
mat
i
on,
t
heof
f
i
ci
al
swer
eor
der
edt
ochanget
henamet
o
K
...

S
...

 I
n1945JamesGi
chur
ubecamet
hepr
esi
dentaf
t
erHar
r
yThukust
eppeddown
...

g
...
Gi
chur
uandKhami
si
t
r
av
el
l
edwi
del
yi
nKeny
a,
UgandaandTangany
i
kat
oconv
i
nceAf
r
i
cansnott
oacceptt
hepr
oposedf
eder
at
i
on
...
I
nFebr
uar
y1946,
t
heychangedt
henamet
oK
...

U
...

 I
n1946,
Keny
aAf
r
i
caSt
udyUni
onmember
shel
danannual
del
egat
esconf
r
ence
...

t
hey
t
her
ef
or
e,
r
ev
er
t
edt
ot
hei
ror
i
gi
nal
nameofkau
 Ret
ur
nedofJomoKeny
at
t
af
r
om Londonf
r
om Londoni
nSept
ember1946
st
r
engt
henst
heuni
on
...

 Hewasassi
st
edbyW
...

W Awor
i
asv
i
cepr
esi
dent
,
Ambr
oseOf
af
aast
r
easur
erand
Gi
kony
oMuchohi
assecr
et
ar
y

...

 Uni
t
et
heAf
r
i
canst
owar
dsanAf
r
i
cannat
i
on
 Tof
ost
ereconomi
c,
soci
al
andpol
i
t
i
cal
i
nt
er
est
soft
heAf
r
i
cans
...

 Abol
i
t
i
onofki
pandesy
st
em
...

 Ret
ur
nofal
i
anat
edAf
r
i
canl
and
...

 Mor
et
r
adeoppor
t
uni
t
i
esf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 Compensat
i
onf
ort
heexser
v
i
cemen
 Raci
al
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onandunder
mi
ni
ngofcul
t
ur
al
pr
act
i
cesofAf
r
i
canst
obe
doneawaywi
t
h
...
Ther
adi
cal
sl
edbyFr
edKubai
,
Paul
Ngei
,
andBi
l
dadKaggi
aadv
ocat
ed
f
ort
heuseoff
or
cewhi
l
et
hemoder
at
esl
edbyKeny
at
t
acal
l
edf
ort
heuseofa
peacef
ul
const
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
ms
...
Theydemandedf
ort
her
emov
al
oft
he
moder
at
esf
r
om t
heexecut
i
v
ecommi
t
t
ee
...

Acent
r
al
commi
t
t
eewassetupt
ocoor
di
nat
eoat
hi
ngact
i
v
i
t
i
esoft
hemaumauf
r
eedom
f
i
ght
er
s
...

 Whent
henat
i
onal
del
egat
e’
sconf
er
encemeti
n1951,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngwer
eel
ect
ed
 JomoKeny
at
t
aasPr
esi
dent
 J
...

 TheNai
r
obi
br
anchofKAUwasl
edbyFr
edKubai
aschai
r
man,
J
...
Mungai
asv
i
ce
andKaggi
aassecr
et
ar
y

...
Thi
scausedal
otoft
ensi
onbet
weent
her
adi
cal
sand
t
hemoder
at
es
...

 By1951,
sev
er
al
KAUbr
ancheswer
eopenedi
nKi
sumubyOneko,
Mar
agol
i
by
JohanaAdal
a,
andMombasabyMui
ngaChokwe
...

 I
n1952JomoKeny
at
t
a,
Paul
Ngei
,
Kaggi
aandOnekohel
dar
al
l
yi
nNy
er
i
whi
ch
at
t
r
act
edov
er25,
000peopl
e
...

 Thegov
er
nmentdecl
ar
edast
at
eofemer
gencyonOct
ober20,
1952f
ol
l
owi
ngt
he
mur
derofchi
efwar
uhi
u
...

 Themostpr
omi
nentwer
eJomoKeny
at
t
a,
Achi
engOneko,
KunguKar
umba,
Fr
ed
Kubai
,
Paul
Ngei
andBi
l
dadKaggi
a
...

 KAUcont
i
nuedt
opr
essf
ort
her
el
easeoft
hei
rdet
ai
nedl
eader
s
...
KAUpr
esent
edt
ohi
m a24poi
ntmemor
andum ofgr
i
ev
ances
under
st
oodast
hemaj
orcausesoft
hev
i
ol
encei
nKeny
a,
i

...

 Deni
al
ofav
oi
ceoft
heAf
r
i
cansi
npol
i
t
i
cs
...

 Theyt
henengagedaBr
i
t
i
shl
awy
erknownasD
...

 On9thMar
ch1953Wal
t
erOdedewasar
r
est
edwhi
l
eJosephMur
umbi
escapedt
o
Bombay

...

 Fr
om t
het
i
mekauwasbannedupt
o1955,
t
her
ewer
enopol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
esi
n
Keny
a
...

Achi
ev
ementofKAU
 I
tpr
ov
i
dedgui
danceandpol
i
t
i
cal
suppor
tt
oEl
i
udMat
hut
heAf
r
i
can
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
et
ot
heLegco
...

 Someoft
hemember
se
...
Fr
edKubai
andBi
l
dadKaggi
awer
eact
i
v
easMauMau
f
i
ght
er
s
...

 I
topenedupbr
anchesi
nv
ar
i
ouspar
t
soft
hecount
r
yt
oeducat
et
heAf
r
i
canson
t
heneedt
ouni
t
eagai
nstEur
opeandomi
nat
i
on
...

 I
tsuppor
t
edt
r
adeuni
ons
 I
tsuppor
t
edmaumauwarofi
ndependence
...


 I
tpr
ov
i
dedl
eader
shi
pt
ot
henat
i
onal
i
stst
r
uggl
e
 I
tor
gani
zedr
al
l
i
esi
nmostpar
t
soft
hecount
r
yt
ocr
eat
eawar
enessont
her
i
ght
s
oft
heAf
r
i
cans
...

 Lackofenoughf
undst
osuppor
ti
t
spr
ogr
ammesi
ncl
udi
ngr
entpay
ment

...

g
...

T
...

 Lackofpol
i
t
i
cal
awar
enessbyt
heAf
r
i
canswhol
i
v
edi
nt
heur
banar
eas
...

 I
nt
er
f
er
encef
r
om t
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmente
...
whent
heywer
ef
or
cedt
ochange
t
henamef
r
om KAUt
oKASU
...

 Themaumaumov
ementwasanar
medst
r
uggl
ebyAf
r
i
cansi
nKeny
aagi
nastt
he
br
i
t
i
sh
...

 Themov
ementwasoneoft
hest
r
ongestandl
ongestar
medant
i
col
oni
al
st
r
uggl
esi
nAf
r
i
cawi
t
hf
ar
r
eachi
ngconsequences
...
Manycommuni
t
i
esl
ostt
hei
rl
ands
...
Af
r
i
canswer
epushedt
ot
her
eser
v
es
...
Thi
sl
edt
obi
t
t
er
ness
amongt
heAf
r
i
cans
...
Thel
abour
er
sont
heset
t
l
erf
ar
msl
i
v
ed
i
npoorhouses,
wer
ef
edoncar
bohy
dr
at
esl
eadi
ngt
omal
nut
r
i
t
i
on,
andwer
e
sev
er
el
ypuni
shedatt
hesl
i
ght
estmi
st
ake
...
Thi
smadeAf
r
i
canwomenr
esor
tt
opr
ost
i
t
ut
i
onasa
sur
v
i
v
al
st
r
at
egy

...

Thei
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
heKi
pandesy
st
em t
ooi
r
r
i
t
at
edt
heAf
r
i
cansf
ort
heyf
el
t
di
scr
i
mi
nat
edandhumi
l
i
at
ed
...

g
...
Thi
sl
edt
o
under
gr
oundmov
ementact
i
v
i
t
i
es(
byKCA)whi
chi
nv
ol
v
edoat
hi
ngasameasur
e
ofsecr
ecy

...
To
pr
ov
et
hi
s,
Af
r
i
cansatt
heKi
j
abeA
...

Mf
or
cef
ul
l
yci
r
cumci
sedanel
der
l
ywhi
t
e
mi
ssi
onar
ywhol
at
erdi
edduet
oheav
ybl
eedi
ng
...
Theki
l
l
i
ngofAf
r
i
cansonf
l
i
msyexcusescausedal
otof
t
h
at
t
ent
i
one
...
on5 Sept
ember1947;
anumberofAf
r
i
canswer
emassacr
ed
f
ol
l
owi
ngast
r
i
keatt
heUpl
andsBaconFact
or
y

...

 Cr
uel
ev
i
ct
i
ons
...


Ev
i
ct
i
onofAf
r
i
cansf
r
om t
heOl
engur
uoneset
t
l
ementschemet
ot
heAr
i
dYat
t
a
r
egi
onofMachakosbr
edal
otofhost
i
l
i
t
y

...

 Unempl
oy
mentasAf
r
i
canpopul
at
i
oncont
i
nuedt
ogr
ow
...

 Af
r
i
canswer
egi
v
ent
hewor
steducat
i
on,
heal
t
handsoci
al
f
aci
l
i
t
i
esandl
ow
wages
...
Thi
sannoy
edt
hem
...
Theywer
esobr
ut
al
andmanyoft
hecol
oni
al
chi
ef
s
br
ut
al
l
yf
or
cedt
heAf
r
i
canwor
ker
st
opr
ov
i
del
abourf
orpubl
i
cwor
ksf
orwhi
t
e
f
ar
ms
...
WhenAf
r
i
canexsol
di
er
sr
et
ur
nedhomet
heywer
e
i
gnor
edast
hei
rcount
er
par
t
sf
r
om ot
herr
acesgotl
and
...

Thecour
seoft
heupr
i
si
ng
 Theupr
i
si
nggotsuppor
tf
r
om t
heunempl
oy
edAf
r
i
cans,
manyofwhom wer
eexsol
di
er
si
nt
heur
bancent
r
es
...

 I
nNai
r
obi
,
i
t
sact
i
v
i
t
i
eswer
ecoor
di
nat
edbyt
hecent
r
al
commi
t
t
eecal
l
ed
muhi
mu
...

 Toi
nspi
r
ecour
ageanduni
t
et
hemember
st
oonecause
...

 Themov
ementhadheadquar
t
er
si
nsev
er
al
pl
acesandf
i
ght
i
ngwasmobi
l
i
zedat
t
hedi
st
r
i
ctl
ev
el

...
Keny
af
or
est
swer
eusedas
hi
deout
s
...

 Thel
eader
shaddi
f
f
er
entar
mi
esi
ndi
f
f
er
entar
eassuchast
heAber
dar
es,
Nai
r
obi
,
Ki
ambu,
Ngong’
,
Mur
ang’
aandRi
f
tVal
l
ey

...

 Dur
i
ngt
hewar
,
t
heguer
r
i
l
l
af
i
ght
er
st
ar
get
edEur
opeanset
t
l
er
s,
gov
er
nment
of
f
i
ci
al
s,
gov
er
nmentbui
l
di
ngs,
set
t
l
erf
ar
ms,
Chr
i
st
i
anconv
er
t
sandal
l
col
l
abor
at
or
s
...

 Hy
mnbooksi
nKi
kuy
uwer
eusedt
ospr
eadMauMaui
deasandt
oencour
age
peasant
st
or
ev
ol
t

...

 Theki
l
l
i
ngofl
oy
al
i
st
st
ot
hegov
er
nmentl
i
keTom Mbot
el
aandWar
uhi
uKung’
u

madeSi
rEv
er
l
y
nBar
i
ngdecl
ar
east
at
eofemer
gencyf
ol
l
owedbyt
hear
r
estof
JomoKeny
at
t
a,
Ramogi
,
Achi
eng’
Oneko,
Fr
edKubai
,
Bi
l
dadKaggi
a,
Kung’
u
Kar
umbaandPaul
Ngei
whower
eKAUl
eader
s
...

 ManyAf
r
i
cansf
l
edf
r
om t
her
eser
v
esandur
banar
east
ogoandj
oi
not
her
si
nt
he
f
or
est
s
...

 Di
t
cheswer
edugar
oundt
hev
i
l
l
ageswher
et
heywer
edet
ai
nedsot
hatt
hey
coul
dnotgetf
oodoranyequi
pmentt
ot
heguer
r
i
l
l
as
...

Bodi
esoft
hoseki
l
l
edwer
edi
spl
ay
edi
nv
i
l
l
ages
...

 Eur
opeansgotr
ei
nf
or
cement
sandf
i
ght
i
ngequi
pment
sf
r
om Br
i
t
ai
nt
oassi
st

...

g
...

Womenandchi
l
dr
enpl
ay
edar
ol
ei
nMauMau
...

 Suppl
i
edt
hef
i
ght
er
swi
t
hv
i
t
al
i
nf
or
mat
i
on
...

 MauMaumov
ementwascr
ushedbyt
hesuper
i
ormi
l
i
t
ar
yoft
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

Fact
or
st
hatf
aci
l
i
t
at
edt
heMauMaumov
ement(
whyi
tl
ast
edf
orsol
ong)
 Oat
hi
nghel
pedt
ouni
t
et
hef
i
ght
er
sandseal
edt
hei
rcommi
t
mentt
ot
hest
r
uggl
e
...

 Ci
v
i
l
i
anpopul
at
i
onsuppl
i
edt
hef
i
ght
er
swi
t
hf
oodandequi
pmente
...
gunsand
ammuni
t
i
on
...

 Resour
cef
ul
nessandcour
ageousnessoft
hei
rl
eader
ssuchasDeddanKi
mat
hi
andSt
anl
eyMat
henge
...

 Accessi
bi
l
i
t
yt
oswor
ds,
gunsandammuni
t
i
on
...
TheWor
l
dWarI
Isol
di
er
s
t
aughtt
hem f
i
ght
i
ngski
l
l
s
...

 Theydi
edduet
ocol
dandot
herdi
seasest
hatt
heywer
eexposedt
oi
nt
he
Aber
dar
es
...








Theyl
ackedpr
operf
i
ght
i
ngequi
pment

...

Di
v
i
si
onar
oseamongt
hef
i
ght
er
sduet
odi
sagr
eement
s
...

Theyl
ackedpr
opercoor
di
nat
i
onduet
ot
heuseoff
or
esthi
deout
sand
mount
ai
noust
er
r
ai
nbyt
heguer
r
i
l
l
as
...

 Thewardepl
et
edt
her
esour
cesoft
hecol
onyandBr
i
t
ai
n
...

 Ki
pandesy
st
em wasmodi
f
i
edt
oapur
ei
dent
i
t
ycar
d
 I
tl
edt
odest
r
uct
i
onofpr
oper
t
y

...

 I
tchangedt
hesoci
al
l
i
f
eofAf
r
i
canst
hr
ought
heest
abl
i
shmentofemer
gency
v
i
l
l
ageswhi
chwer
esetupt
oal
i
enat
et
heci
v
i
l
soci
et
yf
r
om t
heMauMauf
i
ght
er
s
...

 I
tl
edt
ol
ossofmanyl
i
v
es
...

 I
tl
edt
ot
hedecl
ar
at
i
onofast
at
eofemer
gencyi
n1952,
hencecur
f
ewsandot
her
r
est
r
i
ct
i
onsbecamet
heor
deroft
hedayamongt
heAf
r
i
cans
...
TheGi
kuy
uwer
edi
v
i
ded
i
nt
ogov
er
nmentl
oy
al
i
st
sandMauMausuppor
t
er
sl
eadi
ngt
osuspi
ci
on
...

 Thebanonf
omat
i
onofpol
i
t
i
cal
associ
at
i
onswasl
i
f
t
ed
...

 I
tmot
i
v
at
edAf
r
i
cansi
nt
her
estoft
hecont
i
nentt
of
i
ghtf
ort
hei
rownf
r
eedom
f
r
om col
oni
al
i
sm
...

 I
tmadesomer
ef
or
mswhi
chi
ncl
ude:
 Sy
wnner
t
onPl
anof1954whi
chspar
kedof
ft
her
eset
t
l
ementofAf
r
i
cansi
nt
he
count
r
y
si
de
...
I
n1955,
Af
r
i
canpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
es
wer
eaut
hor
i
zedt
ooper
at
ei
nal
l
r
egi
onsexceptcent
r
al
Keny
a
...

 I
nMay1960anot
hermeet
i
ngwashel
dwhi
chl
edt
of
or
mat
i
onofKeny
aAf
r
i
can
Nat
i
onal
Uni
on
...

 Thecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentr
ef
usedt
or
egi
st
erK
...

N
...

Ameet
i
ngi
nMay1960l
edt
o
 JamesGi
chur
ubei
ngel
ect
edpr
esi
dent
 Odi
ngaasv
i
cepr
esi
dent
,
 Mboy
aassecr
et
ar
ygener
al
,
 Ar
t
hurOchwadaasassi
st
antsecr
et
ar
ygener
al
,
 Moi
ast
r
easur
e
 Ngal
aasassi
st
antt
r
easur
er

...

Obj
ect
i
v
esofK
...

N
...

 Toachi
ev
enat
i
onal
uni
t
yt
hr
oughauni
t
ar
ynat
i
onal
const
i
t
ut
i
on
...

 Toer
adi
cat
epov
er
t
y
,
i
gnor
anceanddi
seases
...

 Tof
i
ghtf
ort
her
el
easeofal
l
pol
i
t
i
cal
det
ai
nees
...

 Toencour
agegoodnei
ghbour
l
i
nessi
nt
heEastAf
r
i
canr
egi
on
...

 I
tpr
ov
i
dedpol
i
t
i
cal
educat
i
ont
ot
heAf
r
i
cansi
nKeny
a
...

 I
tact
edasat
r
ai
ni
nggr
oundf
orpol
i
t
i
cal
l
eader
swhot
ookov
erl
eader
shi
poft
he
count
r
yaf
t
eri
ndependence
...

e
...

 Peopl
ewer
edi
ssat
i
sf
i
edwi
t
ht
hewayt
hel
eader
swer
er
unni
ngt
heaf
f
ai
r
soft
he
par
t
y

...
Somewer
eadv
ocat
i
ngf
orauni
t
ar
y
sy
st
em ofgov
er
nmentwhi
l
eot
her
sf
av
our
edamaj
i
mbo(
f
eder
al
)sy
st
em
...
Somej
oi
nedK
...

D
...

P
...

 Par
t
yel
ect
i
onswer
enothel
di
nat
r
anspar
entmanner

...
Hewasv
i
ewedasanel
oquentnat
ur
al
l
eaderoft
heAf
r
i
cansi
nKeny
a,
andal
soapol
i
t
i
cal
mar
t
y
r

...

st
 On1 June1963JomoKeny
at
t
abecamet
hePr
i
meMi
ni
st
erasKeny
aachi
ev
ed
sel
f
gov
er
nmentorMadar
aka
...

Achi
ev
ement
sofKANU
...

KANUmobol
i
sedKeny
ans
count
r
y
wi
dei
ndemandf
orf
r
eedom
...

KANUpr
ov
i
depol
i
t
i
cal
educat
i
ont
o
Af
r
i
canswhi
chst
r
engt
henedt
hei
rzeal
t
of
i
ghtf
ori
ndependence
...

KANUwas
i
nst
r
ument
al
i
nt
hedr
af
t
i
ngoft
hei
ndependenceconst
i
t
ut
i
ont
hatwast
hemai
n
i
t
em oft
heagendaatt
hi
sconf
er
ence
...

KANUpushedt
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentt
or
el
easeJomoKeny
at
t
aandot
herpol
i
t
i
cal
pr
i
soner
s
...

KANUwont
he1963gener
al
el
ect
i
onsand
f
or
medt
hef
i
r
sti
ndependencegov
er
nmentwi
t
hKeny
at
t
aaspr
i
memi
ni
st
er

...

 I
nJune1960,
t
hel
eader
sofsomeoft
hemi
nor
i
t
ygr
oupsl
i
ket
hekal
enj
i
n,
abal
uhy
a,
Maasai
andcoast
al
communi
t
i
esmetatNgong
...

Of
f
i
ci
al
s
 Ronal
dNgal
a
 Dani
el
Ar
apMoi
 Masi
ndeMul
i
r
o
 Just
i
sOl
eTi
pi
s
 KADUl
eader
sf
av
our
edaf
eder
al
ki
ndofconst
i
t
ut
i
onwhi
chwasdi
f
f
er
entf
r
om
KANUwhof
av
our
eduni
t
ayst
at
e
...

 KANUr
ef
usedt
of
or
m agov
er
nmentwhi
l
eKeny
at
t
awasst
i
l
l
det
ai
ned
...

 I
nAugust1961,
Keny
at
t
awasr
eal
asedt
oget
herwi
t
ht
hosedet
ai
nedwi
t
hhi
m and
el
ect
edt
ot
hel
egcoi
n1962
...
KADU
becamet
heof
f
i
ci
al
opposi
t
i
onpar
t
y

...

Obj
ect
i
v
esofKADU
 Tosaf
eguar
dt
hei
nt
er
est
soft
hemi
nor
i
t
yt
r
i
bes
...

 Toor
gani
zeandmai
nt
ai
napol
i
t
i
cal
democr
at
i
cuni
oni
nl
egcoandt
hecount
r
y

...

 Todemandf
orconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
ms
...

 Tof
or
mul
at
edomest
i
candi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
pol
i
ci
es
...

I
tmobi
l
i
zedAf
r
i
cansagai
nstt
hecol
oni
al
domi
nat
i
on
...

I
tpr
ov
i
dedpol
i
t
i
cal
educat
i
ont
oAf
r
i
cans
...

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbyKADU
 Pr
essur
ef
r
om t
hei
rr
i
v
al
si
nKANUt
odecamp
 Wr
angl
esbet
weenseni
orof
f
i
ci
al
sunder
mi
nedi
t
soper
at
i
ons
...

Af
r
i
canPeopl
esPar
t
y(
A
...

P)
 I
twasf
oundedbyPaul
Ngei
,
al
eaderofbot
hKAUandMauMau
...
Het
oof
ear
edf
ort
heAkamba,
hence
hef
or
medA
...

P
...

 I
n1964Keny
abecamear
epubl
i
candbot
hAPPandKADUdecampedf
r
om t
he
opposi
t
i
ont
oj
oi
nKANU
...

TheTr
adeUni
onMov
ement
 At
r
adeuni
oni
sanassoci
at
i
onofwor
ker
swhosemai
npur
posei
st
oi
mpr
ov
et
he
wel
f
ar
eoft
hemember
st
hr
oughcol
l
ect
i
v
ebar
gai
ni
ng
...

Demandsoft
het
r
adeuni
ons
...

 I
mpr
ov
edhousi
ngandmedi
cal
car
ef
orwor
ker
s
...

 Theywer
eagai
nstt
heKi
pandesy
st
em
 Theydemandedt
her
el
easeofar
r
est
edanddet
ai
nedt
r
adeuni
oni
st
s
 Theywer
eagai
nstf
or
cedl
abour
 Theypr
obl
em ofr
est
r
i
ct
edmov
ementofwor
ker
s
 Theywer
eagai
nstr
aci
al
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
oni
npl
acesofwor
k
...

Gr
owt
hoft
het
r
adeuni
onmov
ement

...

e
...

 Upt
o1914t
her
eexi
st
ednoAf
r
i
cant
r
adeuni
onbecause:
 Af
r
i
canswer
ei
l
l
i
t
er
at
el
ackedt
heknowl
edget
or
unwor
ker
suni
ons
...

 Thecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentf
oughtat
t
empt
sbyAf
r
i
canst
of
or
m wor
ker
s
or
gani
zat
i
ons
...

 I
nt
he1930s,
t
hear
t
i
sansofMombasawhoi
ncl
udedmasonsandl
abour
er
shel
da
massmeet
i
ngandest
abl
i
shat
r
adeuni
onnamedTr
adeUni
onCommi
t
t
eeof
Mombasa
...
R
...

 I
ndi
anspl
ay
edav
er
yi
mpor
t
antr
ol
ei
nt
hatt
heyhadmor
eexper
i
encewi
t
hwor
ker
s
or
gani
zat
i
ons
...

I

...

T
...

 I
n1935,
oneoft
het
r
adeuni
oni
stMakhanSi
nghadv
i
sedt
heuni
ont
oaccept
member
shi
pf
r
om al
l
r
aces
...

T
...

E
...

TheAf
r
i
canwor
ker
sf
eder
at
i
on
...

Thest
r
i
kepar
al
y
zedwor
ki
nof
f
i
ces,
banks,
hot
el
s,
docksandr
ai
l
way
s
...

 Ther
ewasunequal
pay
mentofsal
ar
i
esandwages
...

 Ther
ewashi
ghr
at
eofi
nf
l
at
i
on
...

 Acommi
t
t
eeof12member
swasal
soappoi
nt
edt
oassi
stt
heel
ect
edof
f
i
ci
al
s
...
Thesewer
e
 Asal
ar
yi
ncr
easeduet
ot
hehi
ghcostofl
i
v
i
ng
 I
mpl
ement
at
i
onoft
hepol
i
cyofequal
payf
orequal
wor
ker
sr
egar
dl
essofr
ace
...

 Dur
i
ngt
hest
r
i
ke,
t
heMombasaD
...
HeSuggest
edachangeoft
henamef
r
om
AWUt
oAf
r
i
canWor
ker
sFeder
at
i
on(
AWF)
 Heconv
i
ncedt
hewor
ker
st
or
et
ur
nt
owor
kon25thJanuar
y1947
...

 Hi
l
t
onmwandal
asecr
et
ar
y

...

Achi
ev
ement
sofA
...

F
 I
tmobi
l
i
zedAf
r
i
cansf
r
om v
ar
i
ouscommuni
t
i
est
ocomet
oget
herandf
i
ghtf
or
bet
t
erwages
...

 I
nt
r
oducedt
hei
deaofcol
l
ect
i
v
ebar
gai
ni
ngamongwor
ker
s
...

 I
tmadet
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentchangei
t
sat
t
i
t
udet
owar
dsl
abouruni
onsandi
t
begant
ogi
v
emuchat
t
ent
i
ont
owor
ker
sgr
i
ev
ances
...

Keny
aFeder
at
i
onofLabour
 Af
t
ert
hedecl
ar
at
i
onofast
at
eofemer
gencyi
n1952,
t
hegov
er
nmentt
ookdr
ast
i
c
measur
esagai
nstAf
r
i
cans
...

 At
r
adeuni
onor
di
nancewasenact
edi
n1952whi
chal
l
owedf
or
mat
i
onofuni
ons
...

F
...

T
...
Thesmal
l
uni
onsi
ncl
uded
 Keny
al
ocal
Gov
er
nmentWor
ker
sUni
onl
edbyTom Mboy
a
 Domest
i
candHot
el
Wor
ker
sUni
on
 EastAf
r
i
caFeder
at
i
onofBui
l
di
ngandConst
r
uct
i
onWor
ker
sUni
on
...

F
...

T
...

 S
...
Osor
e
 JamesWai
nai
na
 Di
shonSambi
l
i

...

F
...

T
...

 Campai
gnedagai
nstl
owwages
...


 Pr
ot
est
edagai
nstt
hef
or
cef
ul
ev
acuat
i
onoft
heAmer
u,
AembuandAgi
kuy
u
f
r
om Nai
r
obi
 By1955i
tpr
ot
est
edagai
nstt
hei
ncr
easedpr
i
cesoft
eaandbr
ead
...

 I
n1955K
...

R
...

Uchangedi
t
snamet
ot
heKeny
aFeder
at
i
onofLabour(
K
...

L)

...

W Owuorasassi
st
antGener
al
Secr
et
ar
y
 Dani
el
Ng’
et
heast
r
easur
er
 JohnOpi
y
oasassi
st
antTr
easur
er
 Tom Mboy
at
r
av
el
l
edwi
del
yandest
abl
i
shedl
i
nksbet
weenK
...

Landot
her
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
t
r
adeuni
ons
...

F
...

C
...

T
...
Thi
sal
ar
medt
hegov
er
nmentandt
hewhi
t
eset
t
l
er
s
...

 I
tchampi
onedAf
r
i
cangr
i
ev
ancesatt
het
i
mewhenpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
eswer
ebanned
...

 I
teducat
edAf
r
i
cansont
hei
rr
i
ght
s
...

g
...

 I
tser
v
edasat
r
ai
ni
nggr
oundf
orAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
ste
...
Tom Mboy
aandMar
t
i
n
Shi
kuku
...

 St
r
i
kes
 Boy
cot
t
s
...

 Demonst
r
at
i
ons
...

 Easymobi
l
i
zat
i
onsi
ncet
heywer
el
i
v
i
ngi
nl
ar
genumber
s
...

 Towndwel
l
er
swer
emi
xeduphencenol
anguageorcul
t
ur
al
bar
r
i
er
s
...

TheRol
eofTr
adeUni
onsi
nt
hest
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
 Theycont
r
i
but
edt
ot
hei
mpr
ov
ementofwor
ker
sandwor
ki
ngcondi
t
i
ons
...

 Theyi
nt
r
oducedt
heconceptofcol
l
ect
i
v
ebar
gai
ni
ngi

...
wor
ker
sr
ai
sedt
hei
r
compl
ai
nsasagr
oupr
at
hert
hanasi
ndi
v
i
dual
s
...


 Theykeptt
hespi
r
i
tofAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
sm al
i
v
ewhenpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
eswer
e
banned
...

 Theypr
omot
edr
egi
onal
cooper
at
i
oni

...
i
nEastAf
r
i
ca,
t
heywor
kedt
oget
herf
or
t
hegoodoft
hewor
ker
si
nt
her
egi
on
...
Thi
sr
educedi
ndust
r
i
al
di
sput
es
...

g
...

 Tr
adeuni
onseducat
edandenl
i
ght
edpeopl
eont
hei
rpol
i
t
i
cal
r
i
ght
s
...

 I
gnor
anceoft
hepeopl
eont
her
ol
eoft
r
adeuni
onsandhencedi
dnotsuppor
ti
t

...

 I
thadi
nsuf
f
i
ci
entf
undst
or
uni
t
sact
i
v
i
t
i
es
...

 Todat
e,
t
r
adeuni
onscont
i
nuet
opl
ayani
mpor
t
antr
ol
ei
nf
i
ght
i
ngf
ort
hewel
f
ar
eof
wor
ker
s
...

O
...

U
Rol
eofwomeni
nt
hest
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
 Womenpl
ay
edasi
gni
f
i
cantr
ol
ei
nt
hest
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependencei
nKeny
a
...

 Whi
l
enoti
nv
ol
v
edi
nmostdi
r
ectmi
l
l
i
t
ar
yoper
at
i
ons,
womenhel
pedt
osust
ai
n
t
hest
r
uggl
rf
ori
ndependencei
nt
hei
rr
espect
i
v
esoci
et
i
es
...

 Pr
ophet
essMor
aai
nKi
t
ut
u
...

 Mekat
i
l
i
l
i
WAMenzal
edt
heAgi
r
i
ama1913
...

Cont
r
i
but
i
onofwomeni
nt
hest
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
...

g
...

 Theyr
ai
sedf
undsf
orsuppor
t
i
ngpol
i
t
i
cal
act
i
v
i
t
i
es
...

f
ori
nst
ances,
whenhar
r
yt
hukuwas
ar
r
est
ed,
mar
yny
anj
i
r
uphy
si
cal
l
yat
t
ackedt
hear
r
est
i
ngpol
i
ceof
f
i
cer
 Theypr
ov
i
dedmor
al
suppor
tt
ot
hef
r
eedom f
i
ght
er
st
ogoonwi
t
ht
hef
i
ght

...

 Theysuppl
i
edf
oodt
ot
hef
r
eedom f
i
ght
er
si
nt
hei
rhi
deout
s
...

f
orexampl
e,
Wambui

Ot
i
enowoul
dsmuggl
ear
mst
of
i
ght
er
si
nt
hecov
eroft
heI
sl
ami
cdr
ess
...

 Theykeptt
hei
rhomesi
nt
actasmencont
i
nuedwi
t
ht
hest
r
uggl
eorser
v
edj
ai
l
t
er
ms
...

 Keny
aAf
r
i
canwomenf
or
medawomenor
gani
sat
i
ont
hemaendel
eoy
a
wanawakel
edbyj
ael
mbogo,
phoebeasi
y
oandr
ut
hhabwewhi
chwor
kedont
he
f
r
amewor
kt
hatsuppor
t
eduhur
uandi
ndependenceofwomenandKeny
a
...

 Theyt
ookpar
ti
nar
medr
esi
st
anceandsomeoft
hem pr
ov
edt
obebet
t
er
sol
di
er
st
hant
hemen
...

 TheAgi
kuy
u,
AembuandAmer
ucommuni
t
yj
oi
nedt
hef
i
ght
er
si
nt
hef
or
est
s
...

 Theypr
ov
i
dedt
hef
i
ght
er
swi
t
hf
ood,
medi
ci
ne,
gunsandammuni
t
i
on,
cl
ot
hi
ng
andshoes
...

 Theyact
edasspi
ese
...
somewomenbef
r
i
endedt
hehomeguar
dsandgat
her
ed
usef
ul
i
nf
or
mat
i
onaboutt
hecol
oni
al
f
or
ces
...
Thesongsi
nspi
r
edwar
r
i
or
st
of
i
ght
on
...

 Theywer
et
hechi
efoat
hi
ngadmi
ni
st
er
sandt
heoat
hboundt
hemember
st
o
secr
ecy

...

 Ov
er8,
000womenf
r
om t
heAgi
kuy
u,
Amer
uandAembuwer
edet
ai
nedatKami
t
i

...
Theywer
e
subj
ect
edt
ocur
f
ewandst
ar
v
at
i
ont
hought
heywer
est
i
l
l
moni
t
or
edbyt
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentsoasnott
ogi
v
ei
nf
or
mat
i
ont
ot
heMauMau
...

Const
i
t
i
uonal
changesl
eadi
ngt
oi
ndependencei
nKeny
a
...

 ThePanAf
r
i
canmov
ementpr
essur
i
zedt
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentt
ogr
ant
pol
i
t
i
cal
i
ndependencet
ot
hei
rsubj
ect
s
 Col
oni
al
power
sbegant
or
eal
i
zet
hatcol
oni
eswer
ebecomi
ngexpensi
v
eduet
o
t
heconst
antr
ev
ol
t
se
...
i
nBr
i
t
ai
nandFr
ance,
t
heci
t
i
zenswer
er
el
uct
antt
o
f
i
nancecol
oni
al
empi
r
es
...

 TheUNsi
gni
ngoft
heAt
l
ant
i
cChar
t
erwhi
chdecl
ar
edt
her
i
ghtoft
hecol
oni
sed
peopl
et
osel
fdet
er
mi
nat
i
on
...

 Att
hesamet
i
me,
t
her
ewasal
otofpr
essur
edemandi
ngconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
ms
byt
heAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
st
s
...

 I
n1946secondAf
r
i
can,
B
...

Ohangawasnomi
nat
edt
ot
hel
egi
sl
at
i
v
ecounci
l

...

Thust
he
composi
t
i
onofl
egi
sl
at
i
v
ecounci
l
i
n1948wasasf
ol
l
ow11Eur
opeansand5
Asi
ansel
ect
edoncommonr
ol
l
,
f
ouraf
r
i
cant
woAr
absnomi
nat
edbyt
hegov
er
nor

...

Ly
t
t
l
et
onConst
i
t
ut
i
on
I
n1954Ol
i
v
erLy
t
t
el
t
on,
t
heBr
i
t
i
shcol
oni
al
Secr
et
ar
yv
i
si
t
edKeny
aandmadepr
oposal
s
f
ort
hef
ol
l
owi
ngconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
ms
...

 Amul
t
i
r
aci
al
counci
l
ofmi
ni
st
er
st
or
epl
aceGov
er
nor
’
sexecut
i
v
ecounci
l

...
Af
r
i
cansandAsi
answoul
dber
epr
esent
edbymember
swi
t
h
execut
i
v
epowerov
ert
hei
rmi
ni
st
er
s
...

A
...

 Eachr
aceshoul
del
ecti
t
sr
epr
esent
at
i
v
est
ot
heLegco
...
Nomi
nat
edmember
sshoul
dbe30
...

 TheAf
r
i
canswer
eal
l
owedt
of
or
ml
ocal
di
st
r
i
ctbasedpol
i
t
i
cal
or
gani
zat
i
ons
...
Mwany
umba
 Abagusi
i
Associ
at
i
onl
edbyJohnKebaso
 TheKeny
aNat
i
onal
Congr
essl
edbyAr
gwi
ngsKodhek
 TheMaasai
Fr
ontl
edbyJohnKeen
...
Thewi
nner
s
wer
e

 Tom Mboy
af
orNai
r
obi
 Masi
ndeMul
i
r
of
orN
...
Ny
anza
 Ronal
dNgal
af
orCoast
 Dani
el
Ar
apMoi
f
orRi
f
tVal
l
ey
 Ber
nar
dMat
ef
orCent
r
al
 JamesMui
mi
f
orUkambani
 Af
t
ert
heel
ect
i
ons,
t
heel
ect
edAf
r
i
canmember
soft
heLegcof
or
medan
or
gani
zat
i
onknownasAf
r
i
canEl
ect
edMember
sOr
gani
sat
i
on(
A
...

M
...

DemandsofAEMO
 Equal
r
epr
esent
at
i
oni
nt
heLegco
 Ev
er
yAf
r
i
can21y
ear
sandabov
ebeal
l
owedt
ov
ot
e
 Regi
st
r
at
i
onofv
ot
er
sbedoneonacommonr
ol
l
 Anendt
ot
hest
at
eofemer
gency
 TwoAf
r
i
cansi
nt
hecounci
l
opposedt
heLy
t
t
el
t
onconst
i
t
ut
i
onbecausei
t
st
r
engt
henedt
heposi
t
i
onoft
heEur
opeans
...

Rol
eofAf
r
i
canel
ect
edmember
sofpar
l
i
amenti
nt
hest
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
 Pr
essur
i
sedf
ori
ndependence
 Madeknownt
heAf
r
i
cangr
i
ev
ancesi
nNat
i
onal
f
or
umns
...

 Demandedf
orgr
eat
erpol
i
t
i
cal
r
i
ght
sf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 Par
t
i
ci
pat
edi
nt
hef
or
mul
at
i
onofi
ndependentconst
i
t
ut
ent

...

gKANUandKADUwhi
chspear
headedf
or
count
r
yi
nt
oi
ndependence
...

 Onhi
sv
i
si
tt
oKeny
ahemadepr
oposal
sf
orf
ur
t
herconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
changes
...

 I
nr
esponset
ol
ennoxboy
d’
sr
ecommendat
i
on,
t
hegov
er
nmentcr
eat
edsi
xmor
e
Af
r
i
canconst
i
t
uenci
es
...

 TheAEMOopposedt
hei
deaoft
hespeci
al
l
yel
ect
edmember
sbutt
heywer
e

appoi
nt
edwi
t
houtt
hei
rpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
on
...

Lancast
erhouseconf
er
ence
...

 Thi
showev
erhadopenedconcer
n,
asbot
ht
her
adi
cal
Eur
opeansandAEMO
wer
eof
f
er
edt
omul
t
i
r
aci
al
i
sm
...

 By1959t
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentwascommi
t
t
edt
or
emov
eal
l
r
aci
al
bar
r
i
er
sand
gr
antpol
i
t
i
cal
i
ndependencet
oAf
r
i
cans
...

Thef
i
r
stLancast
erHouseConf
er
ence(
1960)
 Thi
smeet
i
ngwasconv
enedi
nLondonatt
heLancast
erhouse,
t
heHeadquar
t
er
oft
heBr
i
t
i
shcol
oni
al
of
f
i
cei
nJanuar
y1960
...
Al
l
member
soft
heLegcoat
t
endedt
heconf
er
ence
...

TheAf
r
i
cansdemandedf
or
 Av
ot
eont
hecommonr
ol
l
basedononemanonev
ot
e
...

 Ther
ewer
et
obe33seat
si
nt
heLegcov
i
edf
oronacommonr
ol
l
 20seat
swoul
dber
eser
v
ed10f
orEur
opean8f
orAsi
ans
...

 I
taut
hor
i
zedt
hef
or
mat
i
onofcount
r
y
wi
depol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
esf
orAf
r
i
cans
...

 Thi
sconf
er
encewasani
mpor
t
antmi
l
est
onei
nAf
r
i
canpol
i
t
i
cal
dev
el
opmenti
n
Keny
a
...
Somebegant
o
l
eav
et
hecount
r
y

...

 JamesNzauMui
mi
,
mi
ni
st
erf
orheal
t
handWel
f
ar
e
...

g
...

 I
n1960mor
emember
soft
heLegcoj
oi
nedKANUandKADU
...

Ronal
dNgal
awasr
equest
edbyt
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentt
of
or
mt
hegov
er
nment
wi
t
hKADUt
oget
herwi
t
hot
herEur
opeanandAsi
anmember
s
...

ThesecondLancast
erhouseconf
er
ence(
1962)

...

I
t
sobj
ect
i
v
es
...

 Dr
af
ti
ndependence
...

 TheKANUdel
egat
i
onwasl
edbyJomoKeny
at
t
aandadv
ocat
edf
orast
r
onguni
t
ar
y
gov
er
nmentwhi
l
eKADUwasl
edbyRonal
dNgal
af
av
our
ed(
maj
i
mbo)sy
st
em of
gov
er
nment

...

Feat
ur
esofi
ndependentconst
i
t
ut
i
on
...

 Thecent
r
al
gov
er
nmentwast
oconsi
stofat
wochambernat
i
onal
assembl
y
,
namel
yt
hesenat
eandt
heHouseofRepr
esent
at
i
v
es
...

 Thepr
i
memi
ni
st
erandt
hecabi
netwoul
dbef
or
medf
r
om t
hePar
t
ywi
t
hmaj
or
i
t
y
seat
s
...

 TheHouseofRepr
esent
at
i
v
est
ohav
e117member
swi
t
h12speci
al
l
yel
ect
ed
member
sandat
t
or
neygener
al

...

 Spel
toutt
her
i
ght
sandobl
i
gat
i
onofci
t
i
zen
...

 I
nMay1963el
ect
i
ons,
KANUwon73seat
swhi
l
eKADUwon31andAPPwon8
seat
s
...

Thi
smeantt
hatKeny
at
t
acont
r
ol
l
edonl
yt
hei
nt
er
nal
af
f
ai
r
sanddef
ensedocket
s
wer
est
i
l
l
undert
hecont
r
ol
oft
heBr
i
t
i
shgov
er
nment

...
Keny
at
t
awast
hePr
i
meMi
ni
st
erwhi
l
et
he
QueenofEngl
andr
emai
nedt
heheadofst
at
e
...
I
nt
hi
st
heQueenofEngl
andceasedt
obeheadofst
at
e
...
Anat
i
oni
smadeupofpeopl
ewho
shar
ecul
t
ur
al
andsoci
al
backgr
oundandhav
ei
nt
hecommonancenst
r
yi
n
hi
st
or
i
cal
t
er
ms
...

 Nat
i
onal
i
sm i
sdef
i
nedast
hedesi
r
ef
ori
ndependenceandsel
f
det
er
mi
nat
i
on
amongagr
oupofpeopl
e
...

 Raci
al
segr
egat
i
on:
col
oni
al
gi
v
er
nmentenact
edl
awst
hatdi
scr
i
mi
nat
edagai
nst
t
heAf
r
i
cansbecauseoft
hei
rski
n
...

Thi
smadet
heAf
r
i
canst
of
i
ghtt
hecol
oni
al
i
st
s
...

Wor
ki
ng
condi
t
i
onf
oraf
r
i
canswer
et
oohost
i
l
eandwer
eunder
pai
dwi
t
hanai
m of
keepi
ngt
hem wor
ki
ng
...


 Ov
er
t
axat
i
on:
col
oni
al
gov
er
nmenti
nt
r
oducedv
ar
i
ousf
or
msoft
axest
obepai
d
byt
heAf
r
i
cans
...

 Landal
i
enat
i
on:
Col
oni
al
gov
er
nmenti
nt
r
oducedl
andpol
i
cyt
hatwasmeantt
o
di
sadv
ant
agest
heAf
r
i
cans,
r
esul
t
ngi
nt
omanyofbei
ngsquat
t
er
sont
hei
rl
and
...

Thesemeasur
esby
t
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmenti
ncr
easesbi
t
t
er
nessamongAf
r
i
cans
...

Theybegant
oquest
i
ont
hel
egi
t
i
macyof
col
oni
al
i
sat
i
onandasar
esul
tspear
headednat
i
onal
i
sm mov
ement
sandt
he
st
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
...

Eur
opeanshadt
her
i
ghtt
oexpl
oi
tmi
ner
al
st
hr
oughoutcol
oni
al
af
r
i
ca
...

Af
r
i
canswer
e
excl
udedf
r
om t
hemanagementandowner
shi
p,
t
heywer
et
opr
ov
i
deal
l
needed
l
abourwhi
chwasnotpai
df
oradequat
el
y

...

Af
r
i
canswasr
ecr
ui
t
edt
of
i
ghti
nt
hewar

...

Theyl
ear
nedt
hei
deasof
l
i
ber
t
y
,
equal
i
t
yanddemocr
acy

...

Whent
heyr
et
ur
nedt
hey
spear
headedl
i
ber
at
i
onst
r
uggl
ei
nt
hei
rcount
r
i
es
...

Ther
ewasacommuni
str
ev
ol
ut
i
oni
nRussi
ai
n
1917
...

Thi
sencour
agedAf
r
i
can
nat
i
onal
i
st
s
...

Thi
swasamov
ementofAf
r
i
cansi
nt
hedi
aspor
a
...

I
tcondemnedcol
oni
al
i
nj
ust
i
ces
...

 TheUni
t
edNat
i
ons
...

N
...
I
tdecl
ar
escol
oni
al
i
sm asi
l
l
egal
and
agai
nsthumanr
i
ght
s
...

Af
t
ert
he2ndwor
l
dwar
,
t
heUSAemer
gedasasuper
power

...

USAof
f
er
edt
ohel
pwi
t
hr
econst
r
uct
i
onundert
he
mar
shal
l
pl
anbutoncondi
t
i
ont
hatt
heydecol
oni
se
...

Thel
abourcamet
opoweri
nBr
i
t
ai
naf
t
ert
he
secondwor
l
dwar

...

 I
ndependenceofI
ndi
aandpaki
st
an
...

Thei
ri
ndependencei
nspi
r
edAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
st
st
of
i
ghtf
or
i
ndependencei
nt
hei
rowncount
r
i
es
...

 Theyappl
i
edt
hemi
l
l
i
t
ar
yski
l
l
swhi
cht
heyhadacqui
r
edt
of
i
ghtt
hecol
oni
al
i
st

...

 Theyj
oi
nednat
i
onal
i
st
i
cmov
ement
s
...

 Theyser
v
i
cedt
heweaponsusedbyt
henat
i
onal
i
st
s
...

 Bef
or
eGhanaacqui
r
edi
ndependence,
shewasknownasGol
dCoast

...

Fr
om t
he15thcent
ur
y
,
al
otofgol
dwasmi
nedandsentt
oPor
t
ugal
 Nat
i
onal
i
sm whi
chwasai
medatendi
ngBr
i
t
i
shr
ul
ei
nGhanast
ar
t
edaf
t
ert
he
secondwor
l
dwar

...

Fact
or
sf
orgr
owt
htofnat
i
onal
i
sm i
nGhana
 Exi
st
enceofal
ar
gegr
oupofy
oungpeopl
ewi
t
hel
ement
ar
yeducat
i
onwhower
e
unempl
oy
edandt
her
ef
or
ef
r
ust
r
at
ed
...

 Thedeci
si
onbyt
heBr
i
t
i
sht
oputuponl
yoneuni
v
er
si
t
yonl
yf
ort
hewhol
eof
WestAf
r
i
caatI
badan,
Ni
ger
i
ai
nst
eadofGhanacausedal
otofbi
t
t
er
nessamong
t
heAf
r
i
cans
...

 Cut
t
i
ngofcocoat
r
ees
...

 Di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
oni
nt
r
ade
...

Thi
sdi
scont
entr
esul
t
edi
nr
i
ot
s
...

TheBr
i
t
i
shcont
i
nuedt
oexpl
oi
tt
hei
ncomesf
r
om
Ghani
anmi
ner
al
andagr
i
cul
t
ur
al
pr
oduce,
t
hi
smakespeopl
ebi
t
t
er

...

 Lossofpowerbyt
het
r
adi
t
i
onal
Af
r
i
canchi
ef
scr
eat
eddi
scont
entagai
nstt
he
col
oni
al
gov
er
nment

...

TheUni
t
edGol
dCoastConv
ent
i
on
...

 Manymor
epol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
eswi
t
hsi
mi
l
arai
m wer
ef
or
med
...

 Leader
sofUGCCwer
eeducat
edmenandbusi
nessmen
...

 KwameNkur
umahsecr
et
ar
y
gener
al

...

 Ri
ot
swer
espar
kedbyt
heBr
i
t
i
shsol
der
st
hatki
l
l
edpeopl
ewhower
emar
chi
ngt
o
t
hegov
er
nor
s’
cast
l
et
opr
esentapet
i
t
i
onsi
ncet
hei
rpensi
on’
swav
equi
t
e
i
nsuf
f
i
ci
entduet
ohi
ghi
nf
l
at
i
on
...

 Thi
sl
oot
i
ngandhopel
essnessoft
hegov
er
nmentst
r
engt
henUGCCasmor
e
peopl
ej
oi
nedt
hepar
t
yandi
t
sl
eader
sbecomenat
i
onal
her
oes
...

The

gov
er
nmentr
espondedbyset
t
i
ngupt
heAndr
ewAl
kenWat
soncommi
ssi
on
...

Recommendat
i
onoft
heWat
soncommi
ssi
on
...

 I
tr
ecommendedt
hatbl
ackpeopl
eshoul
dbegi
v
enmor
esayi
nt
her
unni
ngof
t
hecount
r
y

...

 I
tr
ecommendedt
hateducat
i
ondev
el
opmentshoul
dbegr
eat
l
yaccel
er
at
ed
...

HCousseyt
opr
epar
enewconst
i
t
ut
i
onf
ort
hecount
r
y

...

 Ri
f
tdev
el
opedbet
weenNkur
umahandot
herUGCCl
eader
sbecauseof
r
adi
cal
i
sm
...

 I
n1949,
KwameNkr
umahf
or
medConv
ent
i
onPeopl
e’
sPar
t
yaf
t
ermov
i
ngoutof
UGCC
...

Hi
si
deasappeal
edt
ot
hey
oung
peopl
ewhoj
oi
nedhi
spar
t
yi
nt
housand
...

 Recommendat
i
onscr
eat
edt
hebasi
sf
ort
he1951gener
al
el
ect
i
ons
...

Hewasal
l
owedbyt
he
gov
er
norAr
denCl
ar
ke,
t
of
or
m agov
er
nmentwi
t
hhi
m ast
hepr
i
memi
ni
st
er

...

t
h
 CPPwonel
ect
i
onhel
don6 mar
ch1957,
t
hecount
r
yat
t
ai
nedpol
i
t
i
cal
i
ndependenceunderCPPandKwamebecamef
i
r
stPr
i
memi
ni
st
erandchanged
count
r
i
esnamef
r
om Gol
dCoastt
oGhana
...

 I
tdemandedt
hatv
ot
i
ngr
i
ght
st
obeext
endedt
oal
l
peopl
e
...

 I
tadv
ocat
edf
orauni
t
ar
ygov
er
nment

...

g
...

Met
hodsusedbyGhanani
anNat
i
oanal
i
sti
nt
hei
rst
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
...

 Theyusedt
r
adeuni
onsi
nt
hei
rst
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
...

 Theywr
ot
epubl
i
cat
i
onsandv
ar
i
ousf
or
msofl
i
t
er
at
ur
ewhoseedi
t
or
i
al
obj
ect
i
v
eswer
et
ov
oi
ceandpopul
ar
i
set
heAf
r
i
cancour
se
...

 Theyusedi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
f
or
ums,
Forexampl
e,
Nkur
umahmadeknownt
hepl
i
ght
ofAf
r
i
cansatt
he5thpanaf
r
i
cancongr
esshel
datManchest
er
,
Londoni
n1945
...

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbyGhani
annat
i
onal
i
sm
...

 Ri
v
al
r
l
yamongpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
ese
...

 Ar
r
estandi
mpr
i
sonmentofAf
r
i
canNat
i
onal
i
st

...

 Br
ut
al
ki
l
l
i
ngofAf
r
i
cans
...

Rol
epl
ay
edbyKwame,
CPPf
orst
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
...

 Hewr
ot
eanewspaper
,
t
heAccr
aev
eni
ngnewswhi
char
t
i
cul
at
edt
hedemandsof
t
hepeopl
eofGhana
...

 Heor
gani
sedi
ndust
r
i
al
boy
cot
t
s,
f
orexampl
e,
i
n1950andcal
l
edonpeopl
et
o
boy
cot
tEur
opeangoods
...

 Heat
t
endedi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
conf
er
encewher
ehehi
ghl
i
ght
edt
hecausesoft
hegol
d
coasti
ndependence
...

ReasonswhyGhanaachi
ev
edi
ndependenceear
l
i
rt
hanot
herAf
r
i
cancount
r
i
es
...

 Lar
gegr
oupofeducat
edel
i
t
esspear
headdecol
oni
zat
i
on
...

 Hepar
t
i
ci
pat
edi
nt
hePanAf
r
i
canManchest
erconf
er
enceof1945t
hatr
esol
v
ed
t
hatal
l
count
i
r
eshav
ear
i
ghtt
osel
f–det
er
mi
nat
i
on
...

I
twasal
sowel
l
ser
v
edwi
t
ha
goodt
r
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
i
onsy
st
em
...

 Pr
esenceofaf
ewEur
opeanset
t
l
er
si
nt
hecount
r
ycompar
edt
oot
hercount
r
i
es
l
i
keSout
hAf
r
i
ca
...

Howt
heat
t
ai
nmentofGhanai
ndependenccont
r
i
but
edt
ol
i
ber
at
i
onofot
herAf
r
i
can
count
r
i
es
...

A
...


 Nkur
umahsuppor
t
edl
i
ber
at
i
onmov
ement
sagai
nstcol
oni
al
r
ul
ebot
hmor
al
l
y
andmat
er
i
al
l
ye
...
i
nAl
ger
i
ahegav
et
hem gr
ant
sandi
nGui
neahef
undedt
he
nat
i
onal
i
st
s
...

g
...

 I
n1951t
hegov
er
nmentofPor
t
ugal
decl
ar
edMozambi
quei
t
scol
onyandt
ook
ov
eradmi
nst
r
at
i
onf
r
om Por
t
uguesecompani
esunt
i
l
1975
...

Reasonsf
orsl
owdecol
oni
sat
i
onofMozambi
que
...

I
tr
el
i
edoncol
oni
est
osust
ai
nher
economy

...

 Manywest
er
nmul
t
i
nat
i
onal
compani
eshadi
nv
est
edi
nMozambi
quei
nmi
nes
andpl
ant
at
i
ons
...

 Ther
ewasl
ar
genumberofwhi
t
eset
t
l
er
si
nMozambi
queasar
esul
tt
hey
opposedt
ot
hegr
ant
i
ngofi
ndependencet
ot
hecol
ony

...

Sout
hAf
r
i
cawasani
mpor
t
antsour
ceofr
awmat
er
i
al
st
owest
er
ncount
r
i
es
asar
esul
tt
heydi
scour
ageddecol
i
ni
zat
i
oni
nMozambi
que
...

Af
r
i
canwor
ker
swer
edeni
ed
t
her
i
ghtt
of
or
mt
r
adeuni
onsandgoonst
r
i
ke
...

 Mozambi
quewasv
er
yl
ar
gei
nsi
zecombi
nedwi
t
hst
r
i
ctandv
i
gor
ouscensor
shi
p
bysecur
i
t
yf
or
ces,
asar
esul
ti
twasi
mpossi
bl
ef
oranat
i
onal
i
stmassmov
ement
t
oemer
ge
...

 Ther
ewer
ef
eweducat
edAf
r
i
cansi
nMozambi
quet
ol
eadt
hel
i
ber
at
i
on
st
r
uggl
e
...

 Ther
ewasl
ackofuni
t
yamongt
heAf
r
i
cansi
nmozambi
que
...

Fact
or
sf
ort
hegr
owt
hofNat
i
onal
i
sm i
nMozambi
que
...

Af
r
i
canswer
eunder
r
epr
esent
edi
npar
l
i
amenti
n
Li
sbon
...

Thi
smadeaf
r
i
canst
o
r
i
seupagai
nstpor
t
ugueser
ul
e
...

Af
r
i
canswer
edi
scr
i
mi
nat
edbasedont
hei
rcol
our

...

 Lowpayandpoorwor
ki
ngcondi
t
i
on
...

Theywer
e
al
sosubj
ect
edt
opoorwor
ki
ngcondi
t
i
ons
...

Thi
sl
edt
or
esent
ment

...

Af
r
i
canswer
esubj
ect
edt
ohar
r
assmentsuchaspol
i
ce
sur
v
ei
l
l
ance,
ar
r
est
sandf
l
oggi
ng
...

 Lossofpowerbyt
r
adi
t
i
onal
chi
ef
s
...

Theyar
bi
t
r
ar
i
l
yr
epl
acedt
hem whenev
ert
heywant
ed
...

 Landal
i
enat
i
on
...

af
r
i
canswer
emov
edi
nt
ounpr
oduct
i
v
er
eser
v
es
...

 Taxat
i
on
...

Thi
smadet
hem t
or
i
seupagai
nstt
hePor
t
uguese
...

ThePor
t
ugueseset
t
l
er
sdi
sr
epect
edAf
r
i
can
cul
t
ur
e
...

 For
cedl
abour

...

af
r
i
canswer
ef
or
cedt
opr
ov
i
del
abour

...

 I
ndependenceofot
herAf
r
i
cancount
r
i
es
...

Thi
si
nspi
r
edt
hepeopl
eofMozambi
quet
of
i
ghtf
ort
hei
rown
i
ndependence
...

 Mozambi
quewarofi
ndependencebegani
n1964af
t
erf
or
mat
i
onoft
heFr
ontf
or
t
heLi
ber
at
i
onofMozambi
que(
FRELI
MO)
 Fr
el
i
mowasf
or
medi
n1962byacoal
i
t
i
onoff
or
cesopposedt
oPor
t
ugueser
ul
e,
l
i
v
i
ngi
nexi
l
ei
nEastandCent
r
al
Af
r
i
ca
...

Hehadl
i
v
edand
wor
kedi
nt
heUSAasal
ect
ur
ei
nSy
r
acuseuni
v
er
si
t
y

...

I
n1962her
esi
gnasa
l
ect
ur
erandj
oi
nedFr
el
i
moi
n1962
...

Thewarbegani
n1964
...

They
mov
edt
r
oopst
ot
heboar
derwi
t
hTanzani
ai
nanat
t
emptt
opr
ev
entquer
i
l
l
a
f
i
ght
er
sf
r
om cr
ossi
ngt
heboaderbuti
nst
eadFr
el
i
moopenedf
ul
l
scal
epeopl
e’
s
waragai
nstPor
t
uguese
...

 Fr
el
i
moconsol
i
dat
edi
t
sposi
t
i
oni
nt
heNor
t
hEastandopenednewf
r
ont
si
nt
he
nor
t
hwest

...

 I
thadal
ar
genumberoff
i
ght
er
s
...

 Fr
el
i
mousedquer
i
l
l
at
act
i
cs
...

 Fr
el
i
mogotsuppor
tf
r
om t
hel
ocal
suppor
t

...

 Themov
ement
shadadequat
ef
oodwhi
cht
heycul
t
i
v
at
ed
...

Af
r
i
can
count
r
i
esl
i
keTanzani
aal
sogav
et
hemov
ementmi
l
l
i
t
ar
yai
dal
ongsi
degi
v
i
ngi
t
i
nt
er
nat
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r
ecogni
t
i
on
...

 I
nl
i
ber
at
edzoneswhi
chwer
ear
easunderFr
el
i
mocont
r
ol
,
gov
er
nmentwasset
upwhi
chwasgear
edt
owar
dspeopl
eneedsandgoal
s
...

 Et
hni
ci
t
ywasov
er
comei
nt
hemov
ementbyt
hef
r
eemi
ngl
i
ngofpeopl
ef
r
om
di
f
f
er
entar
eas
...

 Fr
el
i
moal
soachi
ev
edi
t
ssuccessbecausei
twasdemocr
at
i
copen
mov
ement

...

 Fr
el
i
mosuccesswasal
soboost
edbyt
hecoupi
nLi
sboncar
r
i
edoutbyof
f
i
cer
s
whower
enoti
nsuppor
tofcol
oni
al
war
s
...

Met
hodsusedbyNat
i
onal
i
sti
nMozambi
quet
ost
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
...

Nat
i
onal
i
stwr
ot
ear
t
i
cl
est
ot
henewspaper
sexpr
essi
ngt
hei
r
gr
i
ev
ances
...

gFr
el
i
mo(
f
ontf
orl
i
ber
at
i
onof
Mozambi
que)

...

 Gov
er
nmentsuppor
tf
r
om ot
hercount
r
i
esl
i
keTangany
i
ka,
Russi
aandChi
na
...

gOAU
...

 Sev
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eshor
t
ageoff
oodandcl
ot
hesi
nl
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ber
at
edar
eas,
whi
chmadepeasant
st
o
mi
gr
at
eandwi
t
hdr
awt
hei
rsuppor
tf
ort
hemov
ement

...

 ThePor
t
uguesehadst
r
i
ctl
awswhi
chout
l
awedpol
i
t
i
cal
mov
ement
s
...

 I
deol
ogi
cal
di
f
f
r
enceswhi
chl
edt
ot
hef
or
mat
i
onofr
i
v
al
l
i
ber
at
i
onmov
ement
suchCOREMO
...

 Fr
el
i
mowasdeni
edwest
er
nai
di
nspi
t
eofmondl
anesr
equest

...

 Theat
t
i
t
udeoft
heCat
hol
i
cChur
chwashost
i
l
et
owar
dsFr
el
i
mo
...

Mozambi
cans
whobel
ongedt
ot
heCat
hol
i
cChur
chandsuppor
t
edf
r
el
i
mower
et
hr
eat
enedwi
t
h
excommuni
cat
i
onf
r
om t
hechur
ch
...


 I
nadequat
ef
undst
oor
gani
set
hei
ract
i
v
i
t
i
es
...

t
hi
swas
becauseoft
hef
act
st
hatt
henat
i
v
eswer
ef
r
om manyt
r
i
bes
...

 TheSout
hAf
r
i
canapar
t
hei
dgov
er
nmentgav
er
ei
nf
or
cementt
ot
hePor
t
uguese
...

 Col
oni
zedbyBr
i
t
ai
nandBoer
s(
Hol
l
and/Net
her
l
ands)
Reasonswhynat
i
onal
i
sm i
nSout
hAf
r
i
cawer
ecompl
ex
...

 Theexi
st
enceofv
al
uabl
emi
ner
al
deposi
t
smadet
heEur
opeanpower
smor
e
aggr
essi
v
ei
nt
hei
ref
f
or
t
st
ocont
r
ol
weal
t
hi
nSout
hAf
r
i
ca
...

 Af
r
i
kanernat
i
onal
i
sm
...

Af
r
i
kanernat
i
onal
i
sm
...

 Af
r
i
kanernat
i
onal
i
sm st
ar
t
edl
at
ei
nt
he19thcent
ur
yasar
esi
st
antmov
ementof
mai
nl
yt
hedescendant
soft
hedut
chspeaki
ngwhi
t
epeopl
eagai
nstt
heBr
i
t
i
sh
...

 Af
r
i
cancommuni
t
i
ese
...

 Af
t
erest
abl
i
shmentoft
heuni
onofSout
hAf
r
i
cai
n1910,
Af
r
i
cancondi
t
i
ons
undert
heBoerr
ul
econt
i
nuedt
odet
er
i
or
at
e
...

Reasonsf
ort
her
i
seofNat
i
onal
i
sm i
nSout
hAf
r
i
ca
...

Af
r
i
canswer
edi
scr
i
mi
nat
edagai
nstempl
oy
ment

...

Theywer
eal
sonotal
l
owedt
of
or
mt
r
adeuni
ons
...

Af
r
i
canswer
edi
scr
i
mi
nat
edagai
nsti
npol
i
t
i
cal
,
economi
c
andsoci
al
spher
es
...

Theyf
el
thumi
l
i
at
edandt
husdeci
dedt
of
i
ghtf
or
f
r
eedom
...

TheAf
r
i
kanergov
er
nmental
i
enat
edaf
r
i
canl
and
...

They
wer
econf
i
nedt
ounpr
oduct
i
v
ecommuni
t
yar
easr
ef
er
r
edt
oasBant
ust
ans
...

Chr
i
st
i
ant
eachi
nguphel
dt
hei
deasofequal
i
t
yandbr
ot
her
hood
bet
weenal
l
r
aces
...

Thespr
eadof
Chr
i
st
i
ani
t
ypr
ompt
edAf
r
i
canst
of
i
ghtf
orequal
i
t
y

...

Educat
i
onl
edt
oemer
genceofeducat
edAf
r
i
canssuch
asWal
t
erSi
sul
uandNel
sonMandel
a
...

 Lowqual
i
t
yeducat
i
ons
...

They

wer
egi
v
enl
owqual
i
t
yeducat
i
on,
t
hi
smadet
hem t
or
i
seupagai
nstwhi
t
es
...

Af
r
i
canswer
enotr
epr
esent
edi
nt
he
gov
er
nment

...

Thi
scr
eat
edal
otofbi
t
t
er
ness
...

Thepassl
awswer
ei
nt
r
oducedt
ocont
r
ol
andl
i
mi
tmov
ement
sof
af
r
i
cans
...

Gr
i
ev
ancesofAf
r
i
cansagai
nstt
heapar
t
hei
dr
egi
mei
nSout
hAf
r
i
ca
...

 Theywer
epr
obi
hi
t
edf
r
om shar
i
ngf
aci
l
i
t
i
eswi
t
ht
hewhi
t
es
...

 Thel
abourl
awsdeni
edt
hem equal
empl
oy
mentoppor
t
uni
t
i
es
...

 Thel
andact
sgav
et
hewhi
t
esexcl
usi
v
er
i
ght
sov
ert
hei
rl
and
...
Pi
xt
yKaI
zakaSeme
 JohnJabav
u
...

Jabav
uwast
heedi
t
orofaf
r
i
canopi
ni
onwhi
l
esemewast
heedi
t
or
oft
hebant
u(
t
hepeopl
e)

...

 Thei
rai
m wasnott
oov
er
t
hr
owt
hewhi
t
er
egi
mebutt
ohav
ei
tacceptt
he
af
r
i
cans
...

t
heyusedpet
i
t
i
ons
asawayofappeal
i
ngf
ort
hei
nt
er
gr
at
i
onoft
heAf
r
i
cansi
nt
ot
hepol
i
t
i
cal
ar
ena
ofSout
hAf
r
i
ca
...

I
nJanuar
y1912,
semesummonedaconf
er
enceofchi
ef
sand
f
or
medt
heSout
hAf
r
i
cannat
i
v
econgr
esswhi
chl
at
erchangedi
t
snamet
o
Af
r
i
cannat
i
onal
congr
ess(
ANC)i
n1923
...

 I
ni
t
al
yANCf
ol
l
owedmoder
at
epol
i
ci
esof
,
pr
ot
estpet
i
t
i
ons,
del
egat
i
onsand
r
epr
esent
at
i
on
...

Thesey
oungmeni
nj
ect
ednewbl
oodi
nt
ot
he
mov
ement

...

Thel
eaguer
esol
v
edt
heuseofmi
l
i
t
antact
i
ont
oachi
ev
e
nat
i
onal
l
i
ber
at
i
on
...

 ANCt
r
i
edt
opet
i
t
i
onUni
t
edNat
i
ont
oi
nt
er
v
enebutt
onoav
ai
l

...

 Peopl
est
ar
t
edmassdemonst
r
at
i
onsi
nt
hest
r
eet
sanddel
i
ber
at
el
ypr
ov
okedt
he
pol
i
cet
oar
r
estt
hem
...


 I
n1955t
hepr
esi
dentofANCAl
ber
tLut
hul
i
or
gani
segener
al
par
t
ymeet
i
ngof
col
our
edpeopl
eofSout
hAf
r
i
cacal
l
edt
hecongr
esoft
hepeopl
e
...

 Sout
hAf
r
i
canCol
our
edPeopl
e
 Sout
hAf
r
i
canCongr
essofTr
adeUni
on
...

 Fr
eedom chat
t
erpr
ocl
ai
medt
hat

...

 Ther
eshoul
dbef
r
eepol
i
t
i
cal
equal
i
t
yandpowershar
i
ngamongt
he
di
f
f
er
encer
aces
...

 Themoder
at
eappr
oacht
ot
heSout
hAf
r
i
canpr
obl
emsbyt
heANCandt
heSout
h
Af
r
i
cancongr
ess(
I
ndi
an)f
or
cedsomeAf
r
i
cansl
i
keRober
tM
...

 ThePACOr
gani
sedmassdemonst
r
at
i
onagai
nstt
hepassl
awson21stmar
ch
1960
...

Thi
swasf
amousshar
pev
i
l
l
emassacr
e
...
I
twast
hi
st
i
met
hatNel
sonMandel
a
f
or
medt
hemi
l
i
t
ar
ywi
ngofANCcal
l
edUmkhont
owesi
zwe(
t
hespearoft
he
Nat
i
on)whi
l
ePACwascal
l
edPoqo
...

 St
udentact
i
v
i
t
i
sm t
hr
oughor
gani
seddemonst
r
at
i
onsundert
heumbr
el
l
aofbl
ack
consci
ousnessmov
ementwasanot
herf
or
m ofAf
r
i
cannat
i
onal
i
sm
...

 St
ev
eBi
koor
gani
zedst
udent
sf
r
om secondar
yanduni
v
er
si
t
i
est
opr
ot
estagai
nst
t
heapar
t
hei
dr
egi
me
...

 Thedeat
hofBi
kost
i
r
r
edandaccel
er
at
edt
hest
r
uggl
ef
orAf
r
i
canf
r
eedom i
n
Sout
hAf
r
i
ca
...

 TheUSAandwest
er
nEur
opeancount
r
i
esl
edt
hewor
l
di
ni
mposi
ngpol
i
t
i
cal
and
economi
csanct
i
onsonSout
hAf
r
i
ca
...

W
Bot
hawasf
or
cedoutofof
f
i
cef
orhi
shar
dl
i
nerst
and
...

 Pr
esi
dentFr
edr
i
ckdecl
er
k,
t
hemancommi
t
t
edt
odi
smant
l
eapar
t
hei
d
i
nt
r
oducedpol
i
t
i
cal
r
ef
or
mswhi
chi
ncl
ude:
 Her
el
easedal
l
pol
i
t
i
cal
pr
i
soner
s
...

 Heal
l
owedAf
r
i
cant
ot
akepar
ti
nel
ect
i
ons
...

Thesei
ncl
udeWal
t
ersi
sul
uandNel
sonMandel
awhohad
al
r
eadyser
v
ed27y
ear
s
...

Thi
smov
edwas
opposedbyt
hewhi
t
eext
r
i
mi
stwhowant
edst
at
usquot
or
emai
n
...

 Zul
ubasedI
nkat
haFr
eedom par
t
yhast
hef
ol
l
owi
ngdemands:
 Forf
eder
al
const
i
t
ut
i
onwi
t
hst
r
ongr
egi
onal
aut
onomy

...

 ANCont
heot
herhandwant
ed:
 Uni
f
i
edst
at
eandst
r
ongcent
r
al
gov
er
nment

...

 I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
medi
at
or
si
ncl
udi
ngUSsecr
et
ar
yofst
at
eHenr
yKi
ssi
ngerandLor
d
Car
r
i
ngt
onef
ai
l
edt
oconv
i
necBut
hel
ezi
t
opar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
nt
heel
ect
i
ons
...

Washi
ngt
oneJ
...

 El
ect
i
onwashel
dand27par
t
i
espar
t
i
ci
pat
e
...

2per
centoft
het
ot
al
v
ot
eswhi
l
eNat
i
onal
Par
t
yofFr
edr
i
ck
DeCl
er
kmanagedt
oget20
...

i
fpof
mongosut
hubut
hel
ezi
comi
ngt
hi
r
d
wi
t
h10
...

 OnMay10,
1994Nel
sonMandel
awasswor
ni
nasSout
hAf
r
i
caf
i
r
stbl
ack
pr
esi
dent

...

 Pol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
es
...

Thepar
t
i
esi
ncl
udesPanAf
r
i
canCongr
ess,
Af
r
i
canNat
i
onal
Congr
essandCommuni
stPar
t
yofSout
hAf
r
i
ca
...

Af
r
i
canwor
ker
sf
or
medt
r
adeuni
onst
of
i
ghtf
ort
hei
rr
i
ght
s
...

Theyenhancedt
heoper
at
i
onofpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
es
...

Af
r
i
cansor
gani
seddemonst
r
at
i
oni
nSout
hAf
r
i
cat
oexpr
ess
t
hei
rgr
i
ev
anci
es
...

gsowet
o
i
nci
dent

...

Nat
i
onal
i
stappl
i
edf
or
cewheni
tbecomecl
eart
hat
t
hecol
oni
al
gov
er
nmentwasnotl
i
st
eni
ngt
opeacef
ul
negot
i
at
i
ons
...

gUmukont
oWeSi
zwebyANC
...

 Di
pl
omacy

...

Tanzani
a
ef
f
or
tl
edt
ot
heexpul
si
onofSout
hAf
r
i
caf
r
om commonweal
t
h
...

 Hungerst
r
i
kes
...

 Chur
ch
...

gAr
chbi
shopDesmondTut
ual
sopr
eachedagai
nst
apar
t
hei
dr
ul
e
...

Massmedi
asuchasr
adi
oandTVt
opr
ot
estagai
nstapar
t
hei
dr
ul
e
...

Chal
l
engesNat
i
onal
i
st
sf
or
cedi
nt
hel
i
ber
at
i
onst
r
uggl
e
...

 Manypol
i
t
i
cal
l
eader
swer
ear
r
est
edanddet
ai
nedbyt
heSout
hAf
r
i
ca
Pol
i
ce
...

Thesei
ncl
udeNel
sonMandel
a,
Wal
t
erSi
sul
u,
Ol
i
v
erThambo
andRober
tSubukwe
...

Theyl
i
v
edasr
ef
ugeesi
nMozambi
que,
Tanzani
a,
Zambi
aandot
her
f
r
ont
l
i
nest
at
es
...

Thepar
t
i
eswer
eANC,
PACandcommuni
st
par
t
y

...

Lawswer
eenact
edwhi
ch
madei
ti
mpossi
bl
ef
orAf
r
i
canst
ohav
et
hepr
ess
...

 Di
v
i
deandr
ul
e
...

Bant
ust
answer
ecr
eat
edont
r
i
bal
l
i
neswhi
chef
f
ect
i
v
el
y
i
sol
at
edaf
r
i
cans
...

 Mov
ementr
est
r
i
ct
i
ons
...

Thel
aws
r
est
r
i
ct
edAf
r
i
cansf
r
om meet
i
ng
...

 Nel
sonMandel
a’
swasbor
nonJul
y18,
1918atqunuUmt
at
ai
nTr
anskei

...

 Heat
t
endedmi
ssi
onschool
andpr
oceededt
oFor
tHar
eUni
v
er
si
t
yCol
l
egewher
e
hi
snat
i
onal
i
stt
endenci
eswer
est
i
mul
at
ed
...

 Mandel
aj
oi
nedANCi
n1944
...

 I
n1953hewassent
encedt
oani
nemont
hsuspendedj
ai
l
t
er
mf
oror
gani
si
ng
def
i
ancecompai
gnsagai
nstunj
ustl
awsof1952
...

 I
n1956hewasar
r
est
edal
ongsi
deot
hernat
i
onal
i
st
sandchar
gedwi
t
hhi
gh
t
r
eason
...

 Af
t
ert
heshar
pev
i
l
l
emassacr
e,
ast
at
eofemer
gencywasdecl
ar
ed
...

Despi
t
et
heban,
Mandel
a,
Si
sul
uandot
her
s
wer
edet
er
mi
nedt
ocar
r
yonwi
t
ht
hest
r
uggl
eandot
her
swer
edet
er
mi
nedt
o
car
r
yonwi
t
ht
hest
r
uggl
eandwentunder
gr
ound
...

 I
n1962,
hel
edANCt
oAdi
sAbabaandot
hercount
r
i
est
of
i
ghtf
orchangei
n
Sout
hAf
r
i
ca
...

Hewaschar
ged
wi
t
hi
nci
t
i
ngaf
r
i
canwor
ker
st
ost
r
i
keandl
eav
i
ngt
hecount
r
ywi
t
houtv
al
i
dt
r
av
el
document
s
...

 I
n1963,
hesent
encedt
ol
i
f
ei
mpr
i
sonmentonRobi
nI
sl
and
...

 I
n1986t
hewhi
t
emi
nor
i
t
ygov
er
nmentof
f
er
edt
or
el
easeMandel
aoncondi
t
i
on
t
hathepubl
i
cl
ymakesast
at
ementt
odenouncev
i
ol
ence
...

Hesai
d“
i
hav
echer
i
shedt
hei
deal
ofa
democr
act
i
candf
r
eesoci
et
yi
nwhi
chal
l
per
sonsl
i
v
et
oget
heri
nhar
monyand
equal
oppor
t
uni
t
i
es
...

Buti
fneedbe,
i
t
i
sani
deal
f
orwhi
chIam pr
epar
edt
odi
e”
 I
n1989Si
sul
uandot
her
swer
er
el
easedwhi
chr
ai
sedhopest
hatMandel
awoul
d
ber
el
easedsoon
...

Af
t
erhi
sr
el
ease,
heemphasi
sedhi
scommi
t
mentt
ot
hel
i
ber
at
i
on
st
r
uggl
e
...

 Her
ul
edSout
hAf
r
i
caf
oronet
er
m off
i
v
ey
ear
sandr
et
i
r
edi
n1999
...

 Ther
oadofi
ndependencei
nKeny
awasnotasmoot
hone
...

 Af
t
eri
ndependence,
Keny
anl
eader
scont
i
nuedt
opl
ayasi
gni
f
i
cantr
ol
ei
nsoci
al
,
economi
candpol
i
t
i
cal
dev
el
opmentoft
hecount
r
y

...
Wangar
i
Maat
hai

...

 Hi
sFat
herwascal
l
edMui
gai
andhi
smot
herwasWambui

...

 I
n1909Keny
at
t
abeganeducat
i
onatt
heChur
chofScot
l
andmi
ssi
onschool
,
Thogot
owher
ehecompl
et
edhi
sel
ement
ar
yeducat
i
oni
n1912
 I
n1913,
hewasci
r
cumci
sedi
nt
heAgi
kuy
ut
r
adi
t
i
onanday
earl
at
erwas
bapt
i
zedandt
ookt
heChr
i
st
i
annameJohnst
one
...

 Fr
om 1917hewentt
ol
i
v
eamonghi
sMaasai
r
el
at
i
v
esi
nNar
ok,
t
oescapef
or
ced
r
ecr
ui
t
ment

...

Heusedt
owearabeaded
Maasai
onar
mentbel
tKeny
at
t
a
...
Hehadal
r
eadyboughtabi
cy
cl
e
...

 I
n1920,
hewor
kedi
nt
heNai
r
obi
Muni
ci
pal
Counci
l
wat
erdepar
t
mentaswat
er
met
err
eader

...

Pol
i
t
i
cal
Car
eer

...

 Hest
ar
t
edKCAnewspapermui
gui
t
hani
ai
nwhi
chhet
al
kedaboutt
hegr
i
ev
ances
oft
heAf
r
i
cans
...
Whi
l
ei
nLondonKeny
at
t
ametandwasi
nf
l
uencedbyl
eadi
ng
pol
i
t
i
cal
per
sonal
i
t
i
esl
i
keGeor
gePadmor
eandMahat
maGandhi

...

 Heat
t
endedf
i
f
t
hPanAf
r
i
cancongr
essi
nmanchest
er

...

 Hewasel
ect
edast
hepr
esi
dentoft
heKeny
aAf
r
i
caUni
on
...

 I
nAugust1961Keny
at
t
aandot
her
swer
er
el
easedf
r
om det
ent
i
on
...

 OnJune11963,
Keny
at
t
abecomest
hef
i
r
stPr
i
meMi
ni
st
erofKeny
a
...

Rol
eofKeny
at
t
ai
nt
hest
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
...

 Thr
ought
heKCAmagazi
nes,
Mui
gwi
t
hani
aKeny
at
t
ahechampi
onedAf
r
i
can
uni
t
yandcul
t
ur
e
...

 Heat
t
endedi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
conf
er
ences,
f
orexampl
e,
f
i
f
t
hPanAf
r
i
cancongr
essi
n
Manchest
eri
n1945whi
chcondemnedcol
oni
al
i
sm anddemandedi
ndependence
f
orAf
r
i
cancount
r
i
es
...

 Heuni
t
edt
her
adi
cal
andmoder
at
esnat
i
onal
i
st
si
nt
hest
r
uggl
ef
or
i
ndependence
...

 Hewasamemberoft
heLegi
sl
at
i
v
eCounci
l
f
r
om whi
chhel
edsdemandsf
or
const
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
mswhi
chl
edt
oi
ndependence
...

 Het
ookpar
ti
n1963el
ect
i
onwhi
chear
nedhi
mt
hepostoft
heFi
r
stPr
i
me
Mi
ni
st
er

...

Achi
ev
ement
sofKeny
at
t
aasPr
esi
dent

...

 Hei
nt
r
oducedandpopul
ar
i
sedt
hei
deal
ofhar
dwor
kt
hr
ought
hehar
ambee
phi
l
osphyandcondemnedi
dl
eness
...

 Hepr
omot
edr
egi
onal
andcont
i
nent
al
uni
t
ybysuppor
t
i
ngt
heEastAf
r
i
can
communi
t
yandOr
gani
sat
i
onofAf
r
i
canuni
t
y

...

 Heuphel
dt
hepr
i
nci
pl
esofNonAl
i
gnmentbymai
nt
ai
ni
ngneut
r
al
i
t
ybet
weent
he
t
wosuperpower
sdur
i
ngt
hecol
dwar

...

Chal
l
engesencount
er
edbyKeny
at
t
aaspr
esi
dent

...

 I
deol
ogi
cal
di
f
f
r
enceswi
t
hi
nKeny
aAf
r
i
caNat
i
onal
Uni
on(
KANU)whi
chl
edt
o
r
adi
cal
member
sbr
eaki
ngawayt
of
or
m Keny
aPeopl
esUni
on(
KPU)i
n1969
...

Thi
swas
causedbyt
hear
medbandi
t
scal
l
edt
heshi
f
t
a
...

 Pov
er
t
y
,
i
gnor
ancesanddi
seaseswasmaj
orchal
l
enges
...

Thi
s
f
or
cedt
hegov
er
nmentt
oseekdonorf
undi
ng
...

 Poort
r
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
i
onnet
wor
kl
i
ker
oads,
r
ai
l
way
sandt
el
ephones
i
nmanypar
t
soft
hecount
r
y

...

 I
ncr
easeet
hni
cdi
v
i
si
onsassomecommuni
t
i
esf
el
tmar
gi
nal
i
sedi
nnat
i
onal
,
pol
i
t
i
cal
andeconomi
cdev
el
opment

...

 Hewast
hesonofKi
moi
ar
apChebi
i
andKabanKi
moi

...


 I
n1942heat
t
endedKabsabetSecondar
ySchool

...

 Het
aughtatKabar
netGov
er
nment
s’
school
andTambachTeacher
sTr
ai
ni
ng
Col
l
egef
r
om 1946t
o1955
...

 Hewasl
at
erpr
omot
edt
oaHeadmast
erort
heKabar
netI
nt
er
medi
at
eSchool
and
wor
kedunderawhi
t
epr
i
nci
pal

...

Pol
i
t
i
cal
Car
eer

...

Hewasr
eel
ect
edi
n1957andj
oi
nednewl
y
f
or
medAf
r
i
canEl
ect
edMember
sOr
gani
sat
i
on
...

 Hebecomest
hef
i
r
stpol
i
t
i
ci
ani
n1959t
obeal
l
owedt
ov
i
si
tKeny
at
t
ai
n
det
ent
i
oni
nLowdar

...

 Heat
t
endedf
i
r
stLancast
erhouseconf
er
enceof1960wher
econst
i
t
ut
i
onal
changesl
eadi
ngt
oKeny
a’
si
ndependence
...

 Hewasel
ect
edi
nt
oLegcof
orBar
i
ngoandappoi
nt
edpar
l
i
ament
ar
ySecr
et
ar
yf
or
Educat
i
on
...

 Hebecomesmi
ni
st
erf
orl
ocal
gov
er
nmenti
nt
heKANUKADUcoal
i
t
i
on
gov
er
nmentof1962
...

 Hewasel
ect
edasoneoft
heei
ghtKANUVi
cePr
esi
dent
si
nMar
ch1966
...

 Hebecomest
heSecondPr
esi
dentofKeny
aonOct
ober14,
1978
...

 I
n2003Moi
handedov
erKANUChai
r
manshi
pt
oUhur
uMui
gai
Keny
at
t
aand
r
et
i
r
edf
r
om act
i
v
epol
i
t
i
csi
n2005
...

 Hewasamemberofl
egcor
epr
esent
i
ngr
i
f
t
v
al
l
eyandasamemberoft
heLegco
hedemandedf
orAf
r
i
canr
epr
esent
at
i
oni
nt
heLegco
...

 Hepr
essedf
ort
her
el
easeofKeny
at
t
aandot
herpol
i
t
i
cal
det
ai
nees
...

 Hepar
t
i
ci
pat
edi
nt
heLancast
erhouseconf
er
encewher
econst
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
ms
wer
enegot
i
at
edandt
hei
ndependenceconst
i
t
ut
i
ondr
af
t
ed
...

Achi
ev
ement
sofMoi
aspr
esi
dent

...

Dur
i
nghi
sr
ul
ehe
achi
ev
edt
hef
ol
l
owi
ng:
 Hei
nt
r
oducedt
heny
ay
ophi
l
osophyofpeace,
l
ov
eandhar
monywhi
chpl
ay
edan
i
mpor
t
antr
ol
ei
nsoci
al
andeconomi
cdev
el
opment

...

 Heencour
agedpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
oni
nhar
ambeeact
i
v
i
t
i
eswhi
chr
ai
sedmoneyf
ora
numberofsoci
al
andeconomi
cpr
oj
ect
s
...

Thi
spr
omot
edsel
f
r
el
i
ancesby
t
eachi
ngv
ocat
i
onal
subj
ect
ssuchasAr
tandCr
af
t
,
Car
pent
r
yandAgr
i
cul
t
ur
e
...

 Hei
mpr
ov
edheal
t
hsect
ort
hr
oughconst
r
uct
i
onsofmanyheal
t
hf
aci
l
i
t
i
esl
i
ke
Ny
ay
owar
ds
...

 Hei
mpr
ov
edt
het
r
anspor
tsect
ort
hr
oughi
nt
r
oduct
i
onofNy
ay
obusesand
const
r
uct
i
onorexpansi
onofr
oadsandai
r
por
t
sl
i
keJomoKeny
at
t
a,
Nai
r
obi
,
Moi
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
,
MombasaandEl
dor
et

...

 Heencour
agedr
ur
al
dev
el
opmentt
hr
oughi
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
heDi
st
r
i
ctFocusf
or
Rur
al
Dev
el
opmentPr
ogr
amme
...

 Hepr
omot
edsoi
l
conser
v
at
i
onmeasur
est
hr
oughconst
r
uct
i
onofgabi
onsand
af
f
or
est
at
i
onpr
ogr
ammes
...
(
WTO)
 Hemedi
at
edi
nmanyconf
l
i
ct
si
nat
t
emptt
oachi
ev
epeacei
nt
hecont
i
nent
,
l
i
ke
i
nSudan,
Somal
i
aandDemocr
at
i
cRepubl
i
cCongo(
DRC)

...
(
EAC)
 Hei
mpr
ov
edKeny
a’
sf
or
ei
gnpol
i
cybyst
r
engt
heni
ngr
el
at
i
onswi
t
ht
he
Or
gani
sat
i
onofAf
r
i
caUni
t
y(
OAU)
,
NonAl
i
gnedMov
ement(
NAM)
,
Commonweal
t
handUni
t
edNat
i
onsOr
gani
sat
i
on(
OAU)
 Fol
l
owi
ngpr
essur
ef
r
om act
i
v
i
st
s,
cl
er
gyandf
or
ei
gndonor
s,
heal
l
owedt
he
r
epeal
sect
i
on2Aoft
heconst
i
t
ut
i
nwhi
chl
edt
ot
hei
nt
r
oduct
i
onofmul
t
i
par
t
y
pol
i
t
i
csi
nt
hecount
r
y

...

 At
t
empt
edcoupof1982byj
uni
ourAi
rFor
ceof
f
i
cer
sl
edbyHezeki
ahRabal
a









OchukaonAugust1,
1982
...

Thi
sl
edt
opol
i
t
i
cal
di
v
i
si
onsi
nt
hecount
r
y

...

Fol
l
owi
ngt
hecol
l
apseofcommuni
sm anddi
ct
at
or
shi
pi
nEast
er
nEur
ope,
t
her
e
wasawi
ndofchangei
nAf
r
i
cawhi
chl
edt
ocol
l
apseofonepar
t
yst
at
e
...

Pol
i
t
i
cal
l
yi
nst
i
gat
edet
hni
ccl
ashesi
nsev
er
al
par
t
soft
hecount
r
yl
i
keMount
El
gon,
Ri
f
t
v
al
l
eyandcoast

...

Wi
despr
eadcor
r
upt
i
onwi
t
hi
nmoi
’
sgov
er
nmentl
i
kegr
abbi
ngofpubl
i
cl
andand
mi
suseofpubl
i
cr
esour
ces
...

Fr
equentnat
ur
al
di
sast
er
sl
i
kedr
oughtandf
l
oods
...

Pol
i
t
i
cal
assassi
nat
i
onsofDr

...


OGI
NGAODI
NGA
Ear
l
yl
i
f
e
 Jar
amogi
Adoni
j
aAj
umaOgi
ngawasbor
ni
n1911atNy
ami
r
aKangoi
nSakwa
Locat
i
onofBondoDi
st
r
i
ct

...

 Hej
oi
nedAl
l
i
anceHi
ghschool
i
nKi
kuy
un1935
...

 Heof
f
er
edt
ot
eachi
ngj
obatMasenoSchool
byCar
eyFr
ai
nci
s
...

Pol
i
t
i
cal
Car
eer

...

 I
n1948and1952hemetKeny
at
t
aatKAUr
al
l
i
esi
nki
sumu
...

 Hewasel
ect
edt
oLegcoi
n1957asmemberofCent
r
al
Ny
anzaandbecome
AEMOchai
r
man
...

 Hewasel
ect
edasKANUVi
cePr
esi
denti
n1960
...

 Hewasappoi
nt
edv
i
cepr
esi
dentofKeny
ai
nDecember1964
...

 I
n1969t
heKPUwasbannedandOdi
ngawasar
r
est
edanddet
ai
nedf
ormany
y
ear
s
...

 Hehel
pedt
ol
auncht
heFor
um f
orRest
or
at
i
onofDemocr
acy(
FORD)i
n1991
...

 Heunsuccessf
ul
l
yv
i
edf
orpr
esi
dencyi
nDecember1992
...

Her
emai
nedamemberofpar
l
i
amentunt
i
l
hi
sdeat
hon
t
h
20 Januar
y1994
...

 Heat
t
endedKAUr
al
l
i
esi
nKi
sumuandr
esol
v
edt
oj
oi
nKeny
at
t
aandot
her
nat
i
onal
i
st
si
nt
hest
r
uggl
ef
ori
ndependence
...

 Hewasel
ect
edt
ot
heLegcot
or
epr
esentNy
anzaandwasmadet
hechai
r
manof
AEMO
...

 Hedemandedt
her
el
easeofpol
i
t
i
cal
det
ai
neesandcoi
nedt
hesl
oganKeny
at
t
a
naUhur
u
...

 Hehel
pedt
of
or
m pol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
essuchasKAUandKANUwhi
chf
oughtf
or
i
ndependencei
nKeny
a
...

Cont
r
i
but
i
onsofOdi
ngat
omul
t
i
par
t
ydemocr
acyi
nKeny
a
...

I
nl
i
t
t
l
egener
al
el
ect
i
onsof1966KPUwonal
l
t
he
seat
si
nNor
t
handCent
r
al
Ny
anza
...

 Fol
l
owi
nghi
sr
el
easef
r
om det
ent
i
oni
n1971,
heat
t
empt
edt
or
ev
i
v
et
heKPUbut
wasunsuccessf
ul

...

 I
n1982odi
ngat
oget
herwi
t
hot
heract
i
v
i
t
i
esat
t
empt
edt
or
egi
st
erapol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
y

...

Onhi
sr
el
ease
hekeptal
owpr
of
i
l
ef
orsev
er
al
y
ear
s
...

 Hehel
pedt
of
or
mt
heFORDi
n1991,
apr
essur
egr
oupt
of
i
ghtf
ormul
t
i
par
t
y
democr
acy

...

 Whenf
or
dspl
i
ti
nt
ot
wo,
Odi
ngawasel
ect
edchai
r
manofFor
dKeny
a,
apar
t
yhe
usedt
or
unf
ort
hepr
esi
dencyi
n1992
...


 ThomasJosephMboy
awasbor
ni
n1930atKi
l
i
mambogonearThi
kawher
ehi
s
f
at
herwor
kedi
nasi
sal
st
at
e
...
Theycamef
r
om Rusi
nga
I
sl
andi
nNy
anzaPr
ov
i
nce
...

 I
n1942hej
oi
nedSt

...

 Het
r
ai
nedasapubl
i
cwor
keratt
heRoy
al
Sani
t
ar
yI
nst
i
t
ut
e,
Kabet
ef
r
om 1948
...

 Lat
erhebecamechai
r
mant
heKeny
aHeal
t
hI
nspect
or
’
sAssoci
at
i
on
...

 Hepl
ay
edabi
gr
ol
ei
nt
heTr
adeUni
onmov
ementandt
hest
r
uggl
ef
or
i
ndependence
...

 Hej
oi
nedKAUi
n1952andbecomedi
r
ect
orofpubl
i
ci
t
y

...

 Hewasel
ect
edt
oLegcoi
n1957t
or
epr
esentNai
r
obi

...

 Hef
or
medNai
r
obi
Peopl
eConv
ent
i
oni
n1958,
apol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
yt
hatcompai
gned
f
orUhur
unaKeny
at
t
a
...

 Hewasappoi
nt
edMi
ni
st
erf
orLabouri
n1963KANUKADUcoal
i
t
i
on
...

 Hewasappoi
nt
edMi
ni
st
erf
orPl
anni
ngandEconomi
cDev
el
opmenti
n1965
...

Rol
eofMboy
ai
nt
het
r
adeuni
onmov
ement

...

 Heaf
f
i
l
i
at
edt
heKLGWUt
ot
heKeny
aFeder
at
i
onofRegi
st
er
edTr
adeUni
ons
(
KFRTU)andwasel
ect
edi
t
sSecr
et
ar
yGener
al
i
nSept
ember1953
...

 Hel
i
nkedt
heKFRTUwi
t
hi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
t
r
adeuni
onsl
i
ket
heI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Conf
er
at
i
onofFr
eeTr
adeUni
on(
I
CFTU)ofUSAandTr
adeUni
onCongr
ess(
TUC)
ofBr
i
t
ai
n
...

 Het
r
av
el
l
edwi
del
yout
si
deKeny
ai
n1954t
oat
t
endl
abouruni
onconf
er
encei
n
Bel
gi
um,
Br
i
t
ai
nandSwi
t
zer
l
and
...

 Heusedhi
si
nf
l
uenceandcont
act
st
of
i
ghtf
ort
her
el
easeofdet
ai
nedt
r
ade
uni
oni
st

...


 Het
r
av
el
l
edt
oUSAi
n1956wher
eher
ai
sedf
undsf
ort
heKeny
aFeder
at
i
onof
Labour

...

 Heusedt
r
adeuni
onmov
ementt
opr
ot
estt
hear
r
estanddet
ent
i
onofAf
r
i
can
l
eader
sandcompai
gnedf
ort
hei
rr
el
ease
...

 Hewasel
ect
edt
oLegcoasamemberf
orNai
r
obi

...

 Hecompai
gnedf
orKeny
aAf
r
i
canst
obeal
l
owedt
ogr
owcashcr
opsandf
ort
he
openi
ngupoft
hewhi
t
ehi
ghl
andst
oal
l
r
aces
...

 Toget
herwi
t
hJul
i
usNy
er
er
eofTangany
i
ka,
Mboy
af
or
medt
hePanAf
r
i
can
Fr
eedom Mov
ementf
orEastandCent
r
al
(
PAFMECA)t
ocoor
di
nat
eandspeedup
upt
hef
r
eedom i
nt
her
egi
on
...

 Hewasoneoft
hef
ounder
sofKANUi
n1960andbecomeSecr
et
ar
yGener
al

...

 Hebecomeschai
r
manoft
heKANUpr
epar
at
or
ycommi
t
t
eef
ort
hesecond
Lancast
erHouseConf
er
enceof1962whi
chdr
af
t
edt
hei
ndependence
const
i
t
ut
i
onofKeny
a
...

 Hef
oundedt
heAmer
i
canst
udent
sf
oundat
i
oni
n1959whi
chor
gani
sedt
heai
r
l
i
f
t
ofKeny
anst
udent
st
ost
udyi
nUSA
...

 AsaMi
ni
st
erf
orJust
i
ceandConst
i
t
ut
i
onal
Af
f
ai
r
s,
hedr
af
t
edt
heconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
amendment
swhi
chmadeKeny
aar
epubl
i
ci
n1964
...

 AsaMi
ni
st
erf
orPl
anni
ngandEconomi
cDev
el
opment
,
hehel
pedt
owr
i
t
et
he
sessi
onal
paperno
...

 Hehel
pedt
odr
af
tt
hecount
r
y
’
sf
i
r
st
y
eardev
el
opmentpl
anof19661970whi
ch
l
ai
dt
hef
oundat
i
onf
ort
hey
oungnat
i
on
...

RONALDGEDI
ONNGALA
Ear
l
yl
i
f
e
 Ronal
dGedi
onNgal
awasbor
ni
n1923atVi
shakani
v
i
l
l
age,
Kal
ol
eni
di
v
i
sonof
Ki
l
i
f
i
Count
y

...

 Hewentt
oKal
ol
eni
bef
or
emov
i
ngt
oBuxt
onpr
i
mar
yschool
i
nMombasa
...

 Hewentt
oMaker
er
eCol
l
egei
nKampal
aUganda,
wher
ehegr
aduat
edwi
t
ha
Di
pl
omai
nEducat
i
on
...

i
n1952hewasappoi
nt
edHead
TeacherofBuxt
onSchool

...

Pol
i
t
i
cal
Car
eer

...

 Hehel
pedt
of
or
mt
heMombasaAf
r
i
canDemocr
at
i
cuni
on(
MADU)i
n1955
...

 Hewasel
ect
edt
oLegcoi
nMar
ch1957asamemberf
orCoastRur
al

...

 Hepar
t
i
ci
pat
edi
nt
heLancast
erHouseConf
er
enceof1960
...

 Hewasel
ect
edt
oLegcoasmemberofKi
l
i
f
i
i
n1960
...

 Hewasappoi
nt
edMi
ni
st
erofSt
at
ei
n1961KANUKADUcoal
i
t
i
ongov
er
nment

...

 Heandot
her
sv
ol
unt
ar
ydi
sbandedKADUandj
oi
nedKANUi
nOct
ober1964
...

 Hewasappoi
nt
edMi
ni
st
erf
orPowerandCommuni
cat
i
oni
n1970
...

 Hej
oi
nedt
heCAAi
n1947t
hr
oughwhi
chhef
oughtf
ort
hewel
f
ar
eofAf
r
i
cansi
n
t
heCoastr
egi
on
...

 Hewasamemberoft
heLegcowhi
chheusedt
of
i
ghtf
orgr
eat
erconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
msf
orAf
r
i
canst
hr
oughAEMO,
wher
ehewasaTr
easur
er

...

 Hej
oi
nedot
hernat
i
onal
i
st
st
of
or
m KADU,
t
hr
oughwhi
chhedef
endedt
he
i
nt
er
est
sofmi
nor
i
t
ycommuni
t
i
esanddemandedt
her
el
easeofdet
ai
nedAf
r
i
can
nat
i
onal
i
st
s
...

Heusedt
hi
sposi
t
i
ont
opr
essf
orconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
ms
l
eadi
ngt
oi
ndependence
...

 Maat
hai
wasbor
natI
hi
t
ehv
i
l
l
agei
nNy
er
i
Count
yonApr
i
l
1,
1940
...
Ceci
l
i
a’
s
i
nt
er
medi
at
epr
i
mar
yschool
att
heMat
har
i
Cat
hol
i
cMi
ssi
oni
nNy
er
i
i
n

1951
...

 Shej
oi
nedLor
et
oHi
ghschool
Li
mur
ui
n1956
...
St

...
She
gr
aduat
edi
n1964wi
t
haBSCi
nBi
ol
ogy

...

 I
nt
hesamey
earsher
et
ur
nedt
oKeny
aandwasempl
oy
edasar
esear
ch
assi
st
antatt
heschool
ofVet
er
i
nar
yMedi
ci
nei
nUni
v
er
st
i
yofNai
r
obi

...

 Shewasappoi
nt
edt
ot
eachatt
heUni
v
er
si
t
ybecomi
ngaseni
orl
ect
ur
ei
n
Anat
omyi
n1974andchai
r
per
sonoft
hedepar
t
mentofv
et
i
nar
yi
n1976
...

Pol
i
t
i
cal
car
eerandact
i
v
i
sm
...

Shebeganbyj
oi
ni
ngt
he
Keny
aRedCr
ossi
n1971
...

 Shej
oi
nedt
heEnv
i
r
onment
al
Li
ai
sonCent
r
ei
n1971wher
esher
oset
obecome
chai
r
per
sonoft
heboar
d
...

 Shej
oi
nedt
henat
i
onal
counci
l
ofwomenofKeny
a,
wher
esheser
v
edas
chai
r
per
sonbet
ween1980and1987
...

 Sheunsuccesf
ul
l
yv
i
edf
orpr
esi
dencyandMemberofPar
l
i
amentf
orTet
ui
n
1997
...

Shewasappoi
nt
edAssi
st
ant
Mi
ni
st
erf
orEnv
i
r
onment
al
andNat
ur
al
Resour
ces
...

 Shewast
hef
i
r
stwomani
nEast
er
nAf
r
i
cat
oobt
ai
nadoct
orofPhi
l
osophy(
PhD)
degr
eei
n1971
...

 Shewast
hef
i
r
stwomant
obeappoi
nt
edt
obeassoci
at
edpr
of
essoratt
he
Uni
v
er
si
t
yofNai
r
obi
i
n1977
...

 Shest
oodcour
ageousl
yagai
nstt
heoppr
essi
v
esi
ngl
epar
t
yKANUr
egi
mei
n
Keny
a
...

 Agi
t
at
i
onofwangar
i
andot
her
sdr
ewat
t
ent
i
onoft
hei
nt
er
nat
i
onal
communi
t
yt
o
t
heoppr
essi
oni
nKeny
a,
whi
chpr
essur
i
sedt
hegov
er
nmentf
orr
ef
or
ms
...

i
n1989,
sheopposedt
heconst
r
uct
i
onofa
60st
or
eybui
l
di
ng,
TheKeny
at
i
mesMedi
aTr
ustCompl
ex,
i
nUhur
u
Par
k,
Nai
r
obi

...

Shewasaf
oundermemberofFORDandt
hr
ought
hepr
essur
egr
oupshehel
ped
i
nt
hef
i
ghtf
orr
est
or
at
i
onofmul
t
i
par
t
ydemocr
acyi
nKeny
a
...

Sheencour
agedwoment
oi
mpr
ov
ef
oodsecur
i
t
ybypl
ant
i
ngi
ndegenouscr
ops
andmai
nt
ai
ni
ngsmal
l
gar
dens
...

Thi
s
i
nv
ol
v
edhungerst
r
i
kes,
st
r
eetdemonst
r
at
i
onsandpr
ay
er
satt
heOl
dSai
nt
s
Cat
hedr
al

...


THEFORMATI
ONSTRUCTUREANDFUNCTI
ONSOFTHEGOVENREMTNOFKENYA
...

 I
tout
l
i
nest
hel
awsandpr
act
i
ceswhi
chmustbef
ol
l
owedbyal
l
peopl
ewhoar
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i
nv
ol
v
edi
nt
heel
ect
i
ons
...


 Gener
al
el
ect
i
on
...

Reasonsf
orel
ect
i
onsi
nKeny
a
...

Theconst
i
t
ut
i
onofKeny
apr
ov
i
dest
hat
el
ect
i
onsar
ehel
daf
t
erev
er
yf
i
v
ey
ear
s
...

Leader
sar
ef
or
cedt
of
ul
f
i
l
l
t
heexpect
at
i
onsoft
he
peopl
e
...

 I
ti
sdemocr
at
i
cr
i
ght

...

 Topr
ov
i
def
oral
t
er
nat
i
v
ei
deas
...

 Peopl
eel
ectt
hel
eader
soft
hei
rchoi
cet
oenabl
et
hepeopl
et
ocomeupwi
t
h
l
eader
soft
hei
rchoi
ce
...

Thr
oughel
ect
i
ons,
peopl
epar
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ci
pat
ei
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er
nment
f
or
mat
i
onbyel
ect
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ngl
eader
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t
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ar
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ousl
ev
el
s
...

Theyar
e:
 Pr
esi
dent

...

 Senat
or

...

 WomenRepr
esent
at
i
v
es
...

 Dur
i
ngt
hesameel
ect
i
ons,
t
heposi
t
i
onsofDeput
yPr
esi
dentandDeput
y
Gov
er
norar
eal
sof
i
l
l
ed
...

 Theel
ect
or
al
sy
st
em r
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st
ot
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nwhi
chel
ect
i
onsar
econduct
ed
...

Pr
i
nci
pl
esgui
di
ngel
ect
i
onsi
nKeny
a
...

 Nomor
et
hant
wot
hi
r
dsoft
hemember
sofel
ect
i
v
epubl
i
cbodi
esshal
l
beof
t
hesamegender

...

 Uni
v
er
sal
suf
f
r
agebasedonaspi
r
at
i
onf
orf
ai
rr
epr
esent
at
i
onandequal
i
t
yof
v
ot
e
...

 I
ndependentandt
r
anspar
entel
ect
i
onsadmi
ni
st
er
edi
nani
mpar
t
i
al
,
neut
r
al
andaccount
abl
e
...

 TheConst
i
t
ut
i
on
...

 El
ect
i
onof
f
encesact

...

1
...


 Thi
si
swher
et
hev
ot
er
sar
eenl
i
ght
edandeducat
edondet
ai
l
saboutel
ect
i
ons
...

 Theyar
eal
sosensi
t
i
sedonhow,
whenandwher
et
ov
ot
e
...
Vot
err
egi
st
r
at
i
on
...

 Regi
st
r
at
i
onofv
ot
er
si
sdonebyt
heI
ndependentEl
ect
or
al
andBoundar
i
es
Commi
ssi
on(
I
EBC)

...

Condi
t
i
onsonemustf
ul
l
f
i
l
l
t
oqual
i
f
yt
or
egi
st
erasav
ot
eri
nKeny
a
...

 Beofsoundmi
nd
...

 Shoul
dnothav
ebeenconv
i
ct
edofanel
ect
i
onof
f
encei
nt
hel
astf
i
v
ey
ear
s
...
Nomi
nat
i
onofcandi
dat
es
...

 Thesear
e:
 I
ndependentcandi
dat
es
...

 Par
t
ycandi
dat
esar
enomi
nat
edt
ov
i
ef
orseat
st
hr
ought
wost
ages
...

 Nomi
nat
i
onbyt
heI
EBC
...

 Thi
si
swher
emember
soft
hedi
f
f
er
entpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
esel
ectt
hei
rnomi
nee
t
hr
ough:
 Secr
etbal
l
ot
 Accl
amat
i
on
 Quei
ng
...

 Foronet
oqual
i
f
yf
orel
ect
i
onf
ort
hev
ar
i
ousseat
s,
onemustmeetsome
mi
ni
mum r
equi
r
ement
sasf
ol
l
ows:
Pr
esi
dent
i
al

...

 Shoul
dbequal
i
f
i
edt
ost
andasaMemberofPar
l
i
ament

...

 Shoul
dbe35y
ear
sofageandabov
e
...

 Doesnotoweal
l
egi
encet
oaf
or
ei
gnst
at
e
...


 Musthol
dadegr
eef
r
om ar
ecogni
zedUni
v
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si
t
yi
nKeny
a
...

Qual
i
f
i
cat
i
onsf
orel
ect
i
onasamemberofpar
l
i
ament
 Mustbear
egi
st
er
edv
ot
er
 Mustsat
i
sf
yt
hepr
escr
i
bededucat
i
onal
,
mor
al
andet
hi
cal
r
equi
r
ement
s
...

 Shoul
dnothav
ebeendecl
ar
edbankr
upt

...

 HasbeenaKeny
anci
t
i
zenf
orat
l
east10y
ear
sofel
ect
i
on
...

Gov
er
nor
Qual
i
f
i
cat
i
onf
oronet
obenomi
nat
edasgov
er
nor

...

 Mustsat
i
f
ypr
escr
i
bededucat
i
onal
mor
al
andet
hi
cal
r
equi
r
ement
s
...

 He/
sheshoul
dnothav
ebeenf
oundt
ohav
emi
susedofabusedt
hepubl
i
cof
f
i
ce
...

Thecount
ygov
er
normayber
emov
edf
r
om of
f
i
ce
Of
f
i
ceoft
hegov
er
normaybecomev
acantundert
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ol
l
owi
nggr
ounds
...

 I
ft
heGov
er
norcommi
t
sacr
i
me,
abuseof
f
i
ceorcr
ossmi
sconduct

...

 I
ft
heGov
er
nordi
es
...

 I
ft
heGov
er
norconv
i
ct
edofanyof
f
encepuni
shabl
ebyi
mpr
i
sonmentf
orat
l
east
12mont
hs
...

Qual
i
f
i
cat
i
onsf
orel
ect
i
onsofmemberofcount
yassembl
y

...

 Mustber
egi
st
er
edasv
ot
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 Mustsat
i
sf
yeducat
i
onmor
al
andet
hi
cal
r
equi
r
ement

...

 Mustnotbebankr
upt

...

 Shoul
dnotbeser
v
i
ngasent
enceofi
mpr
i
sonmentexceedi
ng6mont
hs
...

 Hasnotwi
t
hi
nt
hepr
ev
i
ous5y
ear
shel
dof
f
i
ceoramemberofI
EBC
I
ndependentcandi
dat
es
...


Qual
i
f
i
f
i
cat
i
ont
or
unasI
ndependentCandi
dat
e
...

 Shoul
dbear
egi
st
er
edv
ot
er

...

 At
t
r
actsuppor
tofat
l
east1000r
egi
st
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ot
er
sf
orel
ect
i
onst
ot
henat
i
onal
assembl
yor2000f
orel
ect
i
ont
ot
hesenat
e
...

Campai
gns
...

Thi
sends12hour
st
ot
hepool
i
ngday

...

Thi
sgi
v
est
hev
ot
er
sachancet
oev
al
uat
e
t
hei
rsui
t
abi
l
i
t
yi
nor
dert
omakei
nf
or
medchoi
ces
...

 Onpol
l
i
ngday
,
v
ot
er
scastt
hei
rv
ot
esi
nt
hepol
l
i
ngst
at
i
onsf
r
om 6:
00am t
o6:
00
pm
...

 Onceones’
snameappear
si
nt
her
egi
st
erofv
ot
er
s,
onei
si
ssuedwi
t
habal
l
ot
paper
swhi
chshowst
henamesofcandi
dat
es,
t
hei
rpar
t
i
esandsy
mbol
s
...

 Af
t
ert
hecl
osur
eoft
hev
ot
i
ngexer
ci
se,
count
i
ngoft
hev
ot
esbegi
n
...

 Thepr
ocessi
swi
t
nessedbyagent
soft
hecandi
dat
es
...

 Ther
esul
t
sar
et
hent
r
ansmi
t
t
edt
ot
heConst
i
t
uencyt
al
l
y
i
ngcent
r
eandNat
i
onal
t
al
l
y
i
ngcent
r
e
...

 HeorShemustgar
neratl
east25per
centoft
hev
ot
escasti
nmor
et
hanhal
f
oft
hecount
i
es
...

 I
nt
henewel
ect
i
ons,
t
heonl
ycandi
dat
esar
e:
 Thecandi
dat
eswhor
ecei
v
edt
hegr
eat
estnumberofv
ot
es
...

 I
nt
her
unof
fel
ect
i
oncandi
dat
eswi
t
ht
hehi
ghestnumberofv
ot
esi
sdecl
ar
ed
t
hewi
nner

...

 Pet
i
t
i
oni
sf
i
l
l
edi
nt
heSuper
emeCour
twi
t
hi
n14dy
ay
saf
t
ert
hedat
eoft
he
decl
ar
at
i
onofr
esul
t
s
...
Hi
sdeci
si
oni
sal
way
sf
i
nal

...

Swear
i
ngi
noft
hepr
esi
dent

...

 I
t
’
sdoneont
hef
i
r
stTuesdayaf
t
ert
he14dayoft
hedecl
ar
at
i
onoft
her
esul
t
s
...

Vacancyi
nt
heof
f
i
ceoft
hepr
esi
dent
 I
ncaset
hepr
esi
dentdi
es
...

 Remov
al
oft
hepr
esi
dentongr
oundsofi
ncapaci
t
at
i
on
...

 I
ft
hepet
i
t
i
onchal
l
engi
nghi
s/
herel
ect
i
oni
ssuccessf
ul
i
nt
heSupr
emeCour
t

...

 Dur
i
ngel
ect
i
oneachcandi
dat
ei
napr
esi
dent
i
al
el
ect
i
onnomi
nat
esaper
sonwho
i
squal
i
f
i
edf
ornomi
nat
i
onf
orel
ect
i
onaspr
esi
debtasacandi
dat
ef
orDeput
y
Pr
esi
dent

...

Howev
ert
heI
ndependentEl
ect
or
al
andBoundar
i
esCommi
ssi
on
decl
ar
est
hecandi
dat
enomi
nat
edbyt
heper
sonwhoi
sel
ect
edast
hePr
esi
dent
t
obeel
ect
edasdeput
ypr
esi
dent
 Thet
er
m oft
heDeput
yPr
esi
dentr
unsunt
i
l
:
 Theper
sonnextel
ect
edpr
esi
dentatel
ect
i
oni
sswor
ni
n
...

 Aper
soni
snotal
l
owedt
ohol
dof
f
i
ceasDeput
yf
ormor
et
hant
wot
er
ms
...

 Thi
si
sel
ect
i
onswhi
char
ehel
dt
of
i
l
l
anel
ect
i
v
eof
f
i
cewhi
chf
al
l
v
acantbef
or
e
t
heexpi
r
yoft
hespeci
f
i
edt
i
me
...

Condi
t
i
onst
hatmaynecesssi
t
at
eaby
el
ect
i
on
 I
faMemberdi
es
 I
faMembermi
ssesandei
ghtconsecut
i
v
eseat
i
ngsoft
her
el
ev
anthouses
wi
t
houtper
mi
ssi
onf
r
om t
hespeaker

...

 Whenamemberi
sment
al
l
yorphy
si
cal
l
yi
ncapaci
t
at
edt
oper
f
or
m hi
s/
her
f
unct
i
ons
...

 I
faMemberi
sdecl
ar
edbankr
upt

...

 I
nadequat
eci
v
i
ceducat
i
ons
...

 I
l
l
i
t
er
cyamongci
t
i
zens
...

t
hi
scur
t
ai
l
st
hei
rabi
l
i
t
yt
o
mar
kt
hebal
l
otpaper
scor
r
ect
l
y

...

Chaoshi
nder
sv
ot
i
ngbymaki
ngv
ot
er
saccesst
ot
hev
ot
i
nghal
l
s

di
i
f
i
cul
t

...

Onmanyoccasi
onsaspi
r
i
ngcandi
dat
esort
hei
ragent
shav
ecompl
ai
ned
ofr
i
ggi
ng
...

Att
i
me’
sv
ot
er
sar
esway
edbyi
ncent
i
v
esf
r
om i
ndi
v
i
dual
swhobr
i
bet
hem
t
ov
ot
ef
orcer
t
ai
ncandi
dat
es
...

I
ti
soneoft
hei
ndependentcommi
ssi
onsest
abl
i
shedi
nt
heconst
i
t
ut
i
on
...

 AChai
r
per
soni
sappoi
nt
edbyt
hepr
esi
dentbutappr
ov
edbyt
henat
i
onal
assembl
y

...

 Achi
efexecut
i
v
eof
f
i
cerandsecr
et
ar
yt
ot
hecommi
ssi
on
...

 Thecommi
ssi
onr
egul
ar
l
yr
ev
i
sesofv
ot
er
s’
r
ol
l

...

 I
tr
egul
at
est
hepr
ocessbywhi
chpar
t
i
esnomi
nat
escandi
dat
esf
orel
ect
i
ons
...

 Thecommi
si
onensur
esr
egi
st
r
at
i
onofcandi
dat
esf
orel
ect
i
on
 I
tconduct
sv
ot
ereducat
i
on
...

 I
tensur
esdev
el
opmentofacodeofconductf
orcandi
dat
esandpar
t
i
es
cont
est
i
ngel
ect
i
ons
...

Ret
ur
ni
ngof
f
i
cer
s(
RO)
 Theyar
eappoi
nt
edf
oreachconst
i
t
ut
ency

...

 Theyr
ecei
v
enomi
nat
i
onpaper
sf
r
om candi
dat
es
...

 Theyt
al
l
yandv
er
i
f
yr
esul
t
sofpar
l
i
ament
ar
yel
ect
i
onsf
r
om t
hepol
l
i
ng
st
at
i
onsandannouncet
hewi
nner

...

ThePr
esi
di
ngOf
f
i
cer(
PO)
 Theyar
eappoi
nt
edf
oreachpol
l
i
ngst
at
i
on
...

 I
tensur
est
hatev
er
yel
i
gi
bl
ev
ot
er
sv
ot
esonl
yonce
...

 Toseal
t
hebal
l
ott
axesaf
t
erv
ot
i
ngi
scompl
et
edi
nt
hepr
esenceofpar
tagent
s
...


For
mat
i
onofGov
er
nment

...

 Count
ygov
er
nment

...

Thef
ol
l
owi
ngst
agesar
ef
ol
l
owedi
nt
hef
or
mat
i
onoft
heExecut
i
v
e
...

 Per
sonel
ect
edasapr
esi
dentbecomest
heheadoft
heexecut
i
v
ear
m oft
he
gov
er
nmentandappoi
nt
sCabi
netSecr
et
ar
yandot
herseni
orci
v
i
l
ser
v
ant
swi
t
h
t
heappr
ov
al
byt
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
y

...

 Swear
i
ngi
noft
heel
ect
edandnomi
nat
edmember
soft
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
y
andt
heSenat
e
...

Count
yGov
er
nment
 I
toper
at
esatcount
yl
ev
el
 Eachoft
he47count
i
eshasagov
er
nmentwhi
chenj
oy
spower
sdel
egat
edt
oi
t
byanat
i
onal
gov
er
nment

...

 Thecount
yexecut
i
v
ecommi
t
t
ee
...

 Vot
er
sr
egi
st
er
edi
nacount
yel
ectaGov
er
nor
,
Deput
yGov
er
norandMemberof
t
heCount
yAssembl
y

...

St
epsf
ol
l
owedi
nt
hef
or
mat
i
onofCount
yExecut
i
v
e
...

 Thegov
er
norappoi
nt
smember
soft
heCount
yExecut
i
v
eCommi
t
t
eef
r
om
per
sonswhoar
enotmember
soft
heCount
yAssembl
y
 Thesamemustbeappr
ov
edbyt
hecount
yassembl
y

...

 Themember
sofCount
yAssembl
yar
eswor
ni
n
...

St
r
uct
ur
eandFunct
i
onsoft
heNat
i
onal
Gov
er
nment

...

TheLegi
sl
at
ur
e
...

 Speakerofeachhouse
...

 I
t
’
sabi
camer
al
meani
ngi
thast
wochamber
s:
 TheNat
i
onal
Assembl
y
 TheSenat
e
...

 For
meddur
i
ngt
hegener
al
el
ect
i
onswhenv
ot
er
si
neachconst
i
t
uencyel
ectt
hei
r
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
es
...

 I
ti
smadeupof350member
s
...

 Oni
t
sf
i
r
stseat
i
ngmemberel
ectt
hespeaker

...

 12nomi
nat
edmember
sbypar
l
i
ament
ar
ypol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
est
or
epr
esentt
hespeci
al
i
nt
er
estgr
oupssuchast
hey
out
h,
per
sonswi
t
hdi
sabi
l
i
t
i
esandwomen
...

t
he
Funct
i
onsoft
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
y

...

 Theydel
i
ber
at
eonandr
esol
v
ei
ssuesofconcer
nt
ot
hepeopl
e
...

 I
tdet
er
mi
nest
heal
l
ocat
i
onofnat
i
onal
r
ev
enuebet
weent
henat
i
onal
andcount
y
gov
er
nment

...

 Nat
i
onal
Assembl
ysuper
v
i
sesnat
i
onal
r
ev
enueandexpendi
t
ur
e
 I
thasar
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yt
or
ev
i
ewt
heconducti
nt
heof
f
i
ceoft
hePr
esi
dent
,
Deput
y
Pr
esi
dentandot
herst
at
eof
f
i
cer
sandwhenneccessar
yi
ni
t
i
at
est
hepr
ocessof
r
emov
i
ngt
hem f
r
om of
f
i
ce
...

 Theysuper
v
i
set
heoper
at
i
onofst
at
eor
gans
...

 I
thas68member
s
...


Composi
t
i
onoft
heSenat
e
...

 Womenmember
snomi
nat
edbypol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
esr
epr
esent
edi
nt
hesenat
e
...

 Thespeakerwhoi
sanexof
f
i
ci
al
member

...

 TheSenat
or
spar
t
i
ci
pat
esi
nl
awmaki
ngf
unct
i
onoft
hepar
l
i
amentbydebat
i
ng
andappr
ov
i
ngbi
l
l
sconcer
ni
ngt
hecount
i
es
...

 TheSenat
edet
er
mi
nest
heal
l
ocat
i
onofnat
i
onal
r
ev
enueamongcount
i
es
...

 TheSenat
epar
t
i
ci
pat
esi
nconsi
der
i
nganddet
er
mi
nganyr
esol
ut
i
onst
or
emov
e
t
hepr
esi
dentordeput
ypr
esi
denti
nof
f
i
ce
...

Pr
ocessofLawmaki
ng
 Lawmaki
ngpr
ocessbegi
nswi
t
hapr
oposedl
egi
sl
at
i
onwhi
chi
sr
ef
er
r
edt
oasa
bi
l
l

...

 Abi
l
l
notconcer
ni
ngcount
ygov
er
nmenti
sconsi
der
edonl
yi
nt
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
y

...

 Af
i
nancebi
l
l
maybei
nt
r
oducedonl
yi
nt
henat
i
onal
assembl
y
Pr
ocessofdr
af
t
i
ngabi
l
l
 Abi
l
l
i
sapr
oposedl
egi
sl
at
i
on
...

 Publ
i
cbi
l
l
s
Pr
i
v
at
ememberbi
l
l
 Bi
l
l
i
sdr
af
t
edbyamemberofpar
l
i
ament

...

 Thememberpubl
i
shest
hedr
af
tbi
l
l
i
nt
heKeny
angazet
t
ef
ort
hemember
sof
publ
i
cacquai
ntt
hemsel
v
eswi
t
hi
t
scont
entandsuggestammendement
s
...

Thepubl
i
cbi
l
l
 I
ti
sal
sor
ef
er
r
edt
oasgov
er
nmentbi
l
l

...

 TheCabi
netSecr
et
ar
ypr
esent
st
hebi
l
l
t
ot
heat
t
or
neygener
al
whomakes
suggest
i
onf
ori
mpr
ov
ement

...
Thecabi
net

empower
st
heCabi
netSecr
et
ar
yt
opubl
i
sht
hebi
l
l
ont
heKeny
angazet
t
ef
or
member
soft
hepubl
i
ct
oacqui
ntt
hemsel
v
est
ot
hecont
entandmaket
he
suggest
i
ons
...

 Thebi
l
l
i
st
hent
abl
edbef
or
eei
t
heroft
het
wohousesofpar
l
i
ament

...

Fi
r
stReadi
ng
...

 I
tal
l
owsmember
st
oacquai
ntt
hemsel
v
eswi
t
ht
hecont
entoft
hebi
l
l

...

 TheMpsar
eonl
yr
equi
r
edt
oappr
ov
eordi
sappr
ov
et
hebi
l
l

...

SecondReadi
ng
 Bi
l
l
i
sopent
odebat
ebyal
l
mps
...

 Amendment
sar
epr
oposedorsuggest
ed
...

Commi
t
t
eeSt
age
 Par
l
i
amentt
ur
nsi
t
sel
fi
nt
oacommi
t
t
eeoft
hewhol
ehouseorasmal
l
er
commi
t
t
eewi
t
hav
i
ewt
omakei
mpr
ov
ement
sont
hebi
l
l
,
t
aki
ngi
nt
oaccount
r
ecommendat
i
onmadedur
i
ngt
hesecondr
eadi
ng
...

 Member
sofPar
l
i
amentar
egi
v
enoppor
t
uni
t
yt
oconf
i
r
mt
hatt
hesuggest
i
ons
andr
ecommendat
i
onat
tt
hecommi
t
t
eest
agehav
ebeeni
ncoper
at
edi
nt
ot
hebi
l
l

...

 Fur
t
herdebat
est
akespl
aceandev
enaddi
t
i
onal
amendment
smaybemadeon
t
hebi
l
l

...

Pr
esi
dent
i
al
ascend
 Thepr
esi
dentsi
gnst
hebi
l
l
i
nt
ol
awbyappendi
nghi
ssi
gnat
ur
eaf
t
erwhi
chi
ti
s
gazat
t
ed
...

Thi
si
sbecausei
ti
smadeupoft
heel
ect
edr
epr
esent
at
i
v
esoft
he
peopl
e
...

 I
thast
er
mi
nat
i
v
er
ol
e
...

 I
tpl
ay
scr
i
t
i
cal
f
unct
i
onwhi
chi
sexer
ci
seddur
i
ngdebat
es
...

 Par
l
i
amentv
et
sandappr
ov
espr
esi
dent
i
al
appoi
nt
ees
...

 Themember
sofpar
l
i
amentar
ei
mmunet
opr
osect
ut
i
onf
orwhat
ev
ert
heysayi
n
par
l
i
amentwhi
l
econt
r
i
but
i
ongt
ot
hedebat
es
...

TheSpeaker
 Eachhousehasaspeakerwhoi
sanexof
f
i
ci
omember

...

Funct
i
onsoft
heSpeaker

...

 HeorShepr
esi
desov
ert
hepr
oceedi
ngoft
hehouse
...

 Heorshei
nt
er
pr
at
esst
andi
ngor
der
st
ot
hemember
s
...

 Speakerr
epr
esent
spar
l
i
amentatof
f
i
ci
al
f
unct
i
onout
si
det
hehouse
...

 Thespeakeroft
henat
i
onal
assembl
yi
st
hechai
r
per
sonort
hepar
l
i
ament
ar
y
sev
i
cecommi
ssi
on
...

TheCl
er
kofPar
l
i
ament

...

Funct
i
onsoft
hecl
er
ki
nt
hepar
l
i
ament
 HeorShei
st
hechi
efadmi
ni
st
r
at
orandacoount
i
ngof
f
i
ceroft
hehouse
...

 HeorShepr
epar
esandmai
nt
ai
nspar
l
i
ament
ar
yr
ecor
dsoft
hehousue
pr
oceedi
ngsi
nt
heHansar
daf
f
ai
r
scopi
esofbi
l
l
sandsubmi
tt
hem f
or
pr
esi
dent
i
al
escor
t

...

 HeorShemai
nt
ai
nsl
i
br
ar
yf
ort
heusebymember
soft
hehouse
...

Composi
t
i
on
 Thespeakeroft
henat
i
onal
assembl
yaschai
r
per
son
 Vi
cechai
r
per
sonel
ect
edbymember
s,
 Sev
enmember
sappoi
nt
edbypar
l
i
amentf
r
om amongi
t
smember
s
 Onemanandonewomanappoi
nt
edbyt
hepar
l
i
amentf
r
om amongper
sonswho
ar
eexper
i
encedi
npubl
i
caf
f
ai
r
esbutar
enotmember
soft
hepar
l
i
ament

...

Funct
i
onsoft
hePar
l
i
ament
ar
ySer
v
i
cesCommi
ssi
on
...

 Theyconst
i
t
ut
eof
f
i
cesi
npar
l
i
ament
ar
yser
v
i
ce
...

 Theypr
epar
eannual
est
i
mat
esofexpendi
t
ur
eofpar
l
i
ament
ar
yser
v
i
ceand
submi
tt
hem f
orappr
ov
al
byNat
i
onal
Assembl
y

...

TheExecut
i
v
e
 Thi
si
st
hear
m ofgov
er
nment
swhi
chi
mpl
ement
st
hel
awandpol
i
ci
esof
gov
er
nment

...

 I
tcompr
i
sesof
:
 Pr
esi
dent
 Deput
yPr
esi
dent

...

 Publ
i
cSer
v
i
ces
...

 Powert
oexer
ci
set
heexect
uv
eaut
hor
i
t
yoft
her
epubl
i
c
...

 Powerofmer
cyf
orexampl
epar
donsper
sonsconv
i
ct
edofof
f
ence
...

 Powert
oconf
erhonour
si
nt
henameoft
hepeopl
eandt
heRepubl
i
c
...

Funct
i
onsoft
hePr
esi
dent

...

 Pr
esi
dentRepor
t
’
sonceev
eyy
eari
nanaddr
esst
ot
henat
i
onsonmeasur
es

t
akenandpr
ogr
essachi
ev
edi
nr
eal
i
zi
ngnat
i
onal
v
al
ues
...

 Pr
esi
dent
snomi
nat
eandwi
t
happr
ov
al
ofnat
i
onal
assembl
y
,
appoi
ntordi
smi
ss
cabi
netsecr
et
ar
i
es,
at
t
or
ney
gener
al
andot
herseni
ourst
at
eof
f
i
cer
s
...

 Pr
esi
dentr
ecei
v
esf
or
ei
gndi
pl
omat
i
candconsul
arr
epr
esent
at
i
v
es
...

 Pr
esi
dentconf
er
shonour
si
nt
henameoft
hepeopl
eandt
her
epubl
i
c
...

 HeorShecanDecl
ar
est
at
eofemer
gency
 HeorShecandecl
ar
ewarwi
t
happr
ov
al
ofpar
l
i
ament

...

Funct
i
onsoft
heDeput
yPr
esi
dent

...

 HeorShei
samemberoft
hecabi
net

...

 HeorSheact
saspr
esi
dentwhent
hepr
esi
denti
sabsentori
st
empor
ar
i
l
y
i
ncapaci
t
at
edanddur
i
nganyot
herper
i
odt
hatt
hepr
esi
dentdeci
des
...

TheCabi
net
Composi
t
i
on
 Thecabi
netsecr
et
ar
i
esar
enotmember
sofpar
l
i
ament

...

Composi
t
i
onoft
hecabi
net

...

Funct
i
onsoft
heCabi
net

...

 Theypr
ov
i
depar
l
i
amentwi
t
hf
ul
l
andr
egul
arr
epor
t
er
sconcer
ni
ngmat
t
er
sunder
t
hei
rcont
r
ol

...

 Theychar
toutandl
aydowngui
del
i
nesonKeny
adomest
i
candf
or
ei
gnpol
i
cy

...

 Theyexpoundgov
er
nmentpol
i
cy

...

Secr
et
ar
yt
ot
hecabi
net

...

 Thehol
deroft
heof
f
i
cei
sapubl
i
cser
v
antnomi
nat
edandappoi
nt
edbyt
he
pr
esi
dentwi
t
ht
heappr
ov
al
oft
henat
i
onal
assembl
y

...

 Takeschangeoft
hecabi
netof
f
i
ce
...

 Keepst
hemi
nut
esoft
hecabi
nett
ot
heappr
opr
i
at
eper
sonoraut
hor
i
t
y

...

ThePr
i
nci
pal
Secr
et
ar
y(
PS)
 EachSt
at
edepar
t
menti
sheadedbyapr
i
nci
pal
secr
et
ar
y

...

 Theyar
enomi
nat
edbyt
hepr
esi
dentf
r
om amongper
sonsr
ecommendedby
Publ
i
cSer
v
i
ceCommi
ssi
on(
PSC)

...

Funct
i
onsoft
hePS(
Pr
i
nci
pal
Secr
et
ar
i
es)

...

 Theyar
et
heaccount
i
ngof
f
i
cer
si
nt
hest
at
edepar
t
ment
s
 Theyf
or
mul
at
eandi
mpl
ementgov
er
nemt
npol
i
cy

...

 Theyassi
sti
ndr
awi
ngupt
hebudget
sanddev
el
opmentpr
ogr
ammesoft
hei
r
depar
ment
s
...

Funct
i
onsoft
heAt
t
or
ney
Gener
al

...

Funct
i
onsoft
heAt
t
or
neyGener
al

...

 At
t
or
neyGener
al
r
epr
esent
st
henat
i
onal
gov
er
nmenti
ncour
tori
nanyot
herl
egal
pr
oceedi
ng
...

 At
t
or
neyGener
al
def
endspubl
i
ci
nt
er
est

...

 HeorShet
akespar
ti
nt
hedr
af
t
i
ngofgov
er
nmentbi
l
l
sbef
or
et
heyar
et
abl
edi
n
par
l
i
ament

...

 TheDPPhol
dof
f
i
cef
orat
er
m ofei
ghty
ear
sandi
snotel
i
gi
bl
ef
orr
eapoi
nt
ment

...

 I
nst
i
t
ut
eandunder
t
akecr
i
mi
nal
pr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstanyper
sonbef
or
eanycour
t
ot
hert
hanacour
tmar
t
i
al

...

 Candi
scount
i
nuesatanyst
agebef
or
ej
udgmenti
sdel
i
v
er
edanycr
i
mi
ni
nal

pr
oceedi
ngscommencedi
nanycour
t

...

 Di
r
ect
st
heI
nspect
or
Gener
al
oft
heNat
i
onal
pol
i
ceser
v
i
cet
oi
nv
est
i
gat
e
al
l
egat
i
onsofcr
i
mi
nal
conduct

...

 Exer
ci
sest
at
epower
sofpr
osecut
i
on
...

ThePubl
i
cSer
v
i
ce(
PS)
 Thi
si
st
henonpol
i
t
i
cal
sect
i
onoft
heexecut
i
v
ear
m oft
hegov
er
nmentwhi
ch
i
mpl
ement
spol
i
ci
esandcar
r
i
esoutt
heday
t
odayt
ask
...

 I
t
’
sheadedbyt
hepr
i
nci
pal
secr
et
ar
yi
nt
heof
f
i
ceoft
hepr
esi
dent

...

Funct
i
onsoft
hePubl
i
cSer
v
i
ce
 Theypr
ov
i
deser
v
i
cest
ot
hepeopl
eespeci
al
l
yser
v
i
cemi
ni
st
r
i
esl
i
keheal
t
hand
educat
i
on
...

 Theyi
nt
er
pr
et
esgov
er
nmentpol
i
ci
est
ot
hepeopl
esot
hatt
heycanwi
l
l
i
ngl
y
par
t
i
ci
pat
ei
nt
hei
ri
mpl
ement
at
i
on
...

 Theyadv
i
secabi
netsecr
et
ar
yonmat
t
er
sofpol
i
cy

...

 Theycol
l
ectgov
er
nmentr
ev
enuet
hr
oughl
i
censes
...

 Vi
cechai
r
per
son
...

 Secr
et
ar
yappoi
nt
edbyt
hecommi
ssi
onwhoi
st
hechi
efexecut
i
v
e
...

 Est
abl
i
shi
ngandabol
i
shi
ngof
f
i
cesi
nt
hepubl
i
cser
v
i
ce
...

 Pr
omot
i
ngandpr
ov
i
di
ngr
enumer
at
i
ont
opubl
i
cser
v
i
ceof
f
i
cer
s
...

 Ensur
i
ngef
f
i
ci
entandef
f
ect
i
v
epr
osi
v
i
onofser
v
i
cebypubl
i
cser
v
i
ceof
f
i
cer
s
...

Nat
i
onal
Secur
i
t
yOr
gans
...

 TheDef
enceFor
ces
 Nat
i
onal
i
nt
el
l
i
genceser
v
i
ce
 Nat
i
onal
pol
i
ceser
v
i
ce
Keny
aDef
enceFor
ces(
KDF)
I
tconsi
st
sof
:
 TheKeny
aAr
my
’
s
 TheKeny
aAi
rf
or
ce
...

D
...

 Thenav
yal
soi
sr
esponsi
bl
ef
ordeal
i
ngwi
t
hi
l
l
egal
docki
nganddepar
t
ur
esand
unaut
r
hor
i
sedf
i
shi
ngi
nKeny
anwat
er
sbyf
or
ei
gnv
essel
s’

...

 Theyal
soassi
stt
hepol
i
cei
nmai
t
ani
nghav
eandor
der

...

gr
oadconst
r
uct
i
on,
f
l
oodscont
r
ol

...

 Assi
st
i
ngv
i
ct
i
msdur
i
ngnat
i
onal
di
sast
er
se
...

 Mount
i
ngpar
adesdur
i
ngnat
i
onal
hol
i
day
s
...

 Thi
si
st
hebodywhi
chcol
l
ect
sandgat
her
si
nt
el
l
i
gencer
epor
t
swhi
char
e
i
mpor
t
antt
ot
hest
at
esecur
i
t
y

...

Funct
i
onsoft
heNat
i
onal
i
nt
el
l
i
genceSer
v
i
ce
...

 Theykeept
hest
at
ei
nf
or
medont
hef
eel
i
ngofpeopl
et
owar
dst
hegov
er
nment
andt
hegov
er
nmentpol
i
cy

...

Nat
i
onal
Pol
i
ceSer
v
i
ce
 I
tconsi
st
sof
:
 Keny
aPol
i
ceSer
v
i
ce
...

 I
t
’
sheadedbyt
heI
nspect
orGener
al
oft
heNat
i
onal
Pol
i
ceSer
v
i
ce
...

 Recr
ui
t
menti
nt
ot
heser
v
i
cesi
sdonebyt
heNat
i
onal
Pol
i
ceSer
v
i
ces
Commi
ssi
on(
NPSC)

...

 TheCr
i
mi
nal
I
nv
est
i
gat
i
onDepar
t
ment(
CI
D)

...

 Pol
i
ceAi
r
way

...


 Gener
al
Ser
v
i
cesUni
t

...

Funct
i
onsoft
heNat
i
onal
Pol
i
ceSer
v
i
ce
...

 Theyar
r
estsuspect
edcr
i
mi
nal
sandt
aki
ngt
hem t
oacour
tofl
aw
...

 Theydi
r
ectt
r
af
f
i
candi
nspect
i
onofmot
orv
ehi
cl
es
...

 Theycol
l
abor
at
ewi
t
hI
nt
er
pol
i
nf
i
ght
i
ngi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
cr
i
me
...

 Theypr
ev
entcor
r
upt
i
onandpr
omot
epr
act
i
ceoft
r
anspar
encyand
account
abi
l
i
t
y

...

 I
nv
est
i
gat
esuspect
edcr
i
mi
nal
act
i
v
i
t
i
es
...

Nat
i
onal
Pol
i
ceSer
v
i
ceCommi
si
on
...

Composi
t
i
onoft
heNat
i
onal
Pol
i
ceSer
v
i
ceCommi
ssi
on
...

 Twor
et
i
r
edseni
ourpol
i
ceof
f
i
cer
s,
eachappoi
nt
edbyt
hePr
esi
dent

...

 TheI
nspect
or
Gener
al
oft
heNat
i
onal
Pol
i
ceSer
v
i
ce
...

Funct
ut
i
onoft
heNat
i
onal
Pol
i
ceSer
v
i
ceCommi
si
on
...

 Conf
i
r
msappoi
nt
mentanddet
er
mi
nespr
omot
i
on
 Det
er
mi
nest
r
ansf
er
swi
t
hi
nt
heser
v
i
e
...

 Remov
i
ngper
sonshol
di
ngoract
i
ngi
nof
f
i
ceswi
t
ht
heser
v
i
ce
...

 Por
ousboundar
i
esespeci
al
l
yt
hebor
der
sofKeny
aandEt
hi
opi
a,
Keny
aand
Somal
i
a
...

 Ri
si
ngcr
i
mer
at
esduet
oswel
l
i
ngpopul
at
i
onandunempl
oy
menthas
ov
er
whel
medt
hesecur
i
t
yor
gans
...

Thesecur
i
t
yor
ganshav
ei
nadequat
ef
aci
l
i
t
i
est
o
copewi
t
ht
hesesophi
st
i
cst
i
on
...

gpoorandcommuni
cat
i
onnet
wor
kmakesi
tdi
f
f
i
cul
utf
or
secur
i
t
yor
ganst
oaccesscer
t
ai
npar
t
soft
hecount
r
y

...

 Hi
ghi
nf
l
uxofr
ef
ugeesf
r
om wart
or
ncount
r
i
esl
i
keSomal
i
aandSudanhasl
edt
o
smuggl
i
ngofar
msi
nt
hecont
r
y
,
posi
ngasecur
i
t
yr
i
sk
...

 Negat
i
v
eat
t
i
t
udef
r
om member
soft
hepubl
i
cwhowi
t
hhol
dusef
ul
i
nf
or
mat
i
on
...

 Bet
r
ay
al
bysomeof
f
i
cer
swhocol
l
udewi
t
hcr
i
mi
nal
st
ocommi
tcr
i
me
...

 Act
soft
er
r
or
i
sm whi
chhascompl
i
cat
edt
hef
i
ghtagai
nstcr
i
me
...

Possi
bl
eSol
ut
i
ons
...

 Rev
i
ewi
ngoft
hesecur
i
t
yor
ganst
r
ai
ni
ngcur
r
i
cul
um t
oi
ncor
por
at
eski
l
l
sf
or
combat
i
ngemer
gi
ngcr
i
mes
...

 Pr
ov
i
di
ngmoder
nequi
pmentsuchascommuni
cat
i
ongadget
s,
f
or
ensi
c
l
abor
at
or
yandar
ms
...

 I
mpr
ov
i
ngt
hecondi
t
i
onsandt
er
msofser
v
i
ceofpol
i
ceof
f
i
cer
s
...

 St
r
eaml
i
ni
ngt
her
ecr
ui
t
mentofper
sonnel
i
nt
ot
hesecur
i
t
yor
ganst
or
ef
l
ectt
he
di
v
er
si
t
yoft
heKeny
anpeopl
e
...

 Theyar
emeasur
est
akent
opuni
shandr
ehabi
l
i
t
at
eof
f
ender
ssoasr
ei
nt
er
gr
at
e
t
hem i
nt
ot
hesoci
et
y

...

 Thepr
i
sonsser
v
i
ceshav
ev
ar
i
ouscat
egor
i
esofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onswhi
chhel
pt
o
pr
ev
entcont
ami
nat
i
onoft
hemi
norof
f
ender
sbywor
seones
...

i

...

 Theseconf
i
neof
f
ender
sconv
i
ct
edofser
i
ouscr
i
mef
orexampl
et
hosesent
enced
t
ol
i
f
ei
mpr
i
sonment

...

Exampl
es
 Kami
t
i
i
nNai
r
obi

...

i
i

...

 Theyar
eal
sor
ef
f
r
edasmedi
um secur
i
t
ypr
i
sons
...

i
i
i

...

 Thesear
eusedt
oconf
i
ney
oungof
f
enderofbet
weenages15and21
...

Exampl
esar
e:
 Shi
mol
aTewai
nMombasaCount
y

...

Ext
r
a–mur
al
panel
empl
oy
mentscheme
...

i
i

...

Theof
f
i
cerpr
ov
i
descounsel
i
ngser
v
i
ceandmoni
t
or
schangei
nbehav
i
our
andconductoft
heconv
i
ct

...

 Theyr
ehabi
l
i
t
at
econv
i
ct
edof
f
ender
s
...

 Theyconf
i
neconv
i
ct
edpr
i
soner
s
...

 Theydet
er
et
hosewhomi
ghtbet
hi
nki
ngofcommi
t
t
i
ngcr
i
mes
...

 Theyconf
i
ner
emandeesast
heywai
tt
oappeari
ncour
t

...
Thi
s
hasl
edt
opoorl
i
v
i
ngcondi
t
i
onsast
hepr
i
sonsf
aci
l
i
t
esar
eov
er
st
r
et
ched
...
Thi
s
hasl
edt
odeat
hofmanyi
nmat
es
...
Thecor
r
ect
i
onal
ser
v
i
ceshav
e
i
nadequat
epar
tt
or
ehabi
l
i
t
at
econv
i
ct
st
hr
oughcounsel
i
ng
...

 Poorl
i
v
i
ngcondi
t
i
onsofpr
i
sonwar
der
sl
i
kel
owr
enumer
at
i
onandpoorhousi
ng
...

Possi
bl
eSol
ut
i
ons
...


 I
mpr
ov
i
ngt
hel
i
v
i
ngcondi
t
i
onsf
orpr
i
soner
sbypr
ov
i
di
ngmedi
cal
ser
v
i
ces,
cl
ot
hi
ngandbeddi
ngandal
sobet
t
erdi
et

...

 Empl
oy
i
ngandt
r
ai
ni
ngmor
eper
sonel
e
...

 I
mpr
ov
i
ngt
hel
i
v
i
ngcondi
t
i
onsf
orpr
i
sonwar
der
sbyconst
r
uct
i
ngbet
t
erhouses
andi
mpr
ov
i
ngt
er
msofser
v
i
ces
...

Judi
ci
ar
y
 Thi
si
st
hebr
anchofgov
er
nmentwhi
chcoor
di
nat
est
headmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofj
ust
i
ce
t
hr
oughasy
st
em cour
t
si
naccor
dancewi
t
ht
hel
aw
...

 Deput
yChi
efJust
i
ce
...

Judi
aci
ar
yaut
hor
i
t
y

...

 Theaut
hor
i
t
yi
sder
i
v
edf
r
om t
heconst
i
t
ut
i
onsi
nexer
ci
si
ngj
udi
ci
al
aut
hor
i
t
y

...

 Just
i
ceshal
l
bedonet
oal
l
i
r
r
espect
i
v
eofst
at
us
...

 Al
t
er
nat
i
v
ef
or
msofdi
sput
er
esol
ut
i
onmechani
sm,
f
orexampl
e,
medi
at
i
onshal
l
bepr
omot
ed
...

 Thepur
poseandpr
i
nci
pl
esoft
heconst
i
t
ut
i
onshal
l
bepr
ot
ect
edandpr
omot
ed
...

 Thel
egal
sy
t
em r
ef
er
st
ot
hemet
hodt
hr
oughwhi
chj
ust
i
cei
sdi
spensed
...

Sour
ceofKeny
anLaw
...

 Rel
i
gi
on,
f
orexampl
e,
t
hel
awsusedi
nKadhi
cour
t
s
...

 St
at
ut
or
yl
awwhi
chi
sl
egi
sl
at
edt
hr
oughact
sofpar
l
i
ament

...

 TheKeny
anconst
i
t
ut
i
onwhi
chi
st
hef
undament
al
l
awsoft
hel
and
...

I
ndependentoft
hej
udi
ci
ar
y

...

 Thei
ndependenceoft
hej
udi
ci
ar
yi
nKeny
ai
sguar
ant
eedi
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngway
s:

 Theof
f
i
ceofaj
udgeofasuper
i
orcour
tcan’
tbeabol
i
shedwhi
l
et
hehol
deri
sst
i
l
l
i
nof
f
i
ce
...

 TheJudi
ci
al
actpr
ot
ect
sj
udgesandmagi
st
r
at
esf
r
om anyf
or
m ofv
i
ct
i
mi
zat
i
on
...

 Thej
udi
ci
ar
yhasasepar
at
esy
st
em orcommand,
headedbyt
heChi
efj
ust
i
ce
anddel
i
nkedf
r
om ot
heror
gansofgov
er
nment
s
...

 Judgescannotbedi
smi
ssedatwi
l
l
byt
heexecut
i
v
eandt
hei
rr
et
i
r
ementagei
s
f
i
xedat70y
ear
s
...

St
r
uct
ur
eandf
unct
i
onsoft
hecour
tsy
st
em i
nKeny
a
...

 Subor
di
nat
ecour
t

...

Super
i
orCour
t
s
...

Subor
di
nat
esCour
t
s
...

↓
Kadhi
cour
t
s
...

↓
Tr
i
bunal
s
...

 Supr
emeCour
ti
smadeupof
:
 Chi
efj
ust
i
ce
 Deput
yChi
efj
ust
i
ce

 Fi
v
eot
herj
udges
Funct
i
onsoft
heSupr
emeCour
t
 Hasexcl
usi
v
eor
i
gi
nal
j
ur
i
sdi
cat
i
ont
ohearanddet
er
mi
nedi
sput
esr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
he
el
ect
i
ont
ot
heof
f
i
ceoft
hepr
esi
dent

...

 Gi
v
eadv
i
sor
yopi
ni
onatt
her
equestoft
heNat
i
onal
gov
er
nment
,
anyst
at
eor
gan
oranycount
ygov
er
nmentwi
t
hr
espect
st
oanymat
t
erconcer
ni
ngt
hat
gov
er
nment

...

 Makesr
ul
esf
ort
heexer
ci
seofi
t
sj
ur
i
sdi
cat
i
on
...

 I
thasonl
yappel
l
at
ej
ur
i
sdi
cat
i
on
...

Funct
i
onsoft
heCour
tofAppeal

...

 Hear
sappeal
sf
or
m ot
hercour
tsort
r
i
bunal
s
...

 Anumberofj
udgespr
escr
i
bedbyanactofpar
l
i
amnent
Funct
i
onsoft
heHi
ghCour
t

...

 Pr
ot
ect
st
her
i
ght
soff
undament
al
f
r
eedomsi
nt
heBi
l
l
ofr
i
ght
s
...

 Hear
squest
i
onsont
hei
nt
er
pr
et
at
i
onoft
heconst
i
t
ut
i
on
...

 Hear
sappeal
sf
r
om t
hesubor
di
nat
ecour
t
s
...

 Anexampl
ei
st
hei
ndust
r
i
al
cour
twhi
chdet
er
mi
nesdi
sput
esr
el
at
edt
o
empl
oy
mentandl
abourr
el
at
i
ons
...
Theyhav
el
i
mi
t
edj
ur
i
sdi
cat
i
onov
ercr
i
mi
nal
andci
v
i
l
cases
...

 Magi
st
r
at
ecour
t
sar
ef
oundt
hr
oughoutt
hecount
i
es
...

 Thesear
e:
 Chi
efmagi
st
r
at
ecour
t
s
...

 Resi
dentmagi
st
r
at
e’
scour
t

...

 Seni
ourr
esi
dentmagi
st
r
at
ecour
t
sandt
hoseabov
ecanhearacasewhose
sent
encescar
r
i
esadeat
hpenal
t
ybef
orr
ef
er
r
i
ngt
hem t
ot
hehi
ghcour
t

...

 Thei
rhi
er
ar
chyoft
hemagi
st
at
ecour
t
sdet
er
mi
nest
henat
ur
eofcasehandl
ed
andt
hej
ai
l
sent
encegi
v
enorf
i
nei
mposed
...

 Theyhandl
edi
sput
eswher
ebot
hpar
t
i
esar
eMusl
i
m
...

Funct
i
onsofKadhi
Cour
t
s
...

 Mar
r
i
age
...

 Per
sonal
st
at
us
...

 Exampl
esoft
r
i
bunal
i
nKeny
aar
e
 Ther
entr
est
r
i
ct
i
ont
r
i
bunal
 Thebusi
nesspr
emi
sesr
entt
r
i
bunal
 Commi
ssi
onsofi
nqui
r
y
TheJudi
ci
al
Ser
v
i
ceCommi
ssi
on
 Thi
si
sabodyest
abl
i
shedbyt
heconst
i
t
ut
i
ont
opr
omot
eandf
aci
l
i
t
at
et
he
i
ndependenceandaccount
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hej
udi
ci
ar
y

...

 OneHi
ghCour
tj
udge
 OneMagi
st
r
at
e
 TheAt
t
or
ney
Gener
al
 Twoadv
ocat
esonewomanandonemanel
ect
edbyt
heLawSoci
et
yof
Keny
a
...

 Onewomanandonemant
or
epr
esentt
hepubl
i
cappoi
nt
edbyt
he
Pr
esi
dentwi
t
ht
heappr
ov
al
oft
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
y

...

 TheCommi
ssi
onr
ev
i
ewsandmakesr
ecommendat
i
onsont
hecondi
t
i
onsof
ser
v
i
ceofj
udges,
j
udi
ci
al
of
f
i
cer
sandt
hest
af
foft
hej
udi
ci
ar
y

...

 TheCommi
ssi
onpr
epar
esandi
mpl
ement
spr
ogr
ammesf
ort
hecont
i
nui
ng
educat
i
onandt
r
ai
ni
ngofj
udgesandj
udi
ci
al
of
f
i
cer
s
 TheCommi
ssi
onadv
i
cest
henat
i
onal
gov
er
nmentoni
mpr
ov
i
ngt
heef
f
i
ci
encyof
t
headmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofj
ust
i
ce
...

 Hehol
dsof
f
i
cef
oronet
er
m of10y
ear
s
...

 Atl
east15y
ear
sofexper
i
enceasaSupr
emeCour
tj
udge
...

 Hol
dal
awdegr
eef
r
om ar
ecogni
zeduni
v
er
si
t
yorbeanadv
ocat
eoft
heHi
gh
cour
t

...

Funct
i
onsoft
heChi
efJust
i
ce
 HeorShei
st
heHeadoft
hej
udi
ci
ar
y

...

 HeorSheswear
si
nt
ot
heof
f
i
cet
hePr
esi
dent
,
Deput
yPr
esi
dentandCabi
net
secr
et
ar
i
es
...

Rul
eofl
aw
...

 Thel
awt
her
ef
or
emustnotdi
scr
i
mi
nat
eagai
nstanyoneont
hebasi
sofr
ace,
t
r
i
be,
sex,
r
el
i
gi
onorst
at
usi
nsoci
et
y

...

Way
st
her
ul
eofl
awi
suphel
di
nKeny
a
...

Thesear
e:
 Byensur
i
ngt
hei
ndependenceoft
hej
udi
ci
ar
y

 Byappr
ehendi
ngandt
aki
ngsuspect
st
ocour
tofl
awf
ort
r
i
al

...

 Byguar
ant
eei
ngl
egal
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
et
ot
heaccusedper
son
...

 I
nadequat
eper
sonnel
,
l
eadi
ngt
odel
ay
si
nt
headmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofj
ust
i
ceanda
backl
ogofcases
...

 Cor
r
upt
i
oni
nt
hecour
tofl
awwhi
chr
esul
t
si
nt
ounf
ai
rr
ul
i
ngs
...

 Hi
ghcour
tf
eeswhi
chl
i
mi
tpubl
i
caccesst
ot
hecour
t
s
...

 Theuseofout
dat
el
aws,
f
orexampl
e,
t
hepenal
code,
l
eadi
ngt
omi
scar
r
i
ageof
j
ust
i
ce
...

 Shor
t
ageofequi
pmentandf
aci
l
i
t
at
i
ese
...

Sol
ut
i
ons
...

 I
mpr
ov
i
ngont
het
er
msofser
v
i
ceandr
emuner
at
i
onofj
udgesandmagi
st
r
at
es
...

 Pr
ov
i
di
ngl
egal
educat
i
ont
ot
hepubl
i
ct
oenabl
et
hem under
st
andt
hei
rl
egal
r
i
ght
sandcour
t
spr
ocedur
es
...

 Maki
ngcour
t
scor
r
upt
i
onf
r
eezonesbycr
eat
i
ngawar
enessont
hei
l
l
sof
cor
r
upt
i
on
...

 Rev
i
ewi
ngt
hepenal
codet
omakei
tr
el
ev
antandr
esponsi
v
et
ochangi
ngt
i
mes
...

 Thi
smeanswhi
l
er
esol
v
i
ngdi
sput
es,
t
hecour
t
sadher
et
obasi
cst
andar
dsoff
ai
r
deci
si
onmaki
ng
...

Way
si
nwhi
cht
heconceptofnat
ur
al
j
ust
i
cei
shel
d
...

 Suspect
sar
epr
esumedi
nnocentunt
i
l
pr
ov
edgui
l
t
ybef
or
eacour
tofl
aw
...

 Ev
er
yaccusedper
sonhast
her
i
ghtt
ol
egal
r
epr
esent
at
i
onbyal
awy
er

...

 Al
l
j
udgesandmagi
st
r
at
esper
f
or
mt
hei
rj
udi
ci
al
ser
v
i
ceswi
t
houtext
er
nal

i
nt
er
f
er
ence
...

 Wher
eaj
udgeormagi
st
r
at
eshasi
nt
er
esti
nacaseheorshemustdi
squal
i
f
y
hi
msel
fandher
sel
f

...

 Al
l
j
udi
ci
al
j
udgement
sar
emadebasedont
hel
aw
...

 Noj
udgeormagi
st
r
at
escanbej
udgeov
erone’
sowncases
...

 Cor
r
uptpr
act
i
cesi
ncour
t
sofl
awmayl
eadt
ounf
ai
rdeci
si
ons
...

 Conf
i
ni
ngsuspect
si
nr
emandf
orl
ongerper
i
odswi
t
houtpr
esent
i
ngt
hem i
n
cour
tofl
awf
orpr
osecut
i
on
...

 I
nabi
l
i
t
ybypol
i
cet
ocar
r
youtt
hor
oughi
nv
est
i
gat
i
onsonsuspect
edcr
i
mi
nal
act
i
v
i
t
i
es
...

 Lacksofknowl
edger
egar
di
ngl
egal
pr
ocedur
eshencef
i
ndt
hemsel
v
es
i
mpl
i
cat
edunf
ai
r
l
y

...

 Lackofmoder
nt
echnol
ogy

...

Funct
i
onsoft
heNat
i
onal
Gov
er
nement

...

 Handl
i
ngmat
t
er
sconcer
ni
ngt
r
adebet
weenKeny
aandot
hercount
r
i
es
...

 Handl
i
ngmat
t
er
sper
t
ai
ni
ngt
oi
mmi
gr
at
i
onandci
t
i
zenshi
p
...

 Pr
ov
i
di
ngandmai
nt
ai
ni
nghi
ghereducat
i
onpol
i
ci
esandi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hr
ough
dev
el
opmmentofcur
r
i
cul
arandexami
nat
i
ons
...

 Pr
ot
ect
i
ngt
heenv
i
r
onmentandnat
i
onal
r
esour
ces
...

 Admi
st
er
i
ngj
ust
i
cebyest
abl
i
shi
ngandmai
nt
ai
ni
ngani
dependentj
udi
ci
ar
y
 Mai
nt
ai
ni
ngi
nt
er
nal
secur
i
t
yt
hr
ought
heKeny
apol
i
ceser
v
i
ce
...

 For
mul
at
esnat
i
onal
economi
cpol
i
cyandpl
anni
ngf
ornat
i
onal
dev
el
opment

...


Title: History Book 3
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